318. English or MONEY AND CURRENCIES. ENGLISH MONEY. Sterling Money is the currency of Great Britain. The unit is the pound sterling. NOTES. The sovereign is equal in value to $4.86. Its value may be roughly estimated as five dollars. £10 8/6 is read ten pounds, eight shillings and sixpence. CANADA MONEY. 319. The currency of the Canadian provinces is decimal; the table and denominations are the same as those of United States money. NOTE. The decimal currency was adopted by the Canadian Parliament in 1858, and the Act took effect in 1859. Previous to the latter year the money of Canada was reckoned in pounds, shillings, and pence, the same as in England. FRENCH MONEY. 320. The currency of France is a decimal currency, of which the unit is the franc. NOTES. A franc is equal in value to 19.3 cents, U. S. money. It may Centimes are be roughly estimated as 20 cents, a fifth of a dollar. The Lira of Italy, the Peseta of Spain, and the Drachma of Greece, have the same value as the franc. GERMAN MONEY. 321. The unit of the money of the German Empire is the "mark" (Reichsmark), which is divided into 100 pennies (pfennige ). NOTE. The mark is equal in value to 23.85 cents, U. S. money. It may be roughly estimated as worth 25 cents. EXAMPLES. 1. How many farthings in one shilling and six pence? 2. How many pence in 1 pound 10 shillings? 3. How many centimes in 1 franc? 4. How many pennies in 4 marks? 5. What is the value in U. S. money of 1 shilling English money? 6. What is the value in U. S. money of a five franc piece? 7. What is the value in U. S. money of a five mark piece? 8. Estimate roughly the value in U. S. money of £150. Of £600. 9. Estimate roughly the value of 5000 francs. Of 750 francs. 10. Estimate roughly the value of 400 marks. Of 1200 marks. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION. 322. The principles which are used in the addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of simple numbers apply to the corresponding processes in denominate numbers. In the latter, however, these operations are more difficult, since the tables of denominate numbers are seldom constructed on the principle that ten units make one unit of the next higher denomination. Compare the table of U. S. money with the table of English money, Art. 318. 323. 1. Find the sum of 17 cwt. 15 lb. 11 oz.; 2 cwt. 9 lb 8. oz; 90 lb. 12 oz. 3. Find the sum of the column of lbs., which is 115 lbs. 1 cwt. 15 lbs. Write the 15 lbs. under the column of lbs.; add the 1 cwt. to the column of cwl. 4. Find the sum of the column of cwt., which is 20 cwt. 1 T. Write 2. Add 20 T. 17 cwt. 40 lb. 5 oz. ; 5 T. 15 cwt. 7 lb. 10 4. Add 18 bu. 3 pk. 5 qt.; 6 bu. 2 qt. 1 pt.; 11 bu. 7 qt. 5. Add 11° 49′ 59′′; 16° 17' 8"; 40′ 21′′; 3° 9′ 29′; 48' 6"; 11′ 38′′. 6. From 18 yr. 5 mo. 17 d. subtract 12 yr. 9 m. 14 d. PROCESS. yr. mo d. 12 9 14 5 8 3 ANALYSIS. 1. Write the subtrahend under the minuend, units of the same denomination in same column. 2. Subtract, beginning with the lowest denomination: 17d.-14 d. =3 d. 3. It is impossible to take 9 mo. from 5 mo.; therefore from the 18 yr. take 1 yr. 12 mo.; 5 mo.+12 mo. 17 mo. 17 mo.-9 mo. 8 mo. 4. The difference between 17 yr. and 12 yr. is 5 yr. 7. From 20 cu. yd. 4 cu. ft. 1600 cu. in. take 5 cu. yd. 7 cu. ft. 1590 cu. in. 8. From 89 T. take 70 T. 17 cwt. 49 lb. 1.8 oz. 9. From 13 lb. 6 oz. 5 pwt. take 9 oz. 8 pwt. 15 gr. 10. From 20 gal. 14 pt. take 3 qt. 13 pt. 11. From 49 bu. 1 pk. 1 qt. 1 pt. take 30 bu. .75 pt. 12. Difference of time between June 19, 1870, and Dec. 5, 1873? (30 days to a month). 13. Subtract a quadrant from a semicircle. degrees remain? 14. Subtract 9° 8' 49.05" from a quadrant. How many 15. From 1 mi. subtract 7 fur. 39 rd. 5 yd. 1 ft. 5 in. 16. Find the sum of £3 and shilling. SOLUTION. £=} of 20 s.=6o s.=7}; s.=7s. 6d. s. of 12 d.=48=98 d. 7s. 6d.+9% d. 8 s. 3 d. 8 s. 3 d. 23 qr. 17. Add £ s. and d. 18. Add mi.; 4 fur. 84 rd.; 38 rd. 131 ft.; 13 mi. 34 fur. 19. Add 10 A. 17.35 sq. rd. 16.5 sq. yd. 7.25 sq. ft. 90.19 sq. in. 20. From 9 sq. ft. 18.37 sq. in. take .463 sq. yd. SOLUTION. .46 sq. yd.=(.463×9) sq. ft.=4.2 sq. ft.=4 sq. ft. 28.8 sq. in. 9 sq. ft. 18.37 sq. in.-4 sq. ft. 28 8 sq. in.=4 sq. ft. 133.57 sq. in. 21. From A. take sq. rd. 22. From 1 hhd. take 24.15 gal. 23. From 15 mi. take 3.47 yd. MULTIPLICATION. 324. 1. Multiply £8 5 s. 10 d. 3 qr. by 8. 4. 8 times £8 are £64; 64 £+£2=£66. 2. Multiply 31 T. 4 cwt. 49 lb. 8 oz. by 4. 3. Multiply 19 m. 2 fur. 18 rd. 10 ft. 11 in. by 12. 5. Multiply 10 bu. 33 pk. 12 qt. by 11. DIVISION. 325. 1. Divide 5 hhd. 40 gal. 3 qt. by 3. PROCESS. 3)5 hhd. 40 gal. 3 qt. 1 hhd. 55 gal. 2 qt. 3 pt. ANALYSIS. 1. Be gin with the highest denomination; one third of 5 hhds. is 1 hhd., with remainder of 2 hhds. 2. 2 hhds.=126 gal.; 126 gal.+40 gal.=166 gal.; one third of 166 gal. is 55 gal. with remainder of 1 gal. 3. 1 gal. 4 qt.; 4 qt +3 qt.=7 qt.; one third of 7 qt. is 1 qt., with re 4. mainder of 1 qt. 1 qt. 2 pt.; one third of 2 pints is pint. 2. Divide 20 lb. 7 oz. 13 pwt. 11 gr. by 6. 3. Divide 14 T. 7 cwt. 12 oz. by 8. 4.. Divide 354 cu. yd. 8 cu. ft. 1009 cu. in. by 24. 5. Divide 28 sq. mi. 19 A 10 sq. rd. 7 sq. ft. by 15. PROBLEMS. 326. 1. A had 50 bu. 3 pk. 1 qt. of corn; B 16 bu. 1 pk. 3 qt.; C 27 bu. 2 pk. 7 qt. 1 pt.; D 30 bu. 5 qt. They give of the whole amount to a widow and divide the remainder equally among 5 children. What does each child receive? 2. 5 men had each 29 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. of wine; they fill all the bbls. that it will fill, and divide the remainder equally among two dozen neighbors. How much wine did each neighbor receive? 3. From a bbl. of wine 18 qt. 1.4 pt. are drawn every day for 6 days. What remains? 4. A grocer's sales are as follows: Jan., 245 £17 s. 10d; Feb., £201 18 s. 9 d.; Mar., £285 14 s. 7 d.; Ap., |