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further into this very interesting inquiry, but refrain, from a desire not to present too many difficulties at present. Fig. 80 is an example of the rule set forth by Fig. 79. It will be observed that the dotted lines representing the sun's inclination, determine the extent of the cast shadow of the buildings on the ground; and according to the heights of the buildings, so is the extent of their shadows: the shadow of the chimney is on the roof, which being above the eye cannot be seen. Let us again remind the pupil that the tone of the cast shadow on the ground is darker than the broad shadow on the walls. Observe when the shadow of a perpendicular object is cast horizontally on the ground, and is found to be equal in length to the height of that object, then the inclination of the sun's rays is at an angle of 45°. Therefore, to determine the extent of a shadow caused by the sun's inclination at 45°, we have simply to make the object and its shadow of the same length; should the sun's rays be at any other angle, the method, as shown in the problem Fig. 79, of first constructing the angle, must be adopted. The dotted horizontal retiring lines from the shadows in Fig. 77 and Fig. 78, meet on the H L, or line of sight, at the vanishing point of the sun's direction; whilst the inclined dotted lines from the top of the post to the extremity of the shadow, are drawn from the vanishing point of the sun's elevation, in one case above, in the other below, the line of sight. We merely mention this, and purposely decline giving any further rules at present for the construction of shadows, asking the pupil patiently to wait until he is a little more advanced, for fuller and more direct information, with a promise on our part that he shall not be left without proof and further instruction upon these interesting points. In the case of Fig. 81, the sun is behind us to the left, and therefore in front of the picture; cast shadows are thrown upon the projecting walls and on the ground: this hint will remind the pupil of their difference of tone. In working a shadow cast on the ground, we recommend the practice of drawing the lines of the shadow (that is, the shading) horizontally, so that the retiring shadows will then appear horizontal on a like surface: if the lines of the work were drawn in the direction of the vanishing point to which the shadow retires, the shadow would then appear to be inclined to the horizon, similar to the roof of a house, or to a board placed upon an edge and leaning against a wall. Cast shadows on perpendicular planes, such as upright walls, should be worked perpendicularly. As a general rule, we may decide that the working of a shadow should always be with especial reference to the position or inclination of the object upon which it is cast, whether it be perpendicular, horizontal, or inclined, so that the lines of the shading, though representing the shadow, should also represent the character of the ground, object, or plane upon which the shadow is cast.

LESSONS IN LATIN.-XI. SUBSTANTIVES of the fourth declension have in the nominative two case-endings, one in us, the other in u. The nouns which end in us are for the most part masculine; those which end in u are neuter. The u belongs to the stem. With this u are blended the case-endings of the genitive and ablative singular, and the nominative and accusative plural; thus u and is become us in the genitive singular; u and e become u in the ablative singular; u and es become us in the nominative and accusative plural. The fourth conjugation, then, is only a contracted form of the third; contracted, I say, that is shortened, as when u and s are melted together to form us, the case-ending of the genitive singular.

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lake or inland sea; quercus, f., an oak; specus, m., a cave or grotto; tribus, f., a tribe; pecu, n., cattle; veru, n., a spit.

As u belongs to the stem, ubus is the regular form in the dative and ablative plural; but the u has been set aside by the connecting vowel i, as in fruct-i-bus.

EXAMPLE.-Fructus, m., fruit; cornu, n., a horn.

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EXERCISE 35.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. Lusus gratus est pueris. 2. Varia sunt genera lusûs. 3. Pueri libenter indulgent lusui. 4. Nonne pueris gratus est lusus? 5. Lusus est mihi gratus. 6. Tibi est lusus vehementer gratus. 7. Viri graves evitant lusus pueriles. 8. O lusus, quam suaviter animos puerorum delectas! 9. Reges non delectantur lusu puerili. 10. Sensus sunt acres. 11. Acres mihi sunt sensus. 12. Vis sensuum est magna. 13. Estne sensuum vis magna. 14. Vir fortis non succumbit sensibus doloris. 15. Acres sensus habent bestim. 16. O sensus, quantas voluptates hominibus paratis! 17. Animalia prædita sunt sensibus.

EXERCISE 36.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. The feeling of pain is bitter. 2. Is not the feeling of pain bitter to thee? 3. The feeling of pain is bitter to all men and to all animals. 4. The power of grief is great. 5. The sage is not overcome by the 6. A brave (fortis) man yields not to grief. 7. power of the senses. Do brave men yield to the power of the senses? 8. O grief, how dost thou overcome the minds of men! 9. Boys willingly yield to play. 10. (There) are many kinds of play. 11. Plays (games) of all kinds are pleasant to boys and girls. 12. Boyish plays delight not men. Men are not delighted by boyish plays. 14. Boys and men yield to pleasure. 15. How greatly is grief avoided by children. 16. Boys delight in bows and arrows. 17. Girls delight in needles.

13.

There are no adjectives which follow the fourth declension, as there are none which follow the fifth declension. Adjectives follow exclusively the first, the second, and the third declensions. Yet nouns of the fourth and of the fifth declensions are sometimes united with adjectives. In declining nouns and adjectives so united, you must take care to preserve the proper forms of both, and not allow the one to influence the other. To aid you in making the necessary distinctions, I supply instances for practice.

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES OF VARIOUS DECLENSIONS.

EXAMPLE.-Maturus fructus, m., ripe fruit; frequens cœtus,

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VOCABULARY. Indico, 1, I point out. Multus, -a, -um, much

or many.

Supplex,supplicis, as an adjective, entreating; as a noun, a suppliant. Permoveo, 2, I move Terribilis, -e, terrible. greatly. Tonitru (indeclinable Procumbo, 3, I fall in sing. num.), ., down. or Tonitrus, -ûs, m., thunder. Vacillo, 1, I move to -Ŏris, n., and fro, I vacillate. strength; also an Validus, -a, -um, strong. oak. Vigor, -ōris, m., vigour.

Resono, 1, I resound, I echo. Robur,

EXERCISE 37.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. Tonitru terribile animos hominum permovet. 2. Nonne tonitrus sonus est terribilis ? 3. Tonitrûs fremitus horribilis est. 4. Horribile est tonitru. 5. Fulmen antecedit tonitru. 6. Multi homines extimescunt tonitru. 7. Tonitru extimescitur a multis hominibus. 8. O tonitru, quam horribilis est fremitus tuus! 9. Domus resonat tonitru. 10. Genua virorum sunt valida. 11. Vigor genuum indicat robur corporis. 12. Magna vis est genibus. 13. Supplices procumbunt in (on) genua. 14. O genua, quam valde vacillatis! 15. In genibus

est magna vis.

EXERCISE 38.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

6.

1. The man's knee is strong. 2. Strong knees have vigour. 3. Are thy knees strong? 4. The woods resound with the horrible sound of thunder. 5. The sound of thunder greatly moves the animals. Thunder is feared by strong beasts. 7. I have weak knees. 8. Has your father weak knees? 9. No, my father has strong knees. 10. I am greatly moved by much lightning. 11. The roaring of thunder greatly moves the suppliants. 12. The suppliant points out the beautiful house.

Summus, highest; medius, middle; imus, lowest; reliquus, remaining; ultimus, extremus, last, etc. These adjectives agree in number, case, and gender with their nouns, though in English they appear to have the force of nouns, and consequently to require the construction of nouns. Thus, the Latins say, summus mons, that is, the highest mountain; meaning, the top of the mountain, the highest part of the mountain, the mountain, that is, where it is highest. I subjoin some instances, with forms for practice.

Instances:-Ima quercus, the bottom of the oak; reliquum opus, the remainder of the work; primum limen, the edge of the threshold; extremum bellum, the end of the war; ineuns ver, the beginning of spring; media astas, the middle of summer; summa aqua, the surface of the water; intima philosophia, the

summi montes. summorum montium. summis montibus. Ac. summos montes. V. summi montes. Ab. summis montibus.

mediæ æstates.

mediis æstatibus.

reliqua opera. reliquorum operum. reliquis operibus. reliqua opera. reliqua opera. reliquis operibus.

So in English, instead of "the middle of summer," we say, after the Latin manner, mid-summer, that is, middle summer; also, mid-day; mid-night; mid-way, etc.

The student is required to find out English words derived from the Latin words just used; and the Latin words that are the sources of derivation of the English words which follow:

Acute.
Alienate.

Antecedent.

Archery.
Domestic.

Fructify.

Peculiar. Puerile.

Sensual. Sweet.

Vacillation.

Variously. Voluptuary.

With these English words other English words are connected, so that when you know the import of these, you easily learn the import of the connected or related terms. Thus from the adjective acute comes the adverb acutely and the noun acuteness; with the verb alienate is connected the noun alien; voluptuary has corresponding forms in voluptuous and voluptuousness; grateful also has gratitude and gratefully.

Find the Latin terms which occur in the instructions in the third declension, from which are derived these English words, namely:

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KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN LATIN.-X.
EXERCISE 33.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. A soldier ought to fight with a brave mind. 2. Men have mortal bodies, immortal minds. 3. Have not men mortal bodies ? 4. I am delighted with the sweet voice of birds. 5. Art thou delighted with the sweet voice of birds ? 6. Boys should apply to learning with an eager mind. 7. Why, O boys, do you not apply to knowledge with an earnest mind? 8. The praise of scholars consists in good characters and severe industry. 9. With earnest industry my father applies to

literature. 10. Piety is the basis of all the virtues. 11. Thy virtues, O mother, delight me. 12. Brave men are not overcome by severe pains. 13. We do not yield to daring enemies. 14. Every voice (sound) is well heard by thy mother. 15. Thy voices (words), O sister, are sweet to me.

EXERCISE 34.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. Fortes viri hostibus non cedunt. 2. Audax agmen non facile vincitur. 3. Alacri animo in literas incumbit meus filius. 4. Sorores tuæ amantne literas ? 5. Avium vocibus delectantur. 6. Aves hostium suaves habent voces. 7. Bene in literas incumbunt discipuli mei. 8. A Julio Cesare vincitur audax agmen. 9. Hominum corp mortalia sunt, immortales animi. 10. Matris pietas filium de 11. Filia patris virtute delectatur. 12. Industrià et bonis puerorum constat virtus. 13. Matris meæ epistola ab omnibus

ESSAYS ON LIFE AND DUTY.-III.

TRUTH.

THE love of truth is one of the main elements in all honourable characters. To preserve a keen and delicate edge of feeling in the moral sense in this respect is to conserve the happiness as well as the excellency of character. Where there is little selfrespect there can be little real blessedness, and the consciousness of habitual untruthfulness cannot co-exist with any moral satisfaction in ourselves. To be true, as it ranks us amongst the noblest, so it ranks us with the happiest of men. To be false is not only to be despised, but to despise ourselves.

Scarcely any psychologists will doubt the existence in all men of that moral sense which is able to discern the true when presented to it, nor will their investigations have been carried on without the discerning of another faculty closely connected with it, and that is a sensation of pleasure in the perception of it.

Truth is meant to meet not only the eye which perceives, but the instinct which admires and approves. In other words, truth meets not only a mental perceptivity in us, but has a moral affinity with us.

In all human relationships we see how valuable is the possession of a love of truth, and how difficult it is to preserve at all times a strict adherence to its behests.

Unquestionably it is our duty always to be obedient to the truth without dread of consequences. Inasmuch as likes and dislikes may meet us in the way, we shall often have to conquer ourselves. Passion and prejudice may stand on one side, and truth on the other, and the solicitations of the former may be so strong as to make it very hard work to comply with the commands of the latter. Moreover, to act according to truth brings with it sometimes disadvantage-loss, for instance, of pecuniary profit, or of flattering reputation; but in the end these gains if secured would be counterbalanced by the after-loss of our character, and we should have risked and ruined that upon which our ultimate success as well as our ultimate happiness alike depend.

Lying is of many kinds and degrees, but all lies are hateful and injurious. There is the suppressio veri, or the hiding of truth, the keeping back that which, if the jury knew it, or if our neighbour knew it, would altogether alter the value of the bargain and the complexion of the whole matter; consequently, though in such cases we remain silent, we may yet all the time be denying the truth by the reservation which keeps back that which is essential to its claims. There is also the speaking falsely for the sake of supposed good ends, a doctrine which has been of old defended by some casuists, but which has not one word to be said in its favour, inasmuch as it leaves open to every man's judgment the decision of what in the end will be best; a decision which, apart from all other considerations, is only too likely to fall in with his own selfish desires and inclinations. There is no more immoral doctrine than this, as it cuts at the very root of an immutable morality. There is also one more form of falsehood which demands exposure, and that is the acted untruth, where the lips indeed are silent, but where the look and the manner give assent to the falsehood. We must ever remember that there is a speech of the glance and the gesture as well as of the lips and the voice, and that it is as base to deceive with the one as with the other.

duals. Whatever material gains may be secured by fraud and falsehood, the dishonour which is an inseparable part of the harvest is more than a counterbalance for all the success. Falsehood brings with it in many ways its own punishment. It has been well said that "Liars should have good memories"-so sure are they in after days to speak accidentally the truth, and thus not only to reveal the real fact, but also to uncover themselves to the shame and derision of mankind.

Fidelity to truth is one of those virtues which cannot suddenly be either learned or practised. Savage and uncivilised people, who have been habituated to falsehood, take many long years of moral education before they lose the lying habits of their nature. It must therefore commend itself to us as one of the first duties

of life to inculcate the love and admiration of truth upon the young, that they may be early drilled in its exercise, and accustomed to its yoke. In the end it is easy, but in the beginning it is hard enough to fulfil the injunction, "Lie not at all."

All pretences and shams are actual untruths; but it is impossible in this article to follow into fullest details all the ramifications of falsehood. Enough has been said to show that there are many forms of falsehood, and not one of them even allowable or excusable.

Truth is as beautiful as it is powerful, and constitutes one of the richest adornments, as it is indeed one of the strongest bulwarks of character.

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Je me promène tous les jours,
Je me promène à cheval,

I take a walk every day.
I take a ride.

6. Marcher, aller à cheval, aller en voiture, signify to walk or to ride, when we wish to express simply the manner of progressing. Do you walk much every day?

Marchez-vous beaucoup tous les
jours ?

Je vais à cheval et en voiture,

I ride on horseback and in a carriage.

It is proper, however, to draw a distinction which does seem to exist between the two English words truth and veracity. Truth is always truth, whether we know it to be so or not; whereas veracity seems to relate to the connection between what a man says and what he honestly believes to be true. Thus a veracious man may sometimes err from the truth. He may have been misinformed or mistaken; he is veracious in respect to his own consciousness of what was done, whilst in regard to the actual truth of things he is wrong. It is not true that the sun moves round the earth; but astronomers of the Ptolemaic SE school, who declared it did, were still veracious men. They spoke that which they believed to be true. Fidelity to truth has much to do with the stability and pros. Je me porte, I am or Je me promène, I take Je m'assieds, I sit down perity of

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The just payment of bonds, the righteous
the earnest adhesion to a course of con-
5 rectitude, constitute one of the surest
Empires suffer most severely from all
ist towards others in the great commu-
ich is true of peoples is true of indivi-

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7. CONJUGATION OF THE PRESENT OF THE INDICATIVE
OF THE REFLECTIVE VERBS.
SE PROMEN-ER, 1, to S'ASSE-OIR, 3, ir., to si
walk or ride.
down.
Sing.

do.

PORT-ER, 1, to be
or do.
Sing.

Tu te portes.
Il se porte.

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a walk or ride.

Sing.

or am sitting down.

Tu te promènes [§ 49]. Tu t'assieds.
Il se promène.
Il s'assied.

Plur.
Nous nous promenons.
Vous vous promenez.
Ils se promènent.

Plur.
Nous nous asseyons.
Vous vous asseyez.
Ils s'asseient.

8. The reflective pronouns in the imperative of reflective verbs | he intend to go to France? 26. He intends to go to France in follow Rule 4 of Sect. XXVI., and Rules 3, 4 of Sect. XXVII., and also $100 (2) (3).

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À quoi vous appliquez-vous ?
Je m'occupe de mes affaires.
Je m'adresse à mes amis.
Vous adressez-vous à votre père?
Je m'adresse à lui [§ 100 (4)].
Comment se porte Monsieur votre
père ?

Il se porte passablement bien.
Pourquoi ne vous asseyez-vous pas?
Je m'assieds quand je suis fatigué.
Je n'ai pas le temps de m'asseoir.
Vous promenez-vous tous les jours?
Je me promène en voiture au-
jourd'hui.

Vos amis se promènent-ils à cheval?
N'aimez-vous pas à marcher?
J'aime beaucoup aller à cheval.
Aimez-vous à vous promener ?
Asseyons-nous, s'il vous plait.
Ne nous assey ons-nous pas ?
Ne nous asseyons pas, il est trop

tard.

Combien ce drap se vend-il le* yard?

To what do you apply yourself?
I occupy myself with my affairs.
I apply to my friends.

Do you apply to your father?
I apply to him.

How is your father?

He is tolerably well.
Why do you not sit down?
I sit down when I am tired.
I have no time to sit down.
Do you take a walk every day?
I take a ride to-day (in a carriage).

Do your friends take a ride to-day?
Do you not like walking?
I like riding much.

Do you like walking (for pleasure) ?
Let us sit down, if you please.
Do we not sit down?
Let us not sit down, it is too late.

How much is that cloth sold a yard?

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1. Comment ce Monsieur s'appelle-t-il? 2. Je ne sais comment il s'appelle. 3. Cette dame ne s'appelle-t-elle pas L.? 4. Non, Madame, elle s'appelle M. 5. Monsieur votre père se porte-t-il bien ce matin ? 6. Il se porte beaucoup mieux. 7. Fait-il beau temps aujourd'hui ? 8. Il fait un temps magnifique, n'allez-vous pas vous promener? 9. Nous n'avons ni cheval ni voiture. 10. Ne pouvez-vous marcher? 11. Je suis trop fatigué pour marcher. 12. N'allez-vous pas à cheval tous les matins ? 13. Je me promène tous les matins. 14. Comment vous promenez-vous ? 15. Quelquefois à pied et quelquefois en voiture. 16. À qui vous adressez-vous quand vous avez besoin d'argent? 17. Je m'adresse à mon banquier? 18. Ne voulez-vous pas vous asseoir? 19. Nous vous sommes bien obligés. 20. Ce drap se vend-il fort bien ? 21. Il se vend fort cher. 22. Ne devez-vous pas aller à la campagne, s'il fait beau temps? 23. Votre frère doit-il quitter la ville aujourd'hui ? 24. Il doit partir demain matin.

EXERCISE 66.

1. Does your sister walk every day? 2. She takes a walk every morning. 3. She likes riding on horseback and in a carriage. 4. What is that little girl called? 5. She is called L. 6. Is not that gentleman called L. ? 7. No, Sir, he is called G., and his cousin is called H. 8. How is your brother? 9. My brother is very well, but my sister is not well. 10. How are your two daughters? 11. They are tolerably well to-day. 12. Will you not sit down, gentlemen ? 13. We are much obliged to you, Madam, we have not time. 14. Does that book sell well? 15. It sells very well. 16. How is that silk sold an ell (l'aune) ? 17. It is sold at six francs an ell. 18. Is it fine weather to-day? 19. It is very fine weather, will you not take a walk? 20. I have no time to walk. 21. To whom does brother apply? 22. He applies to his brother. 23. Is his brother at home? 24. No, Sir, he is at Paris. 25. When does The English a or an before a measure is rendered into French by the article le or la, etc.

your

one month. 27. Is your sister to leave to-morrow morning? 28. She is to leave to-day if (s'il) it is fine weather. 29. What do people say of this? 30. Nothing is said about it [Sect. XXXIV.].

SECTION XXXVI.-REFLECTIVE PRONOUNS.

1. The reflective pronoun is often used to express possession, instead of the possessive adjective. In such cases the article takes the place of this adjective before the noun [§ 77 (9)]. Vous chauffez-vous les pieds ? Do you warm your feet? Je me chauffe les mains et les pieds, I warm my hands and feet.

2. Se souvenir [2, ir; see § 62], se rappeler [§ 49 (4)], correspond to the English verb to remember. Se rappeler takes a direct object, that is, no preposition intervenes between the verb and its object, if the same be a noun or a pronoun.

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Vous coupez-vous les ongles ?
Je me coupe les ongles et les
cheveux.

Vous coupez-vous les doigts ?
Je me coupe souvent les doigts,
quand je taille ma plume.
Vous rappelez- [§ 49 (4)] vous les

malheurs du frère de votre ami?
Je me rappelle ses malheurs.
Je me les rappelle distinctement.
Je me rappelle de l'avoir vu.
Vous souvenez-vous de cela?
Je ne m'en souviens pas du tout.
A quelle heure vous couchez-vous?
Nous nous couchons tous les jours

au coucher du soleil.

Nous nous levons de meilleure heure

que vous au lever du soleil. Il se lève à cinq heures du matin, et il se couche à dix heures et demie du soir.

Do you cut your nails? I cut my nails and hair.

Do you cut your fingers?

I often cut my fingers, when I mend my pon.

Do you remember the misfortunes of your friend's brother?

I remember his misfortunes.
I recollect them distinctly.

I remember having seen him.
Do you remember that?
I do not remember it all.
At what hour d● you retire ?
We go to bed every day at sunset.

We rise earlier than you—at sunrise.

He rises at five o'clock in the morning, and goes to bed at half after ten in the evening.

VOCABULARY.
De meilleure heure,
earlier.
Doigt, m., finger.
Fer, m., iron.
Feu, m., fire.

Associé, m., partner.
Bois, m., wood.
Boucher, m., butcher.
Se brûl-er, 1, ref., to
burn one's self.
Charpentier, m., car- Main, f., hand.
penter.

Se chauff-er, 1, ref., to
warm one's self.

1. Le perruquier se

S'occuper, 1, to occupy one's self. Parfaitement, perfectly. EXERCISE 67. coupe-t-il le pouce?

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2. Non, Monsieur,

5.

il se coupe les cheveux. 3. Le charpentier ne se coupe-t-il pas la main? 4. Il ne se coupe pas la main, il coupe le bois. Ne vous rappelez-vous pas cette dame ? 6. Je me rappelle cette dame et ces messieurs. 7. De quoi vous occupez-vous? 8. 9. Vous souvenez-vous des Nous nous occupons de nos affaires. fusils qu'a votre père? 10. Je ne m'en souviens point du tout. 11. Cette petite fille ne se brûle-t-elle pas ? 12. Elle ne se brûle pas, il n'y a pas de feu dans le poêle. 13. Pourquoi le boucher ne se chauffe-t-il pas ? 14. Parcequ'il n'a pas froid. 15. Ces enfants se lèvent-ils de meilleure heure que moi? 16. Ils se couchent de bonne heure, et ils se lèvent tous les matins à

ESSAYS ON LIFE AND DUTY.-III.

TRUTH.

THE love of truth is one of the main elements in all honourable characters. To preserve a keen and delicate edge of feeling in the moral sense in this respect is to conserve the happiness as well as the excellency of character. Where there is little selfrespect there can be little real blessedness, and the consciousness of habitual untruthfulness cannot co-exist with any moral satisfaction in ourselves. To be true, as it ranks us amongst the noblest, so it ranks us with the happiest of men. To be false is not only to be despised, but to despise ourselves.

Scarcely any psychologists will doubt the existence in all men of that moral sense which is able to discern the true when presented to it, nor will their investigations have been carried on without the discerning of another faculty closely connected with it, and that is a sensation of pleasure in the perception of it. Truth is meant to meet not only the eye which perceives, but the instinct which admires and approves. In other words, truth meets not only a mental perceptivity in us, but has a moral affinity with us.

In all human relationships we see how valuable is the possession of a love of truth, and how difficult it is to preserve at all times a strict adherence to its behests.

Unquestionably it is our duty always to be obedient to the truth without dread of consequences. Inasmuch as likes and dislikes may meet us in the way, we shall often have to conquer ourselves. Passion and prejudice may stand on one side, and truth on the other, and the solicitations of the former may be so strong as to make it very hard work to comply with the commands of the latter. Moreover, to act according to truth brings with it sometimes disadvantage-loss, for instance, of pecuniary profit, or of flattering reputation; but in the end these gains if secured would be counterbalanced by the after-loss of our character, and we should have risked and ruined that upon which our ultimate success as well as our ultimate happiness alike depend.

Lying is of many kinds and degrees, but all lies are hateful and injurious. There is the suppressio veri, or the hiding of truth, the keeping back that which, if the jury knew it, or if our neighbour knew it, would altogether alter the value of the bargain and the complexion of the whole matter; consequently, though in such cases we remain silent, we may yet all the time be denying the truth by the reservation which keeps back that which is essential to its claims. There is also the speaking falsely for the sake of supposed good ends, a doctrine which has been of old defended by some casuists, but which has not one word to be said in its favour, inasmuch as it leaves open to every man's judgment the decision of what in the end will be best; a decision which, apart from all other considerations, is only too likely to fall in with his own selfish desires and inclinations. There is no more immoral doctrine than this, as it cuts at the very root of an immutable morality. There is also one more form of falsehood which demands exposure, and that is the acted untruth, where the lips indeed are silent, but where the look and the manner give assent to the falsehood. We must ever remember that there is a speech of the glance and the gesture as well as of the lips and the voice, and that it is as base to deceive with the one as with the other.

duals. Whatever material gains may be secured by fraud and falsehood, the dishonour which is an inseparable part of the harvest is more than a counterbalance for all the success. Falsehood brings with it in many ways its own punishment. It has been well said that "Liars should have good memories"--so sure are they in after days to speak accidentally the truth, and thus not only to reveal the real fact, but also to uncover themselves to the shame and derision of mankind.

Fidelity to truth is one of those virtues which cannot suddenly be either learned or practised. Savage and uncivilised people, who have been habituated to falsehood, take many long years of moral education before they lose the lying habits of their nature. It must therefore commend itself to us as one of the first duties of life to inculcate the love and admiration of truth upon the young, that they may be early drilled in its exercise, and accustomed to its yoke. In the end it is easy, but in the beginning it is hard enough to fulfil the injunction, "Lie not at all."

All pretences and shams are actual untruths; but it is impossible in this article to follow into fullest details all the ramifications of falsehood. Enough has been said to show that there are many forms of falsehood, and not one of them even allowable or excusable.

Truth is as beautiful as it is powerful, and constitutes one of the richest adornments, as it is indeed one of the strongest bulwarks of character.

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health. 5. Se promener means to walk, to ride, etc., for pleasure or I take a walk every day. I take a ride.

Je me promène tous les jours, Je me promène à cheval,

6. Marcher, aller à cheval, aller en voiture, signify to walk or to ride, when we wish to express simply the manner of progressing.

It is proper, however, to draw a distinction which does seem to exist between the two English words truth and veracity. Truth is always truth, whether we know it to be so or not; whereas veracity seems to relate to the connection between what a man says and what he honestly believes to be true. veracious man may sometimes err from the truth. have been misinformed or mistaken; he is veracious in respect Je vais à cheval et en voiture,

Thus a He may

Marchez-vous beaucoup tous les jours ?

Do you walk much every day?

I ride on horseback and in a carriage. 7. CONJUGATION OF THE PRESENT OF THE INDICATIVE OF THE REFLECTIVE VERBS.

to his own consciousness of what was done, whilst in regard to
the actual truth of things he is wrong. It is not true that the
sun moves round the earth; but astronomers of the Ptolemaic SE PORT-ER, 1, to be
school, who declared it did, were still veracious men. They
spoke that which they believed to be true.

Fidelity to truth has much to do with the stability and pros. perity of nations. The just payment of bonds, the righteous adjustment of claims, and the earnest adhesion to a course of conduct marked by persistent rectitude, constitute one of the surest guarantees of progress. Empires suffer most severely from all fraudulent breaches of trust towards others in the great community of nations. That which is true of peoples is true of indivi

do.

or do. Sing.

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Je me porte, I am or Je me promène, I take Je m'assieds, I sit down a walk or ride. or am sitting down. Tu te promènes [§ 49]. Tu t'assieds. Il se promène.

Tu te portes.
Il se porte.
Plur,
Nous nous portons.
Vous vous portez.
Ils se portent.

Plur. Nous nous promenons. Vous vous promenez. Ils se promènent,

Il s'assied.

Plur. Nous nous' asseyʊns. Vous vous asseyez. Ils s'asseient.

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