they then dared to attempt the grand; and, at last, reached the sublime. The origin of architecture cannot be assigned to any particular country. Every nation produced its own art, or style, by employing the various materials within its reach, and by giving to them such forms as their wants required. Proceeding at first from the high table-lands of Asia, in order to people the earth, the early fathers of our race could have but little idea of architure, or of a well-established system of construction. As wandering and pastoral tribes, like the Hottentots of the present day, they lived in tents or wretched huts, which had no pretensions to architecture. It was not until they became more settled that they sought the means of rendering their buildings more durable, by employing in their construction wood or stone, and bricks baked in the sun. From the differences in the materials, and from the variety of tastes and feelings, arise the varied appearances which the monuments of different nations present, and which constitute their peculiar style of architecture. Thus the Egyptian, born in the hot climate of Africa, in a country destitute of wood fit for building, and near the mountains of the valley of the Nile, containing large blocks of freestone and granite, created for himself a vigorous style of buildings, which completely sheltered him from the burning rays of the sun. These buildings were formed of colossal masses, which were easily transported along the waters of that famous river. The Greek, inhabiting a milder climate, surrounded by forests and quarries, gave a lighter form to his edifices, and employed wood in their construction, which harmonised well with the marble-a material of which the fineness admitted of a greater delicacy of structure and arrangement. The Chinese, surrounded by rivers bordered with bamboo, had only a meagre and tortuous species of architecture, as ephemeral in its duration as it was fragile in its origin and construction. The very different character exhibited in local architecture enable us to judge of a country by its monuments, inasmuch as the buildings themselves are the expression of the various wants of the people who constructed them. It is easy to understand how their different arrangements and structures are but the reflection of the religion or the manners of the people. The general style of the monuments of a country is a durable image of the different phases of its civilisation. In these, we see it in its primitive, refined, or degraded state, as civilisation arose, approached to perfection, or decayed. study of these will be duly appreciated by the historian, the philosopher, the archæologist, and the artist, who, each with his own particular view, knows how to find a great lesson in these silent witnesses of past civilisation, as well as in those existing in full vigour around us. Architecture is founded upon three great principles, which ought to be immutable: 1, the useful, without which states and private individuals would be led into superfluous and ruinous expenses; 2, the true, because it ought to express in all its varied forms the great principles of construction upon which it rests; 3, the beautiful, which is the end of all the arts depend ing upon design, and no less of architecture the most useful. On these principles, every style of architecture has the same value; and an artist should not curb his genius by confining himself to the study of one particular style. It is only the man of talent, to whom the construction of an edifice is entrusted, who can combine the different arrangements and forms, harmonise the various parts, and particularly express by plans, skilfully worked out, the disposition of the whole or of every part of the building. Upon these arrangements and plans rests the reputation of an architect, and science demands of him a well-grounded assurance of the good construction and dura bility of his work. Architecture is not an imitative art, like her sister arts, sculpture and painting. We see nothing in nature like our buildings as a whole; or rather nothing which could serve to guide us in its applications, or in the harmony of its lines. In this art, man has done everything himself. He has employed matter; he has invented forms and proportions to produce in the minds of his fellow-creatures ideas correlative of order, harmony, grandeur, richness, and durability. He has been enabled, by the force of art, to give, as it were, thought to matter, without being indebted for his ideas to any of the external forms of nature. Like the poet and the musician, the architect can transport the spectator into an ideal world, by creating forms and effects formerly unknown; but, very different from them in results, he renders his creations palpable, and gives them durability. Moreover, the useful, the true, and the beautiful, must be ever present to his view; and, however fruitful his imagination may be, he cannot emancipate it from science, the eternal basis of all the productions of his art. THE HUT OF THE HOTTENTOT: AN EXAMPLE OF THE PRIMITIVE ATTEMPTS Nations naturally established great divisions in their architecture. They first built their private dwellings, then their public buildings, and these, in their numerous subdivisions, constituted civil architecture. Religion caused them to build temples and other edifices, attaching to them ideas of duty and moral obligation: thus arose sacred architecture. The fortification of their frontiers, their towns, and their conquered countries, gave birth to military architecture. In this basty sketch, we see how extensive is the series of buildings which cover the face of the globe, some of which belong to the first ages of its history, and being re-discovered in our own day. The others | The architect should therefore spend his youth in the study of his art, and of the splendid examples left on the face of the old world by ancient civilisation. In conjunction with these studies he should make himself master of the exact sciences, in order that he may execute his plans with precision, and study the nature of their construction. He should also become familiar with the physical sciences, in order that he may understand the nature of the materials which he must some day employ, and be able to calculate their effects. In short, he should devote himself to practical experience, and to the working part of architecture, in order to render himself capable of executing public or private buildings, and to make himself responsible for the stability of edifices entrusted to him. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY.-X. THE ORGAN OF TASTE (concluded). and which is of a more animal character, is enjoyed in a greater degree in the brute than in man; while the true gustatory sense, being more connected with the exercise of the mental powers of comparing and distinguishing, is certainly weaker in the lower animals. Brutes may be roughly divided into two great divisions, the carnivora, or flesh-eaters, and the herbivora, or vegetable-eaters. The type of the first class is the tiger, or, to give a more familiar example, the cat; while the other is represented by the ox. In each of these, the whole body seems to have been constructed in relation to the food. The tiger has jagged back teeth, and pointed side fangs which lock deeply into one another, but have no grinding surface. The jaws that wield these are short, strong, and can play only to and from one another. It can therefore grip and hold, but cannot chew. The stomach is small and intestines short, because flesh is very nutritious, and needs but little digestion. The fore limbs can move freely in all directions, and are furnished with claws to strike and seize. The ox has long jaws, rough but flat hind II IV IN treating of the objects which excite the sense of taste, we must draw attentior to the distinction between taste proper, and the alimentary sensation of relish. That these sensations are different, will appear from the consideration that many things which are very appetising, and in the eating of which there is great pleasure, have but little distinctive taste. Butter and animal flesh are good instances of this. The tip of the tongue applied to these would give but little indication of the presence of sapid bodies; but the succeeding parts of the organ and the mouth declare them very good. On the other hand, sweet and bitter principles are detected at once by the tip of the tongue, though they be entirely indifferent to the sense of relish. Alum is thus sweet to the sense of taste, but disgusting to the sense which we have called alimentary. The sense of taste proper, or the appreciation of what is sweet, bitter, sour, etc., is more connected with the intellect than the sense of what is savoury; and hence it is less dependent on the state of the body, and it leaves behind it a multitude of distinct ideas which can be held in the memory. Thus a person when suffering from sea-sickness can well discriminate between sugar and quinine; but he would be a very indifferent judge of the flavour of a beef-steak at such a time. The multitude of flavours which can be distinguished is truly remarkable; for not only does the apricot, plum, cherry, and apple each have a characteristic taste, though they all belong to the same order of plants, but a hundred varieties of apples all challenge recognition from this sense. The grape produces a thousand wines, each with a bouquet of its own, even though alcohol and water are the main constituents of them all, and that which causes the difference is so small in quantity, that the chemist cannot separate it. Some sensations described as tastes, are but little removed from those of touch; thus, the taste of nutgalls, called an astringent taste, and the fiery taste of alcohol, are probably caused by mechanical action on the outer skin. In the first case, the forcible contraction of the parts occasions a roughness; and spirit will produce a burning sensation on any delicate part of the body. I. TONGUE OF A CAT. V III III. TONGUE OF A FIELDFARE. V. TONGUE OF A CHAMELEON. II. FILIFORM PAPILLE OF A LEOPARD. IV. TONGUE OF AN OSTRICH. We have now to apply our experimental knowledge of the sensation derived through the tongue and mouth to the inquiry How far do brutes participate in these sensations? In order to answer this question we must observe the gestures and exhibitions of animation of animals while feeding on those substances whose tastes we are ourselves acquainted with. Observation seems to lead to the conclusion which we should naturally have arrived at from reasoning on the question. The conclusion is this, that the sensation which we have called the alimentary feeling, VOL. I. teeth, and a This compa rison might be carried into almost every detail of struc ture. We can posed that this division of brutes is sharply drawn; for between the two types of tiger and ox, animals of every grade of intermediate structure are found. Moreover, the division is not a good one for the purposes of zoological classification; for though both the tiger and the Tasmanian devil eat flesh, and the kangaroo eats grass like the ox, yet even the tiger is more like the ox, and the Tasmanian devil more like the kangaroo, than are those animals when crosscoupled, as in the first sentence. Further, some brutes made on the flesh-eating type, eat all kinds of vegetables, as the bear does; and others built on the plan of herb-eaters, will eat flesh, as the pig will. In fact, the division is a false one when we are treating of the classification and structure of animals, but is nevertheless a useful one when we are writing of their powers and functions. In other words, it is a good physiological but a bad anatomical division. We have entered so far into the question, not only because it bears on our special subject, but also because it explains the term "physiology," with which these lessons are headed. Of carnivorous animals, it may be stated that the alimentary sense, which is associated not only with the tongue, but w the throat and palate, is keen and pleasurable in the extre 21 while the other branch of the sense of taste is feeble. That which we call ravenous hunger in a dog or lion, is not the uneasy feeling of privation, which we associate with excessive hunger, but is an all-engrossing desire to gratify the sense of taste, and this is altogether distinct from a dainty appreciation of flavour. These animals can endure privation from food for considerable periods without manifesting any signs of starvation; but the smell, sight, and, most of all, the partial taste of flesh, excite them to eager, and even ferocious craving. Hence the popular notion of the dangerous nature of wild beasts which have once tasted blood is a true one. On the other hand, when the food is once obtained, it is torn to pieces, flung to the back of the mouth, and swallowed with a rapidity which altogether forbids the idea that these animals possess to any extent the faculty of discrimination in their tastes. This view of the question is also borne out by an inspection of the tongue. In the illustration, the reader will find a representation of a cat's tongue. This tongue is long, and has but few round papilla; but it is covered with a dense pile of long, thin, pointed, overlapping projections (filiform papilla), which are directed backwards, and towards the mid line. The circumvallate papillæ, again, are but four in number, two on each side. It is this pile of pointed papilla which makes the cat's tongue feel rough when she licks. The covering of these papillæ is so dense, hard, and thick, when compared with that of our own, that we are justified in thinking them mechanical only in function; and yet they cover the whole tongue almost to the exclusion of the other kinds. In the larger members of the cat family, these pointed papillæ are quite like hard thorns or spines; and with them the lion, tiger, and leopard can rasp away the last adhering fragments of flesh and ligament from the bones. A patch of these papillæ from the leopard's tongue are represented in the engraving. They are two-lobed and rounded, and have from their back part a single sharp spine running directly backward, and they are set in a very regular pattern, alternating in each row. On the summit of the leopard's tongue a number of papilla were found without spines, as though worn off, or perhaps not developed, lest the palate should be injured by them. A In illustration of these remarks we may give an incident. gentleman had reared a tame leopard from a cub, and having always fed it on bread, etc., the animal was very docile, and showed no sign of savageness. It was often caressed by its master, and returned the blandishments after its manner. While thus engaged, it one day took its master's hand into its mouth, and began to lick it gently, but owing to the roughness of the tongue it caused some blood to flow. The gentleman, no doubt feeling some pain, tried to withdraw his hand, but, to his surprise, the beast for the first time in its life began to growl. With great presence of mind the gentleman relented from his effort to release his hand, rang the bell, asked his servant for his loaded pistol, and then shot his now dangerous favourite through the head. In herbivorous animals, while the sense is far less keen, so far as the alimentary sensation is concerned, we have no reason to suppose that the distinguishing gustatory sense is in any degree stronger. The main mass of the food of the ruminants is insipid. Freshness is the strongest term that can be used to express its desirability. A large bulk is required for but a little nutriment. Thus we find the ox occupies a considerable number of its wakeful hours in grazing and chewing, and it feeds along the pasture, tearing up the grass with but little discrimination. It is true that a cow will avoid noxious or disagreeable plants when they grow in clumps; for a field, otherwise closely cropped, still presents long stalks of the common buttercup. It would seem, however, that this avoidance is rather due to instinct than to disgust. Many plants have very powerful, bitter, sour, and astringent principles, and they are intimately mingled with the grass; yet, as we seldom see a cow eject the food from its mouth, we cannot suppose it to have any very delicate sense of taste. From the fact that oxen ruminate, we might suppose that they enjoy the sense of taste while chewing the cud. So doubtless they do in a minor degree; but the act by which the food is returned to the mouth is probably quite involuntary; and the lazy, dreamy way in which an ox ruminates contrasts strongly with the avidity with which a carnivorous animal feeds. The tongue of a ruminant is very long and flexible. It is often twisted round the herbage to tear it up, or break it off; and the qualities which fit it for this use are manifested in the highest degree in the tongue of the camelopard. This animal can extend by the length of this member its already great powers of reaching high, and thus hook down the branches of the palm. Well might this animal suggest to Lamarck that its whole organism had been modified by a constant endeavour to reach higher and higher. The position of the large walled-round papillæ is very various in different animals. The reader will have observed their position in the chimpanzee, in one long line of about twelve in number down the middle of the tongue, with a few scattered ones on each side. In the pig, otter, and seal they have the V-shaped arrangement which they have in man, but are fewer in number. In the sheep they form a thick, raised ridge on each side at the back of the tongue. One of the most singular uses to which the tongue is put in this class is manifested by the ant-eaters, whose long slimy tongues are used to thrust into ants' nests, so that when they are retracted into their long tubular mouths the ants are carried with them, adhering to the mucus. If this article had been headed "The Tongue," instead of "The Organ of Taste," we should have a long task before us to describe the various shapes of the organ in toads and reptiles, and also in snails and insects. The organ to which the word tongue has been applied has a wonderful diversity of form, and many interesting peculiarities; but in most cases its main office is to seize or to masticate the food, and the function of taste is subordinate to this. In birds the tongue is almost as diversified in form as the beak; but it is usually cased in horn at its fore part, and there are only a few papillæ above the air-hole. In parrots it is fleshy; and these birds seem to have more of the sense of taste than most birds, for they will turn a lump of sugar or a nut about in their beaks for some time to test its qualities before eating it. It is certainly singular that birds, whose proper food is fruit, should be so little endowed with a sense to appreciate its delightful and delicate flavour; nevertheless, it seems as though the tongue were only applied to test the softness, and therefore the ripeness of the fruit. The tongue drawn to represent that of the fieldfare, may be taken as the typical tongue of a bird. The small triangular tongue of the ostrich, supported on its slender arch of bone, is given because of its singular shape and shortness. The length of the tongue has but little relation to the length of the beak. Thus both the pelican and the toucan have enormous beaks; but the former has a tongue as short as that of the ostrich, while that of the latter is very long. The tongue of the woodpecker is a living harpoon. place In some reptiles there is evidence of a sense of taste, but it is doubtless inferior to that of higher animals. The tongue of the chameleon, given in the engraving, is of curious shape; and the mechanism by which it can be darted upon a luckless fly is elaborate and interesting; but its description would be out here. In the toad and frog the tongue grows as the tail drops off. It sprouts from the inside of the lower jaw, and grows backward, so that its bi-lobed end lies free in the mouth, and can be filliped forward out of that cavity. This is also rather an organ of prehension than of taste. The forked tongue of the snake is familiar to every one. Its reiterated protrusion and vibration has led the vulgar to consider this action as a threat, and to believe that it is the sting of the animal. It, however, has no such function. It may have some power of tasting, but it is more probable that it is an organ of touch; for this creature, limbless and covered with hard scales, is greatly in need of a means of feeling outward objects. Fishes' tongues have seldom any soft parts, and cannot therefore be organs of taste. They are not unfrequently furnished with teeth. In some fish a cushion of soft substance, well supplied with blood-vessels, is found on the roof of the mouth. All the higher orders of mollusca have an organ to which the name of tongue has been given, and some authors have proposed to group together the head-walkers, belly-walkers, and wingfooted classes under one sub-division, calling them odontophore, or animals which have a tooth-bearing tongue. This organ in snails (gasteropods) bears transverse rows of teeth arranged in complicated and beautiful patterns, and is sometimes so long as to be called the lingual ribbon. As it is often used to file away shells before devouring the animal contained within, its function must be considered as other than that of taste. The bee licks up its honey with a very complex tongue; but as this member is composed entirely of a horny substance and stiff hairs, it cannot be used to taste the sweet compound elaborated by the flowers. An internal cavity to hold food during the time necessary to its digestion is so generally present in animals, that it almost serves as a character whereby to cut them off from the vegetable kingdom. A prompting to fill this cavity is of course always associated with the organ; but whether that prompting is automatic, instinctive, or rational, it is difficult to say. A sense that may be pleasurable or painful seems to imply some power of reasoning to make it useful. A sense which is neither pleasurable nor painful may stir but a blind instinct. There is, however, a lower impulse to action than even this, in which both intelligence and sense may not be at all involved. When the contact of food causes the sea anemone to close its arms around it, and force them into its mouth, it is probable that sense is no link in the chain of causes of this act, but the whole process of ingestion is parallel to that part of the action of swallowing which takes place in us after the senses have done their work, and the throat seizes the morsel of food and carries it down to the stomach by an involuntary act. Automatic and consensual acts are often as violent as those prompted by desire and reason, so that eagerness in feeding is no infallible evidence of taste in the lower animals. We abstain, therefore, from describing those various and interesting organs which lie in such a relation to the entrance of the alimentary canal of snails, flies, bees, etc., as to have been called tongues, as though they were organs of sense. LESSONS IN GERMAN.—XX. SECTION XXXVII-REFLECTIVE VERBS. REFLECTIVE verbs (§ 86. 1, 2, etc.) are those that represent the subject as acting upon itself, as:-Er besinnt sich, he bethinks himself, etc. Verbs of this class are much more numerous than in English, and are variously translated, as :-Gr macht sich über mich lustig, he makes himself merry over me (i.e., he ridicules me). Er härmt fich über seinen Verlust, he mourns over (or on account of) his loss. Er freut sich über sein Glud, he rejoices at his prosperity. Gr witer seht sich den Befehlen des Tyrannen, he opposes (himself to) the commands of the tyrant. Das Buch hat sich gefunten, the book has been found (active form, the book has made its appearance). Der Simmel bedeckt sich mit Wolfen, the sky is covered with clouds. Coll der Frevel sich vor unsern Augen vollenten? shall the outrage be accomplished before our eyes? Er hält sich in Berlin auf. he (holds himself up) stops in Berlin. Er hat sich bei der Arbeit zu lange auf gehalten, he has (kept himself) remained too long at the work. (See §§ 86, 87.) Sich aufhalten über signifies to find fault with, to sneer at, to criticise, to blame, as:-Er hält sich immer über Kleinigkeiten auf, he is always finding fault about trifles (stopping over trifles). Er hält sich über Ihren Brief auf, he criticises your letter. Er hält sich über tie ganze Gesellschaft auf, he sneers at the whole 6. Der 1. Alle Dünste und Dämpfe, welche beständig von der Erte aufsteigen, Sammeln sich in der Atmosphäre, und intem sie sich verbinten, entsteht taraus Regen, Schnee, Nebel, und jere antere Veränderung in der Luft. 2. Derjenige, der sich in der Zugent an Arbeit gewöhnt, braucht im Alter nicht Reibe rrachtvoller Paläste aus. zu tarben. 3. Die Lutwigstraße in München zeichnet sich durch eine 4. Diejenigen Personen, welche sich selbst loben, machen sich sehr oft lächerlich. 5. Die Söhne Karls tes Großen mußten sich in den Waffen, im Reiten und im Schwimmen üben. fühne Taucher wagt es (Sect. XXXV. 4), sich in ten tobenten Strutel zu stürzen. 7. Der Neirische scharet sich selbst mehr, als antern. Frietrich ter Große hielt sich oft zu Potsram, im Schlosse Sanssouci, Ungemach wie ein Fels im Meere, wenn die Meereswogen um ihn toben. 9. Das Gute belohnt sich selbst. 10. Der Gläubige zeigt sich im meßlicher Raum, in welchem die Erde, die Sonne, der Mend und unzählige 11. Das große, blaue Gewölbe, welches wir Himmel nennen, ist ein uner12. Die Kraft, mit welcher die Muskeln sich zu auf Sterne sich bewegen. der Natur halten. 8. fammenziehen und ausrehnen, ist sehr groß. 13. Viele Menschen eignen sich übel Gewohnheiten so leitenschaftlich an, daß sie dieselben für Bedürfnisse 14. Ein Kind an der Hand seiner guten Gltern fürchtet 15. Die Armee sich nicht,—so ter Mensch, der Vertrauen zu Gott hat. zog sich zusammen, und bewegte sich dem Flusse zu. 16. Der Feind lagerte 17. Er zeichnete sich vor pen antern durch sein tapferes sich um tie Stadt. über vie Worte meines Nachbars auf. Betragen aus. 18. Er fürchtete sich vor Niemanden. 19. Er hält sich EXERCISE 71. 1. The youth mourns at the loss of his parents. 2. Mother was pleased when the letter from my sister was read to her. 3. She consoled herself with the thought that she would arrive soon. 4. Will you sojourn long in Italy? No, it is not my intention. 5. An honest man fears nothing. 6. The Slavonians have rebelled against the Austrian government. 7. The English troops distinguished themselves at the battle of Waterloo by their bravery. 8. He who rejoices at the downfall of another deserves not the approbation of the virtuous. 9. He who is vexed when another is praised in his presence, is a man who does not deserve to be loved and honoured. 10. He who rejoices when his neighbour is loved is a good-natured man. SECTION XXXVIII.-REFLECTIVE VERBS-(continued). Many verbs in German, as in other languages, especially when used as reflectives, acquire in certain phrases a figurative sense which deserves to be noted. Thus from schicken, to send, we have the reflective sich schicken, to send or throw one's self into, i.e., to dapt or conform to, as:-Der Mensch muß sich in die Zeit, in seine Umstände schicken, man must adapt himself to the times, to his circumstances. Es schickt sich nicht, das zu thun, it is not proper to do So from fragen, to ask, we have sich fragen, to b that. 1. Was holt jenes Dienstmädchen? 2. Sie holt Wasser von dem Brunnen, Solz aus dem Walde und Fleisch vom Markte. 3. Hat fie schon meinen Koffer von dem Bahnhofe geholt? 4. Ja, gleich nach dem Aufstehen (Sect. XLI. 3) hat sie ihn geholt. 5. Wir ließen dem franken Manne einen Arzt holen. 6. Er ließ mich den Brief abschreiben, und ihn dann auf bie Post tragen. 7. Ich lasse es an nichts fehlen (§ 146. 1 d.) um Ihren Sohn auf einen bessern Weg zu bringen. 8. Lassen wir uns durch dieses Greigniß nicht täuschen. 9. Man sollte den Torten ihre Ruhe lassen. 10. Er ließ mich warten, obleich ich in Eile war. 11. Warum ließet Ihr Guren kleinen Bruder nicht kommen? 12. Weil er den ganzen Nachmit tag in der Schule war. 13. Lassen sie Ihre Kinder Französisch lernen? 14. Nein, weil ich die englische Sprache für nüßlicher halte. (Sect. LXVIII. 2.) 15. Der Major ließ seinen Diener mir den Weg nach rem Dorfe zeigen. 16. Der Herr, nach welchem Sie fragen, ließ den Hautmann auf das Land fahren. 17. Für wen lassen Sie die Bücher holen? 18. Ich lasse sie für meine jüngste Schwester holen, um sie italienisch zu lehren. 19. Er ließ mich einlaren, in der nächsten Woche mit ihm zu reisen. EXERCISE 75. 1. Which of those physicians will you send for? 2. I shall send for neither. 3. Let me be quiet, for I am not well. 4 Only cowardly soldiers leave their commander-in-chief in the lurch. 5. Why did you not let your little sister come? 6. She could not, for she was at school the whole morning. 7. He has sent for a dentist to have a tooth extracted. 8. For what have you sent your servant? 9. I have sent her for paper and ink. 10. Let us act humanely. 11. Pray let us go to 14. school. 12. Let us not follow the examples of the wicked. 1. Ge fragt sich, ob wir morgen schönes Wetter haben werden. 2. 68 gehört sich, den Sonntag zu heiligen. 3. Es gehört sich, ältere Leute zu achten. 4. Man arbeitet viel froher, wenn man das Bewußtsein hat, etwas Gutes zu thun. 5. Es schickt sich nicht, die Einladung abzuschlagen. 6. Der wirklich kluge Mann wird, so viel (Sect. XXXIV. 4) es ihm möglich ist, sich bemühen, sich in die Zeit zu schicken. 7. Es macht große Freude, das Gute zu fördern. 8. Es schickt sich, daß ein jeder Frembling die guten, aber nicht die üblen Sitten eines Volkes annimmt. 9. Das Vermögen dieses Mannes vermehrt sich zusehends (§ 101). 10. Es schickt sich nicht für Kinder, ungehorsam zu sein. 11. Es fragt sich, ob dieser Mann seine Pflicht gethan hat. 12. Es trägt sich zuweilen zu, daß die Betrachtungen bei einer scherzhaften Begebenheit sehr ernsthaft sind. 13. Gs trägt sich häufig zu, daß kleine Veranlassungen große Ereignisse herbeiführen. Wer ist (§ 71. 1) Ihnen heute Morgen begegnet? 15. Mein Freund, der Capitan, ist mir begegnet. 16. 3ft ihm auf der lezten Reise nichts Unangenehmes begegnet? 17. Ja, es ist ihm ein großes Unglück begegnet. 18. Was ist Ihnen geschehen? 19. Es ist mir nichts geschehen. 20. geschieht ihm diese Strafe recht. EXERCISE 73. 1. It is proper that the children should respect their parents. 2. It becomes not a wise man to follow the multitude. 3. Most young people wish to appear great in the world. 4. You should under all circumstances say the truth. 5. It is questionable whether we shall accept your invitation. 6. It is questionable whether you are right or wrong. 7. It happens sometimes that the best man fails. 8. The government asks obedience from its subjects. 9. The inhabitants of London increase enormously every year. 10. My brother devoted himself more to science than to pleasure. 11. Do you know to what extent your friend has counselled you? 12. He has counselled you to do that of which he spoke yesterday. SECTION XXXIX.—PECULIAR IDIOMS. Lassen is often employed in the sense of causing or ordering, like the English verbs "have" and "get," as:-Er läßt seine Kleider in Paris machen (Sect. XXXIII. 1), he gets his clothes LESSONS IN PENMANSHIP.-XXI. IN our last lesson in Penmanship, in Copy-slip No. 57 (page 317), were given the elementary strokes of which the letter k is composed; and in Copy-slip No. 76, on the opposite page, the learner will find this letter in its complete form. In writing the letter k, a straight-stroke is first made, and then a stroke of peculiar form is added to it, which somewhat resembles a brace, and which may be considered to be a modified form of the top-and-bottom-turn, made by turning the pen in to the left just before reaching the line cc, and then, after forming a very small loop, out towards the right, and finishing as in the ordinary bottom-turn, as shown in Copy-slips Nos. 75 and 76. In Copy-slip No. 77, in the word kafir, the letter k is shown in conjunction with a letter that follows it. There is no necessity for giving an example of the method of joining it to any letter that precedes it, since, as it begins with a straight-stroke, the method of connecting letters with others into whose com. position the straight-stroke enters, may be seen from Copy-slips Nos. 59 and 60 (page 261). It may be remarked, for the benefit and satisfaction of such of our readers who may not have met with the word before, that the "Kafirs" are a fine and |