Note. When great force is expressed in the language, the tone becomes "loud" in awe. Example of Awe. O Thōu unütterable Potentate! Through nature's vast extent, sublimely great!— Thy greatness, glory, wisdom, strength, and spirit, Thy awe-imposing võice is heard,-we hear it !— Thou breathest! ['oo-] forest õaks of centuries Thou thunderest! [loo] adamantine mountains break, [oo] At GoD's almighty will, The affrighted world falls headlong from its sphere! Solemnity. Father! thy hand Hath reared these venerable columus; Thou Reverence. Oh let me often to these solitudes The passions, at thy pläiner footsteps shrink [xx] Be it ours to meditate, In these calm shades, Thy milder majesty, And, to the beautiful order of Thy works, Learn to conform the order of our lives! Sublimity. Hail! holy Light, offspring of heaven first börn,- May I express thee unblámed ? since Gòd is Light, O'N them, HUSSARS!-Now give them REIN and HE'EL! Shylock. There I have another bad match: a BANKRUPT, a PRODIGAL, who dare scarce show his head on the Rialto;-a BEGGAR, that used to come so smug upon the màrt: let him look to his BOND: he was wont to call me u'SURER; LET HIM LOOK TO HIS BO`ND: he was wont to lend money for a CHRISTIAN COURTESY: LET HIM LOOK TO HIS BO`ND! Rule 6.-Scorn is characterised by "loudness," by drawling "slowness," and a tone which, in the emphatic words, begins on a "high" and slides to a "low" note; by "thorough stress," and often a laughing "tremor," making the beginning, the middle, and the end of every emphatic sound distinct, and prominent, and cutting to the ear. The "quality" of the voice in this tone is strongly "aspirated," but not "guttural;" the "inflection" is usually "falling," but sometimes becomes the "wave" or "circumflex." Thou FORTUNE's champion, that dost never fight But when her humorous ladyship is by To teach thee safety! Pale TREMBLING, COWARD!-[Tremor] there I throw my By that, and all the rights of knighthood èlse, Rule 7.-Indignation is marked by full "loudness," "low" note, and deliberate "slowness;" a swelling "medial stress;" and the effect arising from the blending of "pectoral" and "guttural" tone, to all the extent consistent with "pure" "orotund," in vehement style. The characteristic inflection is uniform "falling." Examples. Rule 9.-Excessive grief and sorrow are expressed by “loud,' "high," and "slow" utterance; "tremor," or "intermittent stress;' and "pure" "quality," where not interrupted by out the utterance of these emotions. sob, or "aspiration." The "falling inflection" prevails through Example. Capulet. Hà! let me sèe her:-Out, alas! she's cold; Death lies on her, like an untimely fròst Upon the sweetest flower of all the field. Accursed time! unfortunate old màn ! Lady Capulet. ACCURSED, UNHAPPY, WRETCHED, HATEFUL day! Most MISERABLE hour that e'er time saw, In lasting labour | of his pilgrimage! But one, poor one, òNE POOR and LÒVING CHÍLD, But one thing to rejoice and solace in, And cruel death | hath catched it from my sight! LESSONS IN GEOMETRY.-XVIII. To any reader who has carefully studied our lessons on Geometry up to this point, and looked through the table of angles of regular polygons appended to the last lesson, it will be obvious that there are various methods of constructing any regular multilateral figure whose sides and angles are equal to one another. They may be drawn indeed by the aid of the protractor only in the first place; or by means of the circle and 165 75° 60° 150° 200 .... 790 H P T protractor, or circle and scale of chords in the second place; the compasses to the extent of the straight line AB, set off the or, lastly, by a regular process of geometrical construction. points E, D, C, in the circumference of the circle A EDC B. Join The construction of the triangle, or trigon, which stands first in AE, ED, DC and CB. The figure A E D C B is a regular pentagon, the table of regular polygons, already referred to, and which and is described on the straight line A B as required. is the equilateral triangle, has been explained in Problem XVII. If it be required merely to describe a regular pentagon, (Vol. I., page 209), and that of the square, or tetragon, in Problem nothing being said about its XVIII. (Vol. I., page 255). As the remarks which will be made on construction on a given straight 180° the construction of the pentagon by the different methods above line, we may proceed in the enumerated will apply equally to these, due regard being had to following manner :-From any the difference in the number of the sides and the opening of the point, K (Fig. 66), as centre,105 angles, nothing more need be said about them except in availing with any distance, K A, as, ourselves of them in the construction of figures whose sides are radius, describe the circle A D B... multiples of 3 and 4; as the hexagon, the number of whose Join A K, and at the point K, sides is 3 x 2, or 6; and the octagon, the number of whose sides in the straight line A K, make, is 4× 2, or 8; any number being a multiple of a lesser number by the aid of the protractor, when it can be divided without a remainder by that number. the angle A K B equal to an 30 This brings us to angle of 72 deg. This is done PROBLEM XLVI.—To construct a regular pentagon on a given because the angle at the apex straight line by the aid of the protractor only. of the triangles into which a pentagon may be divided by drawing straight lines from each of its angles to its centre, is an angle of 72 deg., as may be seen from the table. Join A B, and opening the compasses to the extent of A B, set off the points E, D, C in the circumference of the circle A D B, as before, and join the chords A E, E D, D C, C B, to complete the pentagon. 1331 108 1:915 A B Let A B (Fig. 65) be the given straight line on which it is required to construct a regular pentagon. Produce A B indefinitely both ways to X and Y, and apply the base, or straight edge of the protractor, to the R straight line x Y, so that the mark or notch in the centre of the base line shall rest on the point A. On rey ferring to the table Fig. 65. given in the last lesson, we find that the "angle of the polygon" for the pentagon, or, in other words, the angle formed by any two sides of the pentagon, is 108 deg. The degrees on a protractor are usually marked by tens; look therefore to the left of 90 for 110, and make a mark on your paper at the extremity of the second line to the right of 110 on the protractor, which will of course indicate 108. This is represented by the point z in Fig. 65, the extremity of the fine line on the semi-circular arc of the protractor marked 108. Join Az and produce it indefinitely to P, and along A P set off ac equal to AB. Apply the protractor to the straight line A P, so that the mark in the centre of its base line may rest on c, as indicated by the dotted lines in the diagram, and determine the direction of co, and set off along it C D equal to c A or A B. Repeat the process to find the point E, and then join E B. The figure ACDEB is a regular pentagon, and it is described on the given straight line A B as required. The process above described applies equally to the construction of any regular polygon having the angle of the polygon expressed in degrees only; but when the angle of the polygon is expressed in degrees and fractional parts of a degree, this mode of construction would be attended with difficulty and much uncertainty, unless the protractor were sufficiently large to admit of minutes being marked along its edge as well as degrees. For the sake of practice, which alone can ensure accuracy as well as neatness and nicety in geometrical drawing, the reader may attempt the construction, by means of the above process, of all the regular polygons in the table given at the end of the last lesson, whose angles are expressed in degrees only. PROBLEM XLVII.—To construct a regular pentagon on a given straight line by the aid of the circle and protractor. Let A B (Fig. 66) be the given straight line on which it is required to construct a regular pentagon. Bisect A B in F, and at the point r draw the straight line FG of indefinite length at right angles to A B. On referring to the table we find that each of the angles at the base of the triangles into which the pentagon may be divided by drawing straight lines from each of its angles to the centre, or, in other words, half the angle of the polygon, is 54 degrees. Apply the protractor to the straight line AB, so that the mark in the centre of the base line or chord may rest on A, and set off the straight line A H of indefinite length, making an angle of 54 deg. with A B. From the point K, the point of intersection of the straight lines A H, FG, with the radius KA, describe the circle AEDCB, and opening 1509 15 X F R Fig. 66. S This gives us the key to the method of inscribing any regular polygon in a given circle, or, in other words, the method of dividing the circumference of a given circle into any number of equal parts. This method may be generally expressed for any polygon as follows: At the centre of the given circle make an angle containing the number of degrees in the angle at the apex of the equiangular and similar triangles into which the polygon may be divided by drawing straight lines from each of its angles to its centre. Join the points in which the circumference of the circle is intersected by the legs of the angle, or, in other words, draw the chord of the arc of the circumference of the circle intercepted between the legs of the angle. The straight line thus obtained will be one side of the required polygon, which may be completed by setting off arcs along the circumference of the circle, by opening the compasses to the extent of the chord of the arc intercepted between the legs of the angle made at the centre of the given circle, to determine the length of the side of the required polygon. The polygon is of course finally finished by drawing the chords of the arcs thus set off along the circumference of the given circle. The student is recommended to attempt the construction of all the polygons named in the table whose angles are expressed in terms involving degrees only. PROBLEM XLVIII.-To construct a regular pentagon on a given straight line without the aid of the protractor and the circle; that is, by a regular process of geometrical construction. Let A B be the given straight line on which it is required to construct a regular pentagon without the aid of the protractor and circle. Produce A B indefinitely both ways to X and Y, and bisect it in c. At the extremity A draw the straight line A D, of indefinite length, at right angles to A B, and along it set off A E, equal to A B, and join CE. Then from c as centre, tre, with the distance B F, describe the arc F K, and let the The +1 PROBLEM XLIX.-To construct a regular pentagon by aid of the circle and the scale of chords. Let x (Fig. 66) represent a scale of chords constructed to suit the radius of the circle A D B (see Problem XX., Vol. I., p. 256), for the purpose of obviating the necessity of making another figure. Then with K as centre and a distance equal to the chord of an angle of 60 deg. on the scale, describe the circle AD B. Apply the compasses to the scale of chords, and open them to the extent of the space intercepted between x and the dotted line marked 72 deg., and mark any two points on the circumference, as A and B, with the compasses opened to the extent indicated. These are the extremities of an arc, the chord of which subtends an angle of 72 deg. at the centre, K, of the circle A D B. Set off the arcs AE, ED, DC, along the circumference of the circle and join A E, E D, DC, and C B. The figure A EDC B is a regular pentagon. The learner should construct a scale of chords on a large scale, if he be not in possession of one, and then draw all the regular polygons named in the table whose angles are expressed in terms involving degrees only, according to the process just described. LESSONS IN LATIN.-XVIII 1. Nulla firma amicitia est inter malos. 2. Propero ad mortem. 3. Galli habitant trans Rhenum, 4. Nulla habemus arma contra mortem. 5. Vir generosus mitis est erga victos. 6. Cometæ ob raritatem et speciem sunt mirabiles. 7. Servi parent propter metum, boni propter officium. 8. Navigatio juxta litus sæpe est periculosa. 9. Nemo est beatus ante mortem. 10. Quam ob causam (ob quam causam) rides? 11. Infra luna omnia sunt caduca. 12. Multos per annos (per multos annos) inter barbaros habitas. 13. Plutonis regnum infra terram ponitur. 11. Imperium populorum est penes reges. 15. Pisces extra aquam exspirant. 16. Res præter opinionem cadit. 17. Camelus By Virgil, and generally in the writings of the Latin poets, this word is spelt littus. odium adversus equos gerit. 18. Picta vestes apud Homerum com. memorantur. 19. Multa animalia congregantur et contra alia dimi. cant. 20. Hippotamus segetes circa Nilum depascitur. EXERCISE 70.-ENGLISH-LATIN. 1. There is no faithful society among the bad. 2. Man has no arms against death. 3. Beyond death is life. 4. We hasten to the Rhine. 5. The friends are before the house. 6. My sons are at my house (apud me). 7. Are your children at your house? 8. The king is mild towards the conquered. 9. After death good men are happy. 10. What is (there) below the earth? 11. God is above and through all things. 12. Men dwell below the clouds. 13. My children are in my power. 14. In (apud) Cicero are many beautiful sayings (dicta). 15. I love the country on account of thee (on thy account). 16. The soldiers are within the walls. Alienus, -a, -um, an ther's (E.R. alienate). Aliquando, adv., sometimes. Apes, apis, f., a bee. Aquila, -, f., an eagle. Auditus, -ûs, m., the hearing. Aufugio, 3, I flee. Canto, 1, I sing. Coccyx, -ygis, m., a cuckoo. Commeo, 2, I move, proceed. Debilito, 1, I weaken. Dens, dentis, m., a tooth (E. B. dentist). Elephantus, -i, m., an elephant. Hebesco, 3, I grow dull. Infans, -antis, an infant Inventus, -a, -um, dis covered. VOCABULARY. Latro, -ōnis, m., a rob ber. Metellus, -i, m., Metellus, a Roman commander. Mori, to die. Morior, 3, I die. Nidifico, 1, I build a nest. Nidus, -i, m., a nest. Nihil potest, has no power. Occasus, -ûs, a going down. Opes, opum, f., power, riches, etc. (This noun is used in the sing. in the gen., acc., and abl. cases as if from Lom. ops, and when used in the sing. means aid, assistance.) Inventus est, was dis- Ortus, -ūs, m., a rising. covered. Pario, 3, I bring forth. Phoenices, -um, m., the Phænicians. Possum, I am able. Potest, is able, has power. Remedium, i, n., a remedy (E. R. remedial). Senectus, -ütis, f., old age. Sidus, -eris, n., a star, a constellation. Sinus, -ûs, m., a bosom, bay, or gulf. Triumphus, -i, m., a triumph. Unquam, ever. Venenum, -i, n., poison. Viator, ōris, m., a traveller. Visus, -ūs, m., the sight. Xerxes, -is, m., Xerzes, a Persian monarch, EXERCISE 71.-LATIN-ENGLISH. 1. Venenum aliquando est pro remedio. 2. Infans nihil potest sine aliena ope. 3. Aquila non nidificant in arboribus. 4. Coccyx parit in alienis nidis. 5. Senectute hebescunt sensus. 6. Quidam homines nati sunt cum dentibus. 7. Xerxes cum paucissimis militibus ex Græcia aufugit. 8. Metellus elephantos ducit in triumpho. 9. Cantat coram latrone viator. 10. Sidera ab ortu solis ad occasum commeast. 11. Britannia a Phoenicibus inventa est. 12. Apes sine regina esse non possunt. 13. Dulce est pro patria mori. EXERCISE 72.-ENGLISH-LATIN. 1. Is poison ever a remedy? 2. Xerxes fights in Greece. 3. In old age the sight and the hearing are weakened. 4. Does the cuckoo build in another's nest? 5. Thy sister sings before many (persons). 6. They hasten from the west to the east. 7. Coming out of Greece the army hastens into Italy. 8. Metellus with many soldiers is in Britain. 9. My son is born without teeth. 10. Is the army without elephants? 11. The elephants are led in triumph by the general. 1 Is it sweet to die for (one's) country? 13. What are mortals without the aid of God? 14. Do all birds build (their) nests in trees! 15. The boy is in the house without the knowledge of his father. 16. It is sweet to see infants happy in the bosom of their mother. 17. Is thy sister with thee? 18. Without his father the boy has no power. 19. My daughter is with me. 20. How many children are (there) with you? 21. How many men are there in Britain? foundation; and at the same time to lead you to some acquaintance with the manner in which words are formed. Without here entering into a learned discussion as to which was the original part of speech, I shall take the verb as containing the primitive root, and aid you in deducing therefrom other forms. In the course of the previous lessons you had the verb amo, love. Now in becoming aware of the meaning of amo, you learnt the import of all words derived from amo; thus, taking am or ama as the root, you are led to I A careful inspection of the list will show you how one word ensues from another. Thus amabilitas comes immediately from amabiliter, which in its turn comes from amabilis; and amabilis, an adjective in bilis, is formed from the stem ama. The root ama, am, or ma, is also traceable in other languages, being the foundation of unTnp (mee'-teer), mother, in Greek, whence comes the Latin mater, which also means a mother. We must not, however, diverge from our subject. Before you proceed to study the following lists, you will do well to commit to memory this LIST OF PREPOSITIONS AS USED IN COMBINATION WITH VERBS, ETC. manner. Allaudo, I praise greatly. Illaudabilis, not worthy of praise. DOCE (TEACH). Doces, I teach. Docenter, in the way of teaching. Indocilis, unteachable. Addoceo, I teach thoroughly. Dedoceo, I unteach, that is, I cause Ornatio, an adorning. Adorno, I adorn greatly. Adornate, very ornamentally. MOVE (MOVE). Moveo, I move. Motus, motion or movement. Motiuncula, a small movement. Motor, a mover. Moto, I move frequently. Mobilitas, movableness. Mobiliter, movably. Momentum, moving power. Immobilis, immovable. Admotio, a moving to. Amoveo, I move away. Commoveo, I move together. Commotio, a commotion. Demoveo, I move down. Dimoves, I separate by moving. Now from these instances you may infer what a number of words you have already come into contact with. If in these lessons you have had 1,000 Latin words, you have obtained a clue to the import of some 10,000 Latin words, and require only a little reflection to aid you to a full perception of them and of their signification. I advise you to prosecute your studies now on your own basis, while at the same time you go forward with me. The way in which you may assist yourself is this: procure a Latin dictionary, and write out lists of connected words according to the models just given. With a little care you will be able to find the words in the dictionary. If you use a good dictionary, you will make few mistakes. Having made a list, commit it to memory. Then make and learn others in succession. In this way you will learn not only the Latin, but a good deal of philology, or the science of language; and your progress will be rapid as well as sure. You may perhaps be thinking what dictionary to purchase. The best and cheapest that you can buy is "Cassell's LatinEnglish and English-Latin Dictionary," which contains an incredible amount of useful information. The price of this useful volume is 7s. 6d. KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN LATIN.-XVII. (Vol. II., p. 122.) EXERCISE 67.-LATIN-ENGLISH. 1. What o'clock is it? 2. It is ten o'clock. 3. Is it six o'clock? 4. It is five o'clock. 5. The year in which we now live (vivimus) is the one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eighth since the birth of Christ. 6. My father is in his sixty-fourth year. 7. Your sister is in her sixty-third year. 8. My mother is in her fifty-eighth year. 9. Your father is in his fifty-eighth year. 10. The elder brother is in his thirty-third year. 11. The younger brother is in his twenty-second year. 12. The elder sister is in her twenty-eighth year. 13. The younger sister is in her twentieth year. 14. There are a thousand soldiers in the city. 15. Two thousand enemies besiege the city. 16. One thing (aliud) pleases one person, another (thing pleases) another. 17. One thing displeases one person, another (thing displeases) another. 18. The soldiers of each army are very brave. 19. Each is a vice, both to believe everything, and nothing. 20. The perfidious man reposes confidence in scarcely any one. 21. The friendship of one faithful man has more worth than the society of many unfaithful. 22. The true power of virtue is known to the wise man only. 23. The inhabitants of the whole city are joyful concerning the victory of the army. The life of no man is in every respect happy. 25. I have two friends, and I love both greatly. 26. My friend has two sons and two daughters. EXERCISE 68.-ENGLISH-LATIN. 24. 1. Decem milia milites hostium in patriam irrumpunt. 2. Mille milites urbem defendunt. 3. Urbs a duobus millibus quingentis militum defenditur. 4. Duodetriginta milia equitum, et tredecim milia quingenti peditum patriam defendunt. 5. Pater meus agit annum quintum et septuagesimum. 6. Mater mea agit annum sexagesimum tertium. 7. Frater meus major natu agit annum septum et tricesimum. 8. Frater meus minor natu agit annum tricesimum. 9. Soror mea major natu agit annum tricesimum quartum. 10. Soror mea minor natu Edoceo, I teach out and out, "by agit annum duodevicesimum. 11. Quota hora est? 12. Undecima. heart." Perdoceo, I teach thoroughly. ORN OF ORNA (ADORN). 13. Quid annum agis? 14. Ago annum alterum et quinquagesimum. 15. Habemus fidem neutri, neque infido neque assentatori. 16. Nullius vita est beatior quam sapientis. 17. Pater ambulat cum duobus filiis et duabus filiabus. 18. Duo fidi amici sunt una anima in duobus corporibus. 19. Alia aliis placent. 20. Aliud alii displicet. 21. Deus totius vitæ est moderator. LESSONS IN BOTANY.-XVIII. SECTION XXXIII.-LEGUMINOSE, OR THE LEGUMINOUS charged with starch, and is used as food in another form. The peas and beans of our gardens may be considered as exclusively belonging to temperate climates. Tropical regions, neverthe less, have their papilionaceous substitutes. Amongst the most THE order Leguminosa is that beyond all others which furnishes remarkable of these is the underground bean of Brazil (Arachis the greatest number and variety of substances useful in medicine, domestic economy, and the industrial arts. Many possess a saccharine principle which pervades their roots, the stem and leaves containing but little. Of this kind is the liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). which, when dried, fur nish the mild purgative called senna. In Fig. 164 we give a representation of the leaves, blossom, and bud of the Cassia floribunda, hypogaa), an annual plant, the fruit of which, very soon after impregnation, elongates downwards, penetrates below the earth, and buries itself some two or three inches deep. The fruit having thus dug its own grave, ripens in this curious position, and produces oily seeds very agreeable to eat. In the greater number of species the ripe pod-husk is tough and leathery. In the carob bean, however, it is soft and good to eat. The carob bean (Ceratonia siliqua) is a very common tree on the shores of the Mediterranean, and its pulpy saccharine fruit is eagerly eaten by animals. It is supposed by some that the denomination carat weight, equal to 3 grains troy, employed by jewellers for weighing diamonds, etc., is derived from the seeds of this plant: it is more probable, however, that it is taken from the term carat, a name originally given to the seeds of the Abyssinian coral flower, or coral tree (Erythrina Abyssinica). The seeds of this plant are very small and uniform in size and weight. Many Papilionacea have a mucilaginous saccharine stem,slight ly bitter and aromatic, and yielding excel most in this list are the vetches, tre foils, clovers, and lu cernes. The fenugreek diffuses a somewhat disagree able odour, yet its seeds are held in mation by 164. THE BUNDLE-FLOWERED CASSIA (CASSIA FLORIBUNDA). 165. BLOSSOMS AND LEAVES OF THE LOGWOOD TREE Turkish la(HEMATOXYLON CAMPECHIANUM). 166. EVERLASTING PEA (LATHYRUS LATIFOLIUS). or the bundle-flowered cassia, a pretty annual which bears a yellow flower. Certain species possess roots furnished with tubers containing starch and sugar. Of this kind is the alhagi of the Moors (Alhagi Maurorum), a native of Asia and tropical Africa. In Persia this vegetable exudes from its stem a delicate manna. The fruits and seeds of many Leguminosa, such as the haricot bean, gathered before maturity, contain mucilage and sugar, and thus furnish us with a delicate article of vegetable food. If allowed to grow quite ripe, then the seed becomes highly dies, with whom ex treme fatness is considered the greatest point of personal beauty, feminine thinness being a quality held in aversion by the Turks. The delicious Tonquin bean (Dipteryx odorata) used by perfumers, and also by snuff-makers for scenting snuff, owes its distinctive characteristic to the presence of a sort of volatile oil, named by Among the Papilionacea that are more ornamental than useful may be named the sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus), a favourite hardy, climbing annual, and the deciduous climber known as the everlasting pea (Lathyrus latifolius). The peculiar pale |