Pupils preparing for the ordinary grade examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute will find the questions at the end of each chapter specially useful.

The author desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to the works of Percy, Gruner, Kerl, Phillips, Bell, Greenwood, Bauerman, and others; to the authors of various papers read before the Iron and Steel Institute; and to Mr. Arthur Adams for his kindness in reading the proof sheets.

SCHOOL OF METALLURGY,

BIRMINGHAM AND MIDLAND INSTITUTE,

JULY, 1889.

Definition of Metallurgical Terms-Metal-Definition-

Physical Properties-Alloys-Refractory Materials-

Crucibles-Fuel-Pyrometers,

CHAPTER III.

Elements-Compounds-Symbols — Nomenclature — Equa-

-

tions — Oxidation-Reduction-Oxygen-Oxides—Acid

-Base-Hydrogen-Nitrogen-Silicon-Silica-Carbon

-Carbon Dioxide-Carbon Monoxide-Phosphorus-

Phosphates--Sulphur-Manganese-Chromium--Alu-

minium-Calcium-Lime-Fusion and Solution,

CHAPTER IV.

Iron Ores-British Ores-Chemical Relations of Iron-Iron

and Oxygen-Iron and Sulphur-Iron and Phosphorus

-Iron and Arsenic-Iron and Silicon-Iron and Car-

bon-Alloys of Iron,

vii

5

- 16

27

CHAPTER V.

PAGE

Properties of Iron-Iron Scheme-Direct Methods-Catalan

Process-American Bloomery-Chenot's Process-Blair's

Process-Siemens' Process in Rotator,

CHAPTER VI.

Pig-Iron-Preparation of Ores-Calcination-South Wales

Calciner-Gjers' Calciner-- Swedish Calciner Hoff-

mann's Circular Calciner,

CHAPTER VII.

-

- 39

Reduction in Blast-Furnace-Fluxes-Fuel-Ferro-Mangan-

ese-Blast-Furnace-Form and Dimensions-Collection

of Waste Gases-Furnace-Tops-Twyers-Hot-Blast—

Hot-Blast Stoves-Lifts-Blowing Cylinder-Blast-Fur-

nace Gases-Scaffolding, etc.,

CHAPTER VIII.

Refining Pig-Iron-Finery Method-Refinery-Puddling-

Mechanical Puddling-Danks' Furnace- Crampton's

Furnace-Pernot's Furnace-Gas-Furnaces-Siemens'

Furnace-Waste Heat,

CHAPTER IX.

Treatment of Puddled Iron-Hammers-Squeezers-Roll-

ing-Re-heating and Welding-Shears-Piling-Tin

- 51

Plates-Nail-Rods-Hoop-Iron-Bar-Iron-Sheet-Iron

-Finishing Rolls-Universal Rolls-Re-heating Fur-

nace-Ponsard's, Boëtius', and Bicheroux' Furnaces-

Composition of Slags-Tinning Iron Plates-Galvanising, 98

CHAPTER X.

Iron-Founding-Pig-Iron Used-Reverberatory Furnace-

Cupola Furnace-Stewart's Cupola-Root's Blower-

Open-Sand Casting-Green-Sand Casting-Dry-Sand

Casting-Loam Casting-Chill Casting-Malleable-Iron

Casting, .

PAGE

113

CHAPTER XI.

Steel-Properties of-Impurities-Hardening and Temper-

ing-Welding,

CHAPTER XII.

Production of Steel-Direct Methods-Finery Method-

Puddled Steel-Cementation-Case-Hardening-Cast-

Steel-Wootz Steel-Malleable Cast-Iron,

- 125

CHAPTER XIII.

Bessemer Process-Converters-Gases of-Basic Process-

Basic Slag-Bessemer Ladle-Clapp and Griffiths' Pro-

cess,

134

144

CHAPTER XIV.

Open-Hearth Process Martin Process Siemens Pro-

-

cess Siemens-Martin Process Siemens' Furnace

-Pernot's Furnace-Ponsard's Furnace-Basic Pro-

cess-Dick's Furnace,

- 153

CHAPTER XV.

PAGE

Steel-Casting-Consolidation of Cast-Steel-Treatment of

Steel Ingots-Compound Armour Plates-Soaking-Pits

-Mechanical Tests-Ship-Plates-Rivets-Angle- and

Tee-Iron-Siemens Steel-Tensile-Testing-Test-Pieces

-Tensile Testing-Machine-Testing Cast-Iron-Trans-

verse Testing-Machine-Method of Testing-Punching

and Drilling-Strength of Iron, Steel, and Cast-Iron, 159