trial Property and Copyright, Comparative Law, Inventors' Associations. XIV. Literature and the Press, subdivided into Press Associations, Medical Press, Educational Press, Stenography, Librarians. XV. Labor and Co-operation, subdivided into Friendly Societies, Young Workmen's Aid Societies, Housing, Workmen's Protection and Compensation, People's Credit Banks, Workmen's Cooperative Productive Associations, Co-operative Societies, Profit Sharing, International Co-operative Alliance. XVI. Women, subdivided into Women's Work and Institutions, Women's Rights. XVII. Philanthropy, subdivided into Housing, Vegetarian, Discharged Prisoners' Aid, Life Saving and First Aid, Poor Relief, Blind, Deaf-Mutes, Antislavery, Red Cross, Abuse of Tobacco, Sunday Rest. XVIII. Peace. THE UNITED STATES PAVILION. The Miners' International Congress chose Paris for its meeting near the end of June. From English miners came the proposal for a legal eight-hour day from bank to bank for workers underground and on the surface. The fact that the Northumberland miners, after having obtained a shorter day for the boys in their mines, had been compelled to give up this advantage in a period of depression, showed that if the miners could gain the eight-hour day without legislation it could not be preserved. The miners of South Wales, who were formerly divided on the question, were now unanimous in favor of eight hours established by law. From England also came a resolution that all nationalities should seek a minimum wage, which would vary in amount according to local circumstances, but should suffice always for decent existence, the education of the children, and a proA minimum wage would furvision for old age. ther be useful, as a Belgian delegate explained, in preventing miners from competing against each other or mine owners from competing at the expense of their workmen. A Scotch delegate moved that employers should be held responsible for all accidents to workmen in their employment, and should be compelled to compensate them from the date of injury. The new English law on accidents had not worked as well as had been anticipated. There were about as many accidents as formerly because the employers insured themselves against risks and were as careless as before. A French delegate, who seconded the motion, declared the French law, which had at last been adopted after traveling back and forth between the Senate and Chamber for seventeen years, was also unsatisfactory, although better than the English law, inasmuch as compensation was given after four days of disability instead of two weeks. A German delegate explained the German law, under which a workman receives when disabled a pension equal to two thirds of his usual wages without being called upon to contribute to the accident fund, which is collected from the employers by the state, and carelessness is not recognized as a valid excuse for withholding compensation. A representative of the Yorkshire miners moved that all governments should provide pensions for the poor and aged and for those unfit to work from the age of fifty-five. All existing pension schemes were condemned as coming too late into operation and giving too little. The French delegate who seconded the motion explained that pensions were given in France from the age of fifty-five by the law of 1894, but the amount was not fixed, and varied from 1 frane to 2 francs. A Belgian delegate mentioned that the Belgian miner gets only 10 francs a month, and this only after the age of sixty-five, although a third of the miners of the Charleroi coal fields had need of pensions from the age of fifty. Compulsory insurance was praised by the German delegates as having saved German workmen from the beggary that too often prevails in other countries. The congress was attended by 52 delegates from Great Britain, representing 641,500 miners; 2 German delegates, representing 200,000 miners; 11 French delegates representing 160,000 miners; and 8 Belgian delegates, representing 132,000 miners; making a total of 73 delegates speaking on behalf of 1,133,500 miners. The annual session of the Inter-Parliamentary Conference was held at the beginning of August. In addition to proposals for the more practical adoption of the convention agreed to at the conference at The Hague several matters for international concord were submitted, notably the creation of a press union for the purpose of influencing public opinion in favor of the pacific settlement of international disputes. In Hungary newspaper groups were already organized for the promotion of peace and arbitration. The South African war could not be discussed because it had previously been so decided, and the English members threatened to withdraw if the subject were introduced. The congress expressed a hope that the just repression of the Chinese massacres would not lead to conquests entailing a general war or to enterprises contrary to the economical, social, and political future of Europe. destroying an enemy's commerce lies in the right and power of blockading his ports. The British view was that the liability to capture of private property afloat deters nations from going to war and impels them to bring wars to a close, and that its deterrent effect is felt by the most powerful maritime powers as well as the weaker ones. The conference resolved not to advocate a congress of maritime powers to consider the matter and decided not to pass any resolution on the subject. A committee of American and English lawyers appointed at Buffalo to draw up a code of international marine insurance rules adopted, in regard to the test for constructive total loss and the effect of unseaworthiness of the ship on sailing upon her voyage, which are the two most important matters upon which the laws of different A nations are divergent, the rules accepted in Continental Europe in preference to the English and American rules. The loss by perils insured against of three fourths of the value of the ship or cargo would, by the rule approved by the committee, be treated as a total loss entitling the insured to payment of the amount of the insurance on abandoning the thing insured to the underwriter. As to unseaworthiness, instead of following the English law, which in a voyage policy infers a warranty of absolute seaworthiness of the ship on sailing, but in a time policy infers no undertaking by the assured even of care to make the ship seaworthy, or the American law, which imposes the strict condition of seaworthiness on the assured whether the policy be for the voyage or for a specified time, the committee recommended the general rule adopted by Continental nations that due care must be taken to have the ship stanch and fit at the beginning of every voyage under the policy. The adoption of the committee's code of rules in the laws of the various maritime states would have the effect of putting all policies, wherever made, on the same legal basis and would remove the obstacles now existing to insuring a ship or cargo by several policies in two or more countries or to reinsuring in other countries. The French members were unwilling to vote on the proposed rules until they could study them in a French version, and therefore action was postponed till the next conference, at which any amendments or substitutions that may be suggested will also be considered. The nineteenth conference of the International Law Association met at Rouen on Aug. 21. question raised at the Buffalo conference of 1899, that was referred for fuller consideration to committees in the United States and in England, was whether private property at sea should be free from capture during war. In the reports of the committees and in the discussion of them in the conference the opposition of the views of European statesmen, both British and Continental, to those of the statesmen of the United States was as decided as when the subject was considered at the international conference of maritime powers at Paris in 1857. The accession of the United States was withheld from the declaration of Paris that enemies' goods in neutral bottoms and neutral goods in enemies' bottoms are free from capture, not because the United States clung to the right of privateering, which the signatory powers renounced, but because the representatives of the European powers would not carry the principle further by adding to the declaration the words "and that the private property of the subjects or citizens of a belligerent on the high seas shall be exempted from seizure by public armed vessels of the other, except it be contraband." At The Hague convention of 1899 the Government of the United States brought forward the question again and endeavored to obtain a decision in favor of the proposition that private property, with the exception of contraband of war, shall be exempt from capture or seizure on the high seas or elsewhere by armed vessels or by military forces, but the exemption shall not extend to vessels and their cargoes attempting to enter a blockaded port. The convention declined to take up the question, as the majority of the delegates of the powers held that it did not come within the scope of their instructions. The American committee of the International Law Association reported in favor of a resolution that there should be a modification of the present rules of naval warfare so far as the right to capture peaceful and nonoffending maritime property is concerned, and that such result can best be obtained by a conference of representatives of all the maritime powers empowered to consider the question in all its aspects. The proposition found support from Italian representatives, and a French delegate suggested an alternate resolution that it was desirable to have the same rules apply to private property on the sea as to private property on land, contending, however, that there is no rule against seizure of private property on land. American delegates held that the law of nations does not justify the seizure of private property on land except contraband of war, unless it be necessary for the belligerent operations or required for military purposes, and they argued that the right to seize at sea noncombatant property not useful for the belligerent's purposes is of little value, as the real method of The Socialist congress was disturbed by the dissensions between the two branches of the French Socialists, the followers of Jules Guesde, the chief organizer of the party, who condemns co-operation with other parties, and especially the acceptance of office by M. Millerand, and the Independent Socialists, among whom are the parliamentary orators Rouanet, Jaurès, Millerand, and Viviani. The challenge was given in the eighteenth annual congress of the French Labor party, which met on Sept. 20. The cleft between the factions was widened by a difference of opinion on the Dreyfus case, which led the Guesdists to join the AntiSemites. The International Socialist Congress was the successor of the congresses of London in 1896 and of Zurich in 1893, which followed the united Trade Unionist and Socialist Congress of Brussels in 1891, in which the division that led to rival congresses at Paris in 1889 was healed, this division having been caused by the preponderance in the London congress of 1888 of English trade unionists, who made their views prevail over those of the Continental Socialists that planned the international gathering in the conference held at Paris in 1886 and organized the Paris congress of 1886. The congress of 1900 assembled in Paris on Sept. 23. When the French section elected M. Jaurès for its president the Guesdists left the hall, but returned and attempted to rescind the action at a moment when the temporary absence of many of their antagonists left them in the majority. The German Socialists told how they had healed such differences twenty-five years before and had become the strongest Socialist party in Europe; the English delegation appealed to the Frenchmen to unite for the purpose of combating colonial expansion, jingoism, and imperialism, just as the British Socialists were unanimous in condemning the Transvaal war; a member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies related how the Socialists of Italy had successfully resisted the reaction which led to the Milan massacre, and after using the weapon of parliamentary obstruction for a year returned to the Chamber twice as strong in numbers when the Government appealed to the electorate; an Austrian delegate told how united the party was in Austria in spite of racial and linguistic differences; and Belgian, Dutch, Danish, Swiss, Russian, Polish, and American spokesmen each in turn also appealed for union. When the congress got to work at last it passed a resolution in favor of eight hours as the maximum limit of a day's work in all trades, and resolved that the first step to attain this end was to enforce the principle in all public works and contracts. The principle of a minimum wage was discussed as a corollary to this, and, after it was pointed out by the Germans that a fixed rate of wages would be useless unless the prices of the necessities of life could be regulated likewise, it was resolved at their suggestion that it was necessary to maintain minimum rates of wages, varying according to the cost and standard of living in each country, but always sufficient to procure the means of a decent and healthy existence; also that strong trade unions were the necessary agents for fixing and maintaining the minimum wage. The May day holiday as a demonstration in favor of eight hours, universal suffrage, and other reforms advocated by the party in all countries was approved. Another resolution advocated the formation of a proletariat party which should employ all forms of organization, including trade union and political action, with the object of socializing all the means of production and exchange. Over the question of political alliances it was agreed that the class struggle forbids permanent alliances between the Socialists and other parties, but not temporary co-operation for specific objects or tactical advantages, as in Belgium to secure universal suffrage, in Italy for freedom, and in France over the Dreyfus affair. The entrance of an isolated Socialist into a capitalist government may be expedient as the beginning of a conquest of the public powers, but it should be with the sanction of the party, and such a minister should resign if the Government does not maintain strict neutrality in the struggles between capital and labor. Closing and Results.-As the exposition drew to a close, special entertainments were provided in order to attract visitors. The night of Nov. 11 was devoted to a fête of illumination. The Château d'Eau blazed with light, with constantly changing colors, and in the distance the Trocadéro and all the buildings were illuminated, while the gardens displayed their garlands of translucent fruits, and for the last time the assembled people gazed on the luminous waters. Suddenly the lights went out, and the end came; then the people moved toward the gates, and at 11 o'clock the booming of a cannon from the first story of the Eiffel Tower announced that the exposition was no more. Official statistics show that more than 50,000,000 persons visited the exposition, which is about double the number that attended the exposition of 1889, when 25,121,975 passed the gates. In that year the British and the Belgians outnumbered other visitors, but on this occasion the Germans headed the list, with the Belgians second and the British far behind, while the Americans formed an important contingent. The greatest number of visitors on a single day exceeded 600,000, compared with the maximum of 335,377 in 1889. The greatest attendance at the exposition in Chicago in 1893 was on Oct. 9, when 716,881 persons passed through the gates. As regards expenses, M. Hanotaux wrote: "France expended 200,000,000 or 300,000,000 francs to erect the exposition. has recovered them easily in the increase of the treasury receipts, in the surplus of Parisian octroi duties, in the monuments remaining to the state or the city, and in the quays, bridges, and improved transportation facilities bequeathed by the exposition. Moreover, there has been a general cleaning up of the city, which has contributed to its brilliance and beauty." She An announcement was made on Dec. 15 that the exposition balance sheet showed a deficit of 2,073,786 francs. Relation of the United States to the Exposition. In accordance with an act of Congress approved by the President on July 1, 1898, there was appointed a commissioner general to represent the United States, to make all needful rules and regulations in reference to the contributions from this country, and to control the expenditures incident to and necessary for the proper installation and exhibition thereof; an assistant commissioner general to assist and act under the direction of the commissioner general; a secretary to act as disbursing agent, whose accounts were to be rendered to the accounting officers of the Treasury; also 12 commissioners and a number of experts having special attainments in regard to the subject of the groups in the exposition to which they should be assigned. The necessary expenses were limited to $650,000. On March 3, 1899, Congress appropriated an additional sum of $560,000, making a total appropriation of $1,210,000 for the participation of the United States at the Paris Exposition. At the end of the exposition the commissioner general is required, within four months after its close, to make a full report of the results, which, when printed, should not exceed six octavo volumes. American Officials.-These were: Commissioner General, Ferdinand W. Peck, Chicago, Ill.; Assistant Commissioner General, Benjamin D. Woodward, New York city; Secretary, Frederick Brackett, Maryland; Commissioners, Bertha Honoré Palmer, Illinois; Brutus J. Clay, Kentucky; Charles A. Collier, Georgia; Michael H. de Young, California; William L. Elkins, Pennsylvania; Ogden H. Fethers, Wisconsin; Peter Jansen, Nebraska; Calvin Manning, Iowa; Franklin Murphy, New Jersey; Henry A. Parr, Maryland; Henry M. Putney, New Hampshire; Alvin H. Sanders, Illinois; Louis Stern, New York; William G. Thompson, Michigan; William M. Thornton, Virginia; Arthur E. Valois, New York; Thomas F. Walsh, Colorado; James Allison, Kansas; also Mrs. Daniel Manning, New York, as a special commissioner to represent the United States and the Daughters of the American Revolution at the unveiling of the Lafayette statue, and at the Paris Exposition, in accordance with a joint resolution of Congress approved Feb. 23, 1900. Also the following experts, who were placed in charge of groups as designated: Paul Blackmar, of Affairs; assistant, James M. Allen. Frederick J. V. Skiff, of Mining and Metallurgy; assistant, William S. Ward. Francis E. Drake, of Machinery and Electricity; assistant, James S. Anthony. Charles R. Dodge, of Agriculture; assistant, James L. Farmer. Tarleton H. Bean, of Forestry and Fisheries. M. H. Hulbert, of Varied Industries; assistant, William E. Crist. Willard A. Smith, of Civil Engineering and Transportation; assistant, A. C. Baker. Alexander S. Capehart, of Liberal Arts and Chemical Industries; assistant, Charles H. Simms. Howard J. Rogers, of Education and Social Economy. John B. Cauldwell, of Fine Arts; assistant, H. B. Snell. L. M. Howland, of Customs. J. H. McGibbons, of Exploitation and Acting Director of Textiles. In addition to the foregoing, there were about 40 honorary experts and special agents, who served without salaries. The United States Building.-This stood on the Quai d'Orsay on the Seine, in the Street of Nations, between the Turkish and the Austrian pavilions. It had a frontage of 85 feet and a depth of 90 feet, and the top of the dome was 160 feet from the ground. One of its characteristic features was a classic porch, which opened on the Seine, in front of which was an equestrian statue of Washington, the joint production of the American sculptors Daniel C. French and Edward C. Potter, which was the gift of the women of the United States to France. Its total height was 22 feet, and its weight 8,200 pounds. It was the first bronze statue sent to Europe from the United States. On the vaulted roof of the pylon overhead was a quadriga representing Liberty on the Car of Progress, while a magnificent eagle, with wings extended, surmounted the dome. While the United States Building was regarded as an architectural success, still its unfortunate surroundings so dwarfed it that the effect expected was not realized. The building was formally turned over to the authorities on May 12, when CommissionerGeneral Peck, surrounded by the members of the United States Commission, welcomed the Commissioner General of the Exposition, M. Picard, while Sousa's band played the Marseillaise. M. Picard was then conducted by Mr. Peck to the center of the rotunda, where a brief formal address was made, after which he presented the Commissioner FARMERS' CONGRESS. The twentieth annual session of the Farmers' National Congress was opened at Colorado Springs, Col., Aug. 21. It completed its business in three days, holding three sessions each day. About 800 delegates were in attendance. The leading agricultural States were well represented, but the attendance from New England and the extreme South was not so large as was anticipated. At no other annual meeting has the congress attended so strictly to the business before it; all excursions and other diversions were postponed until the business of the meeting was completed. The meeting was notable for the earnestness of the delegates and the care with which they considered all proposed action. The meeting was called to order by the Hon. R. G. F. Candage, of Massachusetts, first vicepresident and acting president, the president, Hon. William D. Hoard, of Wisconsin, having resigned. Prayer was offered by the Rev. M. H. Fish, of Colorado Springs. Addresses of welcome were made by Mr. Gilbert McClurg, secretary of the Chamber of Commerce of Colorado Springs; Hon. J. S. Robinson, Mayor of Colorado Springs; and Hon. Charles S. Thomas, Governor of Colorado. Responses were made by Mr. John M. Stahl, secretary of the congress; the Hon. Benjamin F. Clayton, chairman of the Executive Committee; and the Hon. J. H. Worst, president of North Dakota Agricultural College. Mr. McClurg presented figures showing the contribution of Colorado to the wealth of the nation, especially from its mines, and to the work the State was doing for the education of its people and for the advancement of its agriculture. Mayor Robinson said: "Three fourths of the youth in our higher schools of learning come from the farm. It is true also that the large majority of the men who lead in public affairs and in business in our large cities and in the larger arena of national affairs were born and reared in the General of the exposition with a gold key and pendant, representing the pavilion, as a souvenir, and a suitable response was made by M. Picard. A general reception was held, during which an interesting feature was the playing of American airs by Sousa's band. Literature. One of the conspicuous American features was the publication of the Paris Exposition edition of the New York Times, beginning on May 31 and ending on Oct. 31. It was under the supervision of Frank M. White, managing editor, assisted by Edward Insley and a staff of associate editors and reporters. The paper was printed on a Goss straight-line press, from type set on Mergenthaler linotype machines, in the American Publishers' Building on the grounds. It appeared every afternoon, at 4 o'clock. For those who desire information in detail, it would be well to consult the file of the daily edition of the New York Times. Special industries may be found described in the various trade journals, some of which, as the Scientific American, contained illustrations. Pictorially, the Paris Exposition has been treated in a volume entitled The Parisian Dream City (St. Louis, 1900). The reports of the commissioners from the United States will be published by the Government, and special reports of the transactions of the various congresses will ultimately find their way into print, as they did in the case of the Columbian Exposition of 1893. F country. It is undoubtedly true that country life and environment conduce to physical strength, intellectual power, and moral sanity, and upon these qualities rest the greatness and stability of human institutions. The farms, too, are schools of patriotism. The large cities of our country are our storm centers." Gov. Thomas said: "Did you ever stop to consider that the time has come in a few short years when the domain of agriculture has been extended even to the Western seaboard, and the waste places of the land have become the garden spot and the granary of the world? True it is, it was the love of gold and the search for the brilliant metals that brought man out into this Western country, but it is the farmer who remained and developed the resources that have made most of our wealth. The farmers took a waste tract of land and have made of it an empire.” Secretary Stahl called attention to the fact that it was our large exports of farm products, so far exceeding the exports of all other products, that had made the balance of trade so largely in our favor that we had become a creditor nation; but he hoped farmers would not forget that true national wealth was in the character of the people rather than in money at home or favorable balances abroad. History shows," he said, "and especially the history of this nation shows, that the source of true national wealth, as of all individual worth, is in the homely home, where God is honored, the Bible is read, and children are taught industry, economy, sobriety, and purity: the home directed by that best thing mortal that Almighty God has placed on this earth-a pure and tender woman whose titles of love and honor are wife and mother." Mr. Clayton spoke very briefly, contenting himself with pointing out how well Colorado Springs had fulfilled all its pledges to the congress and paying some well-deserved compliments to that city. President Worst deplored the rush of young people from the farm to |