of the senate, and concurrence of the augurs. Their power extended to religion, the revenues, the army, and the administration of justice. The monarchy subsisted 244 years in Rome, under seven kings. See ROME. Among the Greeks, the king of Persia had anciently the appellation of the great king; the king of France has that of the most Christian king; and the king of Spain that of Catholic king. The kings of England, by the Lateran council, under pope Julius II., had the title of Christianissimus conferred on them; and that of defender of the faith was added by pope Leo X. The title of grace was first given to our kings about the time of Henry IV., that of majesty first to Henry VIII., before which time our kings were called grace, highness, &c. -In all public instruments and letters, the king styles himself nos, we;' though, till the time of king John, he spoke in the singular number.

In great Britain the power of the king is subject to great limitations: but they are the limitations of wisdom, and the sources of dignity; being so far from diminishing his honor, that they add a particular glory to his crown: for, while other kings are absolute monarchs over innumerable multitudes of slaves, the king of Britain has the distinguished glory of governing a free people, the least of whom is protected by the laws; he has great prerogatives, and a boundless power in doing good; he is at the same time only restrained from acting inconsistently with his own happiness, and that of his people. To understand the royal rights and authority in Britain, we may here briefly consider the duties of the king. By the British constitution there are certain duties incumbent on the monarch; in consideration of which, his dignity and prerogative are established by the laws of the land: it being a maxim in the law, that protection and subjection are reciprocal. And these reciprocal duties are what Blackstone apprehends were meant by the convention in 1688, when they declared that king James had broken the original contract between king and people. But, how ever, as the terms of that original contract were in some measure disputed, being alleged to exist principally in theory and to be only deducible by reason and the rules of natural law, in which deduction different understandings might very considerably differ; it was, after the Revolution, judged proper to declare these duties expressly, and to reduce that contract to a plain certainty. So that, whatever doubts might be formerly raised by weak and scrupulous minds about the existence of such an original contract, they must now entirely cease; especially with regard to every prince who has reigned since the year 1688. The principal duty of the king is, To govern his people according to law. Nec regibus infinita aut libera potestas. And this is not only consonant to the principles of nature, of liberty, of reason, and of society; but has always been esteemed an express part of the common law of England, even when prerogative was at the highest. The king (says Bracton, who wrote under Henry III.), ought not to be subject to man; but to God, and to the law: for the law maketh the king; for he is not truly king, where will and pleasure rule, and not the law.' And Fortescue lays it down as a principle, that the

king of England 'must rule his people according to the decrees of the laws thereof; insomuch, that he is bound by oath at his coronation to the observance and keeping of his own laws.' But, to obviate all doubts, it is expressly declared by statute 12 & 13 W. III. c. 2, that the laws of England are the birthright of the people thereof; and all the kings and queens who shall ascend the throne of this realm, ought to administer the government of the same according to the said laws, and all their officers and ministers ought to serve them respectively, according to the same; and therefore, all the other laws and statutes of this realm, for securing the established religion and the rights and liberties of the people thereof, and all other laws and statutes of the same now in force, are by his majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, and by authority of the same, ratified and confirmed accordingly.' The terms of the original contract between the king and people are now therefore couched in the coronation oath, which, by the stat. 1 W. & M. c. 6, is to be administered to every king and queen who shall succeed to the imperial crown of these realms, by one of the archbishops or bishops of the realm, in the presence of all the people; who on their parts do reciprocally take the oath of allegiance.

It may not here be improper to take a short comparative review of the power of the executive magistrate, or prerogative of the crown as it stood in former days, and as it stands at present. And we cannot but observe, that most of the laws for ascertaining, limiting, and restraining this prerogative, have been made within little more than 150 years; or from the petition of right in 3 Car. I. to the present time. So that the powers of the crown are to all appearance greatly curtailed and diminished since the reign of king James I., particularly by the abolition of the star-chamber and high commission courts, in the reign of Charles I., and by the disclaiming of martial law, and the power of levying taxes on the subject, by the same prince; by the disuse of forest laws for a century past and by the many excellent provisions enacted under Charles II.; especially the abolition of military tenures, purveyance, and pre-emption; the habeas corpus act; and the act to prevent the discontinuance of parliaments for above three years; and, since the revolution, by the strong and emphatical words in which our liberties are asserted in the bill of rights, and act of settlement; by the act of triennial, since turned into septennial elections; by the exclusion of certain officers from the house of commons; by rendering the seats of the judges permanent, and their salaries independent; and by restraining the king's pardon from obstructing parliamentary impeachments. Besides all this, if we consider how the crown is impoverished and stripped of all its ancient revenues, so that it greatly depends on the liberality of parliament for its necessary support and maintenance, we may perhaps be led to think that the balance is inclined pretty strongly to the popular scale, and that the executive magistrate has neither independence nor power enough left, to form that check upon the lords and commons which the founders of our constitution intended. But, on the other hand, it is to

be considered that every prince, in the first parliament after his accession, has by long usage a truly royal revenue settled upon him for life; and has never any occasion to apply further to parliament for supplies, but upon some public necessity. This restores to him that constitutional independence, which at his first accession seems to be wanting. And then, with regard to power, we may find perhaps that the hands of government are sufficiently strengthened; and that a British monarch is now in no danger of being overborne by either the nobility or the people.

The instruments of power are not perhaps so public and avowed as they formerly were, and therefore are the less liable to jealous and invidious reflections; but they are not the weaker upon that account. In short, our national debt and taxes (besides other inconveniences) have in their natural consequences, thrown such a weight of power into the executive scale of government, as our patriotic ancestors, who gloriously strug gled for the abolition of the then formidable parts of the prerogative, would have been very unwilling to confer. Witness the commissioners, and the multitude of dependents on the customs, in every port of the kingdom; the commissioners of excise, and their numerous subalterns, in every inland district; the postmasters and their servants, planted in every town, and upon every public road; the commissioners of the stamps, and their distributors, which are fully as scattered and fully as numerous: the surveyors of houses and windows; the receivers of the land tax; and the commissioners of hackney-coaches; all which are either mediately or immediately appointed by the crown, and removeable at pleasure without any reason assigned: these must give that power, on which they depend for subsistence, an influence amazingly extensive. To this may be added the frequent opportunities of conferring particular obligations, by preference in loans, and other money transactions, which will greatly increase this influence; and that over those persons whose attachment, on account of their wealth, is frequently the most desirable. All this is the natural, though perhaps the unforeseen consequence of erecting funds of credit, and, to support them, establishing perpetual taxes; the whole of which is entirely new since the restoration in 1660; and by far the greatest part since the revolution in 1688. The same may be said with regard to the officers in our numerous army, and the places which the army has created. All which put together give the executive power so effective an influence with respect to the people as will amply make amends for the loss of external prerogative. But see our article Law.

KING AT ARMS, an officer of great antiquity, and anciently of great authority, whose business is to direct the heralds, preside at their chapters, and have the jurisdiction of the armoury. In England there are three kings of arms, viz. GARTER, CLARENCIEUX, and NORROY. See these articles. These two last are also called provincial heralds, as they divide the kingdom between them into provinces. They have power to visit noblemen's families, to set down their pedigrees, distinguish their arms, appoint persons their arms, and with VOL. XII.

Garter to direct the other heralds. Anciently the kings at arms were created and crowned by the kings of England themselves; but of late the earl marshal has a special commission at every creation to personate the king. To these may be added Lyon, king at arms for Scotland, who is the second king at arms for Great Britain; and also Ulster, king at arms for Ireland. The regalia of Lyon are, a crown of gold, with a crimson velvet cap, a gold tassel, and an ermine lining; a velvet robe reaching to his feet, with the arms of the kingdom embroidered thereon before and behind in the proper tinctures; a triple row of gold chain round his neck, with an oval gold medal pendant thereto, on one side of which is the royal bearing, and on the other St. Andrew with his cross enamelled in proper colors, and a baton of gold enamelled green, powdered with the badges of the kingdom. Formerly Scotland was divided into two provinces, the one on the north, and the cther on the south side of the Forth; and these provinces were under the management of two deputies appointed by the lord Lyon, to superintend the execution of all the business of his office. Before the revolution, the lord Lyon at his admission into office, was solemnly crowned by the sovereign or his commissioner, in presence of the nobility, the officers of state, &c., after a suitable sermon preached in the royal chapel; and his crown was of the same form with the imperial crown of the kingdom. On solemn occasions he wears the regalia above described; at all other times he wears the oval gold medal or badge on his breast, suspended by a broad green riband. He has the absolute disposal of all the offices in his own court, and of the heralds and pursuivant's places. The messengers at arms throughout Scotland are also created by him, and are amenable to his jurisdiction.

Ulster was substituted, as some say, in the room of Ireland king of arms, by Edward VI.; though the king himself in his journal takes notice of it as a new institution. 'There was a king of arms made for Ireland,' says he, whose name was Ulster, and his province was all Ireland and he was the fourth king at arms, and the first herald of Ireland. The patent passed under the great seal of England, with an ample testimony of the necessity and dignity of the office. Whether Ulster was substituted in the room of Ireland king of arms, or else was newly erected, such an officer of the crown of England, on which Ireland is dependent, still continues, and may execute his heraldic order in this kingdom, though out of his province, in as extensive a manner as either Clarencieux or Norroy may do without the limits of either of their marches.

KING (Dr. John), a learned English bishop in the sixteenth century, born at Wornall in 1559, educated at Westminster, and at Christ Church, Oxford. He was appointed chaplain to queen Elizabeth. In 1605 he was made dean of Christ Church, and was for several years vice-chancellor of Oxford. In 1611 he was appointed bishop of London. Besides his Lectures upon Jonah, delivered at York, he published several sermons. King James 1. used to style him the king of preachers; and lord chief-justice Coke often de

2 A

clared, that he was the best speaker in the star

chamber in his time.

KING (John Glen), D.D., an English divine, chaplain to the factory at Petersburg, was born in Norfolk, and educated at Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated. He was appointed medalist to the empress Catharine II. He wrote, 1. The Rites and Ceremonies of the Greek church; with its Doctrine, Worship, and Discipline: 2. Observations on the Climate of Russia, and the Northern Countries, with a View of the Flying Mountains near Petersburg: 3. Observations on the Barberini Vase. He died in

1787.

KING (Sir Peter), lord high chancellor of England, and nephew of the great John Locke, was born in Exeter, in 1669. His father was a grocer in that city, and intended him for the same business; but, his passion for learning soon appearing, he was allowed to follow his inclination. In this he was also encouraged by his uncle, who left him half of his valuable library. By his advice he went to Leyden, and on his return studied the law at the Inner Temple. In 1691 he published anonymously, An Enquiry into the Constitution, Discipline, Unity, and Worship of the Primitive Church within the first 300 years after Christ. London, 1691; 8vo. He afterwards published a second part of this work; which gave rise to a controversy with Mr. Elys. In 1669 he was elected M. P. for Beer-Alston; which he represented in seven successive parliaments. In 1702 he published his History of the Apostles' Creed, a work of great merit and learning. In 1708 he was chosen recorder of London, and knighted. In 1709 he was appointed one of the managers of Dr. Sacheverel's trial. In 1714, on the accession of king George I., he was made lord chief-justice of the common pleas in 1725 created a peer, by the title of lord King, baron Ockham, &c., and on the 1st of June appointed lord-chancellor. He resigned the seals in 1733, and died in 1734, leaving four sons and 'two daughters.

KING (William), a facetious English writer in the beginning of the eighteenth century, who was allied to the noble families of Clarendon and Rochester. He was elected student of Christ Church from Westminster school, in 1681, when aged eighteen. He afterwards studied the civil law, and took the degree of J. C. D. He soon acquired a considerable reputation, and obtained great practice. He attended the earl of Pembroke, lord lieutenant of Ireland, into that kingdom, where he was appointed judge advocate, sole commissioner of the prizes, keeper of the records, and vicar-general to the lord primate of Ireland. He at length, however, returned to England, and retired to his student's place at Christ Church. He died December 25th, 1712. His principal witings are, 1. Animadversions on a Pretended Account of Denmark, written by Mr. Molesworth, afterwards lord Molesworth. This work procured Dr. King the place of secretary to princess Anne of Denmark. 2. Dialogues of the Dead. 3. The Art of Love, in imitation of Ovid De Arte Amandi. 4. A volume of poems. 5. Useful Transactions. 6. An Historical Account of the Heathen Gods and heroes. 7.

Several translations. Dr. King hated the business of an advocate; but proved an excellent judge, when appointed one of the court of delegates.

KING (William), D. D., archbishop of Dublin in the eighteenth century, was descended from an ancient family in the north of Scotland, but born in the county of Antrim in Ireland. In 1674 he entered into orders. In 1679 he was promoted by Dr. Parker, archbishop of Dublin, to the chancellorship of St. Patrick. In 1687 Peter Manby, dean of Londonderry, having published at London, in 4to., a pamphlet entitled Considerations which obliged Peter Manby to embrace the Catholic Religion, Dr. King immediately wrote an answer. Mr. Manby published a reply, entitled A Reformed Catechism, &c., in Reply to Mr. King's Answer, &c. Dr. King rejoined in A Vindication of the Answer. Mr. Manby dropped the controversy; but dispersed a loose sheet, entitled A Letter to a Friend, showing the Vanity of this Opinion, that every man's Sense and Reason are to Guide Him in Matters of Faith. This Dr. King refuted in A Vindication of the Christian Religion and Reformation, &c. In 1689 he was twice confined in the tower by order of king James II. and the same year commenced D. D. In 1690, upon king James's retreat to France after the battle of the Boyne, he was advanced to the see of Derry. In 1692 he published at London, in 4to., The State of the Protestants of Ireland under the late King James's Government, &c. He had by him, at his death, attested vouchers of every particular fact alleged in this book, which are now in the hands of his relations. In 1693, finding the great number of Protestant dissenters in his diocese of Derry increased by a vast addition of colonies from Scotland, Dr. King, to persuade them to conformity to the established church, published A Discourse Concerning the Inventions of Men in the Worship of God. Mr. Joseph Boyle, a dissenting minister, wrote an answer. Replies and rejoinders followed. In 1702 he published at Dublin, in 4to., his celebrated Treatise De Origine Mali. Edmund Law, M. A. fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, published a translation of this, with very valuable notes, in 4to. In the second edition he has inserted a collection of the author's papers on this subject, which he had received from his relations. In this excellent treatise Dr. King proves, that there is more moral good in the earth than moral evil. His sermon, preached at Dublin in 1709, was published under the title of Divine Predestination and Foreknowledge Consistent with the Freedoni of Man's Will. This was attacked by Anthony Collins, esq. in a pamphlet entitled A Vindication of the Divine Attributes, &c. He published likewise, A Discourse concerning the Consecration of Churches; showing what is meant by dedicating them, with the grounds of that office. He died in 1720. Dr. King was witty as well as profound. Being disappointed in his expectations of the primacy of Ireland on the death of archbishop Lindsey, and hearing it was assigned as a reason for passing him over, that he was too far advanced in years, he received Dr. Boulter, the new primate, at his first visit, with

out the compliment of rising to salute him, apologising for the incivility by saying, My lord, I am sure your grace will forgive me, because you know I am too old to rise.'

KING (William), LL.D., principal of St. Mary's Hall Oxford, was born at Stepney in Middlesex in 1685. He graduated in 1715, was made secretary to the duke of Ormond, and earl of Arran, as chancellors of the university; and principal, on the death of Dr. Hudson, in 1719. When he stood candidate for M. P. for the university, he resigned his office of secretary, but enjoyed his other preferment to his death. Dr. Clark, who opposed him, carried the election; and after this disappointment, he, in 1727, went over to Ireland, where he wrote an epic poem, called The Toast, a political satire, printed and given away to his friends, but never sold. On the dedication of Dr. Radcliff's library, in 1749, he delivered a Latin oration in the theatre at Oxford, which was received with the highest acclamations; but when printed was attacked in several pamphlets. Again, at the contested election in Oxfordshire, 1755, his attachment to the Tory interest drew on him the resentment of the Whigs, and he was libelled in newspapers and pamphlets, against which he defended himself in an apology, and warmly retaliated on his adversaries. He wrote several other pieces, and died in 1762. He was a polite scholar, an excellent orator, an elegant and easy writer, and much esteemed for his learning and wit.

KING AND QUEEN COUNTY, a county of the east part of Virginia, bounded N. N. E. by Essex and Middlesex counties, east by Gloucester county, S.S.W. by King William county, and west by Caroline county. Distance from Washington 140 miles. Chief town, Dunkirk.

KING GEORGE, a county of the north-east part of Virginia, bounded north-west and north by the Potomac, east by Westmoreland county, south by the Rappahannock, and west by Stafford county. Distance from Washington west eighty miles.

KING GEORGE'S ISLANDS, two islands of the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by Byron, in 1765, and visited by captain Cook in 1773. On commodore Byron's attempting to land, he was opposed by the natives, and, a shot or two being fired, one man was killed. The rest fled; but two canoes were brought off to the ship, of curious workmanship. One was thirty-two feet long: they consisted of well-wrought planks sewed together, and over every seam there was a strip of tortoise-shell, cleverly fastened. A mast was hoisted in each of them, and a matting sail. The houses were low hovels, thatched with cocoanut branches. The cocoa-nut tree furnished the natives with food, sails, cordage, timber, and vessels to hold water. The shore appeared to be covered with coral, and pearl oysters. Byron got several boat-loads of cocoa-nuts, a great quantity of scurvy-grass, and excellent fresh water here, but the last is scarce. Long. 149° 2′ W., lat. 14° 35' S.

KING GEORGE'S SOUND, a name given by captain Cook to NOOTKA SOUND; which see.

KING GEORGE THE THIRD'S ARCHIPELAGO, an extensive group of islands, so called by Van

couver, on the west coast of North America, extending from north to south about 130 miles. It is at its northern part about forty-five miles broad; but, gradually diminishes to little more than one mile. On the eastern shore of this archipelago Vancouver's party discovered some square grounds in a good state of cultivation, and producing a plant not unlike tobacco. Long. 223° 45′ to 225° 37′ 30′′ E., lat. 56° 10′ to 58° 18' N.

KING GEORGE THE THIRD'S ISLAND, OF OTAHEITE. See OTAHEITE.

KING GEORGE THE THIRD'S SOUND, a large bay on the south coast of New Holland, divided into two harbours, Princess Royal Harbour on the west, and Oyster Harbour on the east, which afford many conveniences for shipping. The entrance is between two distant points, Mount Gardner and Bald Head; and several islands are included within its limits. See HOLLAND, NEW.

KING-AN-FOU, or KYGANFAN, a city of China of the first rank, in the province of Kiangsee, and on the river Kankian, the navigation of which is rather dangerous here. The embassy under lord Amherst observed several new buildings going on, and extensive cotton and linen manufactures here. The gardens under the walls occupy a large space.

KING-APPLE, n. s. The kingapple is preferred

A kind of apple. before the jennetting. Mortimer. KING'-CRAFT, n. s. King and craft. The art of governing. A word commonly used by king James,

KING'-CUP, n. s. King and cup. The name is properly, according to Gerard, King Cob. The flower of the crowfoot; the plant itself.

Strow me the grounde with daffadown-dillies, And cowslips, and kingeups, and loved lillies.

Spenser. Shepheard's Calender. June is drawn in a mantle of dark grass green,

and upon his head a garland of bents, king-ups, and

maidenhair.

Pearham.

When dew refreshing on the pasture fields The moon bestows, kingfishers play on shore.

May's Virgil. Bitterns, herons, sea-gulls, kingfishers, and waterrats, are great enemies to fish.

Mortimer's Husbandry. KING-FISHER. See ALCEDO. KINGS, BOOKS OF, two canonical books of the Old Testament, containing the history of the kings of Israel and Judah from the beginning of the reign of Solomon down to the Babylonish captivity, for the space of near 600 years. It is generally supposed, and seems very probable, that these books were composed by Ezra, who extracted them out of the public records.

KING'S BENCH. See BENCH.

KINGSBURY, a post town of Washington county, New York, on the east side of the Hudson; fifty-five miles north of Albany, Washington 432. Population 2272. It contains twe Baptist meeting-houses.

KING'S COUNTY, a county of Ireland, in the