CORPORATION DE FACTO-WHEN EXISTS. A corporation de facto exists when, from some irregularity or defect in its organization, a corporation de jure is not created: Snider v. Troy, 91 Ala. 224; 24 Am. St. Rep. 887, and note; note to Hildreth v. McIntire, 19 Am. Dec. 67.

JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES

WHAT ARE.-See Oliver's Estate, 136 Pa. St.

43; 20 Am. St. Rep. 894, and note.

TRESPASS TO TRY TITLE — BURDEN ON WHOM. — The plaintiff has the burden in such an action, and in order to recover he must have the legal title at the commencement of the suit: Bank of South Carolina v. 8. C. M. Co., 8 Strob. 190; 49 Am. Dec. 640, and note. A plaintiff in ejectment must show a better title than the defendant: L'Engle v. Reed, 27 Fla. 345; Grayson v. Schlumm, 126 Ind. 142; O'Brien v. Bugbee, 46 Kan. 1.

CO-TENANCY-ADVERSE POSSESSION OF ONE CO-TENANT-EFFECT OF. A tenant in common can only make his possession adverse to his co-tenants by actual ouster: Page v. Branch, 97 N. C. 97; 2 Am. St. Rep. 281, and note; Morrill v. Morrill, 20 Or. 96; 23 Am. St. Rep. 95; note to Warfield v. Lindell, 90 Ain. Dec. 454.

AMERICAN SALT COMPANY v. HEIDENHEIMER.

[80 TEXAS, 344.]

Corporation De Facto, What 19. A corporation de facto is a corporation organized and operated under color of the law, but not legally constituted. The statute of Texas requires that at least two of the subscribers to the charter of an intended incorporation must be citizens of the state. Where, therefore, articles of incorporation filed in the office of the secretary of state are signed by persons none of whom are citizens of the state, the corporation is not legally constituted, but until the pretended charter is vacated it is a corporation de facto. TOCKHOLDERS OF DE FACTO CORPORATION NOT LIABLE TO ITS CREDITORS AS PARTNERS. - Persons who, after the organization of a corporation has been apparently effected, and the secretary of state has returned its charter, with a certificate that it has been filed in his office as the statute requires, become stockholders in such corporation, under the belief that a legal corporation exists, and without any notice of any vice in the charter of such corporation, cannot be held liable as partners for its debts.

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS, ACTION AGAINST STOCKHOLDERS OF CORPORA TION FOR WITHDRAWING ITS ASSETS WITHOUT PAYING ITS DEBTS BARRED BY. A cause of action set up in a petition, that the defendants, as stockholders of a corporation, had withdrawn its assets, leaving the debt due to the plaintiff unpaid, is one that is barred by the statute of limitations after five years. JUDGMENT BY DEFAULT AGAINST DEFENDANT FAILING TO ANSWER RENDERED IN SUPREME COURT. Where one of several defendants in the court below fails to answer the plaintiff's petition, which states a good cause of action, and the others having made successful defenses, judg ment is rendered in favor of all the defendants, the supreme court will reverse the judgment as to the one who failed to answer, and will render judgment against him.

Waul and Walker, for the appellant.

M. E. Kleberg, and Davidson and Minor, for the appellees.

GAINES, A. J. On August 13, 1881, there was filed in the office of the secretary of state what purported to be a charter of a private corporation to be known as the Texas Salt Company. It was in all respects regular upon its face. It was signed by three corporators, two of whom appeared in the body of the instrument to be residents of the state of Texas. In point of fact, neither of the three were citizens of the state at the time the pretended charter was filed; and because of that fact, on the twenty-first day of November, 1889, it was adjudged void, at the suit of the state, by the district court of Galveston County. In March, 1882, appellees Heidenheimer, Kempner, and Marx each bought stock in the alleged corporation, but neither were ever directors or officers in it. Neither of them participated in any manner in the organization of the company. In May, 1884, they sold their stock. But during the time that they were stockholders, a contract was entered into between that company and the appellant corporation, by which the latter agreed to sell to the former fifty thousand sacks of salt at a stipulated price per sack, delivered within twelve months in car-load lots, at intervals to suit the trade. All salt delivered up to July, 1884, was paid for. But during that and the succeeding month, salt was delivered under the contract for which no payment was ever made. There was also a debt contracted by the Texas Salt Company for the rent of a house leased to it by appellant.

On the eleventh day of March, 1886, the appellant brought this suit against appellees Heidenheimer, Marx, and Kempner, and against one Ranger, whom the evidence shows to have been one of the original stockholders of the pretended corporation. The petition alleged that the defendants were partners doing business under the name of the Texas Salt Company, and sought a recovery against each of them as such for the salt which had been delivered under the contract above mentioned, and for which payment had not been made, and also for the rent alleged to be due. On the sixteenth day of January, 1889, an amended petition was filed, which was not materially different from the original petition. It contains a denial that the Texas Salt Company was legally incorporated, - an allegation not contained in the original petition. The defendants Heidenheimer, Marx, and Kempner, having an

swered, alleging that the company was a corporation, and that therefore they were not liable for its debts. On the thirteenth day of March, 1889, the plaintiff filed a supplemental petition, alleging, among other things, that in 1884, the defendants withdrew the capital stock of the company and divided it among themselves, and that they thereby rendered themselves liable to pay the plaintiff's debt. To this petition all the defendants except Ranger pleaded the statute of limitations. The case was tried by the judge without a jury, and judgment was given for the defendants.

The determination of two questions is decisive of the case upon this appeal: 1. Were the defendants liable as partners? and 2. Was the cause of action, if it be one, set up in the supplemental petition barred by the statute of limitations?

We are of the opinion that the evidence shows that the Texas Salt Company was not legally incorporated, but that until the pretended charter was vacated it was a corporation de facto. The vice in the articles of incorporation filed in the office of the secretary of state was that neither of the persons who signed the charter were citizens of the state of Texas: Rev. Stats., art. 568. The article cited provides that at least two of the subscribers to the charter of the intended incorporation must be citizens of the state; but it does not prescribe the officer by whom nor the means by which the fact of citizenship is to be determined. It would seem, however, that it is the duty of the secretary of state to inquire into the question, and that if he finds no two of the subscribers are citizens of the state, he should decline to file the charter. It would also seem that if he decides wrongfully, and declines to file a legal charter, he may be compelled to do so by a writ of mandamus. But the matter which concerns us in this case is, that the statute does not require that the citizenship of the subscribers to the charter shall appear upon the face of the instrument. The pretended charter in this case alleges that two of the subscribers are residents of the state of Texas, but does not allege that either of them is a citizen. Such being the facts, we think there can be no question that we have a case of a corporation de facto,- that is to say, not a corporation legally constituted, but a corporation organized and operated under color of the law. In addition to this, there was evidence which authorized, if it does not compel, the court to conclude as a matter of fact that the defendants Heidenheimer, Marx, and Kempner became stockholders in the alleged corporation

without any notice of the vice in its charter. The question, then, we have is: Can they be held liable as partners solely upon the ground that the corporation was not legally organized? Upon the question there is an apparent conflict in the decisions of the courts; but in our opinion, the weight of authority is in favor of the proposition that they cannot be held liable.

Persons who combine their capital for the prosecuting of a business venture are liable as partners for the debts of the concern, unless they be protected from such liability by an incorporation under the law. Hence there is force in the argument that in order to shield themselves from responsibility they must show that the association has been legally incorporated. But on the other hand, where there is a law which authorizes the creation of a corporation for a particular purpose, where the charter is required to be prepared and signed by the corporators and filed with an officer of the state, and where all this has been done, and the officer has received it and returned it with a certificate that it has been filed in his office as the statute required he should do, and when the business has been carried on without action on the part of the state to annul the pretended franchise, it would seem but reasonable and just that as between the association of the stockholders and third persons dealing with it, it should be held a corporation, although there may have been some illegality or irregularity in the manner of its organization. It is well settled that persons who deal with such a corporation de facto, and become indebted to it, are estopped from denying its existence as a legal corporation; and there is authority for holding that its creditors are also estopped from claiming against the stockholders as partners: Snider's Sons Co. v. Troy, 91 Ala. 224; 24 Am. St. Rep. 887, and authorities cited. Whether that rule ought to be applied in a case in which the corporators have knowingly and intentionally violated the law in procuring a charter under a general law we need not decide; but we are clearly of the opinion that it is not a proper rule to be applied in a case like the present, in which it appears that stockholders who are sought to be held liable as partners bought their stock after the organization had been effected, and under the belief that a legal corporation existed. That under such circumstances the stockholders of the alleged corporation cannot be held liable as partners is substantially held in the following cases: Merchants' etc. Bank v. Stone, 38 Mich.

779; Fay v. Noble, 7 Cush. 188; Planters' etc. Bank v. Padgett, 69 Ga. 164; Humphreys v. Mooney, 5 Col. 282; Central etc. Bank v. Walker, 66 N. Y. 424; Gartside Coal Co. v. Maxwell, 22 Fed. Rep. 197; Methodist etc. Church v. Pickett, 19 N. Y. 482,

In several jurisdictions it has been held that a compliance with the requirement in a general incorporation law that the charter or article of incorporation shall be filed in the office of the secretary of state or other office is a condition precedent to the establishment of a corporation de jure, and that without such compliance the association is without color of authority, and cannot be treated as a corporation de facto. Most of the cases relied upon in support of the proposition that the share-holders in a de facto corporation are liable as partners for its debts are cases of this character. Bigelow v. Gregory, 73 Ill. 197, arose under a statute of Wisconsin which expressly prohibited the proposed corporation from doing business until the articles of association had been published in two newspapers, and a certificate filed in the office of the secretary of state. These acts had not been done when the indebtedness was contracted. In Abbott v. Omaha Smelting Co., 4 Neb. 416, the defendants were held liable because they had never filed their articles of incorporation with the county clerk, as the law required. The opinion seems to concede that if that act had been done there would have been a de facto corporation, and the defendants could not have been treated as partners. Ferris v. Thaw, 72 Mo. 446, and Coleman v. Coleman, 78 Ind. 344, were similar cases. Garnett v. Richardson, 35 Ark. 144, merely holds that for debts contracted before the company's articles are filed, the members are liable as partners. In Ridenour v. Mayo, 40 Ohio St. 9, the defendants were authorized by law to carry on a savings bank in which the deposi tors were stockholders, but carried on instead under the corporate name a general banking business upon wholly dif ferent principles. They were held liable as partners. Not one of these decisions is inconsistent with the views we have expressed upon the law as applicable to the case before us, and when properly considered, we hardly think that they are authority for the proposition that the share-holders in a de facto corporation are responsible for its debts.

It follows that in our opinion the appellees cannot be held liable as partners. We come then to the question whether the cause of action, if any, set up in the supplemental petition