and tramways having been £41,226,478, on telegraphs and telephones £1,013,484, on water supply and sewerage £8,999,531, and on other works and services £10,915,047. The estimated wealth of the colony at the end of 1898 was £547,821,500, of which £169,705,500 was public and £378, 116,000 private wealth.

Of the revenue of Victoria, taxation produced £2,910,237, of which £1,840,404 came from customs and other duties, £301,318 from excise, £115,451 from the land tax, £238,780 from duties on estates of deceased persons, £ 18,844 from the duty on bank notes, £172,400 from the stamp duty, £36,815 from tonnage dues, etc., and £186,225 from the income tax. The income from railroads was £2,602,547; from posts and telegraphs, £526,399; from public lands, £385,518; from other sources, £462,762. The expenditure for debt charges was £1,852,056; for railways, £1,559,379; for public instruction, £571,590; for posts and telegraphs, £508,851; for pensions, £336,836; for police and jails, £300,723; for charitable institutions, £279,043; for various public works, £242,294; for general expenses, £220,362; for defenses, £184,677; for law courts, £157,457; for mining and agricultural, £ 142,780; for public lands, £74,508; for other purposes, £156,495. The revenue for the financial year 1900 was estimated at £7,156,225; expenditure, £7,136,755.

In Queensland, customs produced £1,367,426 of the total revenue; excise and export duties, £143,905; stamps, £120,814; licenses, £57,279; dividend duty, £60,487; rent from pastoral leases, £334,960; other rents and sales of land, £240,145; railroads, £1,322,606; posts and telegraphs, £284,179. The principal expenditures were £1,326,963 for interest on the public debt, £79,785 for municipal and divisional endowments, £275,715 for public instruction, £181,470 for the Colonial Treasurer's department, £76,980 for the Department of Public Lands, £50,401 for the Department of Agriculture, £783,311 for the expenses of the railroads, £328,463 for the Department of Posts and Telegraphs. The expenditure from loans amounted for the year to £1,054,787, mostly for public works, including £628,812 on railways. The revenue for 1900 was estimated at £4,388,445 and expenditure at £4,364,420.

In South Australia the revenue is derived from customs duties, excise, posts and telegraphs, railways, and lands, and it is expended on railroads and public works and services and interest on the debt. Three quarters of the debt was contracted to build railways, waterworks, and telegraphs. The railroads earn 34 per cent. a year. The customs receipts for 1900 were estimated at £603,321, the total receipts at £2,711,335; estimated expenditure, £2,711,140.

The revenue of Western Australia is obtained from customs, railroads, and public lands. The public debt on June 30, 1898, was £8,947,954.

The expenditure of Tasmania for 1898 includes a sum derived from territorial revenues that was applied to the redemption of loans. For 1899 the revenue of Tasmania was estimated at £946,780 and expenditure at £856,600.

Of New Zealand's revenue for 1899, customs supplied £1,965,018; stamps, posts, and telegraphs, £ 779,399; railways, £1,465,507; land tax, £298,053; income tax, £115,480; sales of land, £92,578. The chief expenditures were: £1,767,468 for public debt charges, £968,917 for railroads, £475,218 for education, £388,546 for posts and telegraphs, and £234,344 for constabulary and defense. The total expenditure on public works, including the expenses of raising loans,

from 1870 to March 31, 1899, was £31,985,750. The debt amounted to £61 148. per capita.

Fiji derives its revenue mainly from customs,' which produced £45,300 in 1898, and a tax on the natives, which produced £18,923. This tax is paid in produce, which they deliver to the Government, to be sold on their account. The expenditure on salaries in 1898 was £37,946; for other purposes, £ 49,648.

Commerce and Production. The value of the foreign trade of the several colonies for 1898 is given in the following table:

Of the total imports into New South Wales in 1898, the Australasian colonies furnished the value of £12,467,059, while of the exports £8,675,199 went to other colonies. The overland trade was £5,678,201 for imports and £4,121,784 for exports. The imports from the United Kingdom were £7,744,418; from British possessions besides Australasia, £864,420; from the United States, £1,602,954; from other countries, £1,774,709; exports to the United Kingdom, £7,734,880; to other British possessions, £725,383; to the United States, £5,951,287; to other countries, £ 4,561,368. The total exports of home produce in 1898 were £17,727,067 in value; exports of foreign produce, £9,921,050. The quantity of wool exported was 280,948,406 pounds, valued at £9,457,535. The export of tallow was £495,918 in value; coal, £962,668; hides and skins, £840,533; leather, £340,400; preserved and frozen meat, £721,457. The export of gold coin was £6,529,060. The value of the gold obtained from the mines of New South Wales in 1898 was £1,244,330, and in 1899 it was £1,936,885. The value of silver produced in 1898 was £59,278; of silver lead ore and metal, £ 1,644,777; of copper, £272,686; of coal, £1,271,832. The tin mines from their opening in 1872 to the end of 1898 produced the total value of £6,292,056. The production of sugar in 1899 was 282,206 tons; of wheat, 9,286,216 bushels; of oranges, 7,839,216 dozen. On Dec. 31, 1898, the colony possessed 41,241,004 sheep, 2,029,516 cattle, 491,553 horses, and 247,061 hogs. The duty on imports in New South Wales averages 5.15 per cent., taking free and dutiable goods together. In Victoria there is a protective tariff, and the duties collected amount to 12 per cent. of the total value of the imports. Wool, skins, and tallow, large quantities of which are imported from other countries to be re-exported or manufactured, are free of duty. The value of wool imported into Victoria in 1898 was £1,808,492; of hides and skins, £262,638; of cotton goods, £1,140,393; of woolen goods, £602,255; of sugar and molasses, £665,014; of live stock, £732,001; of iron and steel, £ 644,890; of timber, £ 344,024; of coal, £257,688; of silks, £ 345,633; of tea, £300,940; of oils, £239,593; of all other goods, £9,425,343. The exports of gold coin and bullion from Victoria in 1898 were £5,947,195; of wool, 131,850,560 pounds, valued at £ 4,036,968; of live stock, £255,664; of leather and harness, £318,868; of cereals and flour, £638,047; re-export of tea, £160,873; exports of sugar and molasses, £150,431; of clothing, £136.776; of tallow, £94,508; of hides and skins, £ 373,054; of butter, £736,325;

of frozen meat, £177,348; of all other articles, £2,746,189. Of the total imports in 1898 the United Kingdom furnished £6,195,134; Australasian colonies, £7,670,126; India, £287,829; Ceylon, £149,397; Canada, £33,745; other British possessions, £265,379; the United States, £883,472; Germany, £578,298; France, £199,849; Belgium, £122,236; Sweden and Norway, £107,833; Java and the Philippine Islands, £59,116; China, £56,844; other foreign countries, £ 159,646. Of the total exports, the United Kingdom received £6,740,420; Australasian colonies, £6,642,230; India, £ 509,332; Ceylon, £15,484; Canada, £651; other British possessions, £220,731; the United States, £67,561; France, £806,470; Germany, £544,041; Belgium, £225,402; Java and the Philippine Islands, £14,523; other foreign countries, £85,401. The value of the gold raised in Victoria in 1899 was £3,449,644, against £3,349,032 in 1898. The factories of the colony, having a total valuation of £12,000,000, produce many of the articles used by the colonists. Agriculture is developed further than in other parts of Australia. The yield of wheat in 1899 was 19,581,000 bushels.

Of the imports into Queensland in 1898, the value of £2,757,981 came from Australasian colonies, £2,559,244 from the United Kingdom, £155,299 from other British possessions, £278,837 from the United States, and £255,905 from other foreign countries. Of the exports, £6,269,090 went to Australasian colonies, £4,352,067 to the United Kingdom, £100,974 to other British possessions, and £133,996 to foreign countries. The chief exports were gold of the value of £2,855,781; wool, £3,018,098; sugar, £1,329,876; hides and skins, £466,265; tin, £31,871; silver, £49,825; copper, £6,430; peas, shelled, £ 109,588; frozen meat, £676,698; preserved and salted meat, £265,872; meat extract, £216,640: fruit, £96,313. The gold output of 1898 was 920,048 ounces, and in 1899 it was increased to 947,626 ounces. The value of the coal raised in 1898 was £ 150,493; of tin, £36,502; of silver, £ 10,585. There were 17,552,608 sheep, 5,571,292 cattle, 480,469 horses, and 127,081 hogs in the colony in 1898.

Of the commerce of South Australia for 1898 the share of the other Australasian colonies was £3,348,622 of the imports and £3,332,286 of the exports; the share of the United Kingdom, £1,974,818 of the imports and £2,306,202 of the exports; that of British possessions not in Australasia, £193,829 of the imports and £565,467 of the exports; that of the United States, £310,886 of the imports and £915 of the exports; that of all other foreign countries, £356,650 of the imports and £590,904 of the exports. The export of wool was £945,589 in value; wheat, £15,911; flour, £235,752; copper, £244,865. The wheat crop was 8,778,900 bushels. The value of the mineral exports was £350,372. There were 161,774 horses, 260,343 cattle, and 5,012,620 sheep in 1898. In 1899 there were made 1,080,772 gallons of wine, of which 504,065 gallons were exported.

Of the imports of Western Australia, £2,051,872 in value came from, and of the exports £2,293,652 went to, the United Kingdom. The export of gold was £3,990,698; of pearls, about £20,000; of pearl shell, £49,480; sandalwood, £31,812: of timber, £326,195; of wool, £287,731; of skins, £44,545. The trade with other Australasian colonies was £2,743,761 of imports and £2,462,961 of exports; with other British possessions, £165,123 of imports and £138,692 of exports; with the United States, £91,268 of imports; with other countries, £189.941 of imports and £64,701 of exports. The value of gold exported has increased

from £879,748 in 1895. There were 3,069 leases of gold mines in 1898, and 16,468 men were employed in the mines, the output of gold being 1,050,184 ounces. In 1900 the export of gold was £6,431,063 in value, bringing the total production up to £20,000,000. For mining copper 27 leases have been issued; for tin mines, 2; for lead mines, 41; for coal mines, 63. The live stock at the close of 1898 consisted of 62,442 horses, 245,907 cattle, and 2,244,888 sheep.

In Tasmania, the wheat crop in 1899 was 2,303,512 bushels. Oats, potatoes, and hay are important crops, and fruit-growing is a great industry, large quantities of apples and other fruits being exported to the other colonies and to England. The live stock in 1899 consisted of 29,797 horses, 148,558 cattle, 1,493,638 sheep, and 45,294 hogs. Iron, tin, galena, copper, gold, and coal mines are worked. The value of gold exported in 1898 was £188,478; of silver, £167,618; of copper ore, £378,565; of tin, £ 141,162. The export of wool was £254,960 in value; of timber and bark, £60,012; of hops, £22,012; of fruit and jam, £183,345. Of the total imports, £465,544 came from the United Kingdom, £720,684 from Victoria, £273,227 from New South Wales, £140,158 from other British colonies, and £50,405 from foreign countries. Of the total exports, £431,518 went to the United Kingdom, £614,640 to Victoria, £635,110 to New South Wales, £99,948 to other British possessions, and £22,153 to foreign countries.

The exports of colonial produce from New Zealand in 1898 amounted to £10,324,988. The export of wool was 149,385,815 pounds, valued at £4,645,804; of gold, 280,175 ounces, valued at £1,080,691; of Kauri gum, 9,905 tons, valued at £586,767; of frozen meat, 1,551,773 hundredweight, valued at £1,698,750; of butter, 96,801 hundredweight, and of cheese, 68,711 hundredweight, valued together at £539,466; the value of grain, pulse, and flour, £142,066; of tallow, £302,141; of hides, skins, and leather, £ 427,256; of live stock, £19,708; of bacon and hams, £8,211; of preserved meats, £97,171; of grass seed, £78,519; of phormium, or New Zealand hemp, £74,556; of other colonial produce, £623,882; of British and foreign produce, £124,850; of specie, £68,117, against £19,191 of imports. The gold mines of New Zealand are mostly situated on Government lands. The production of gold since they were first opened in 1857 has been £54,453,325. The production of silver in 1898 was 293,851 ounces, value £33,107; of coal, 907,033 tons, value £ 453,517; of Kauri gum, 9,905 tons. value £586,767. The production of gold for 1899 was 470,585 ounces, value £1,513,242. The wheat crop for 1898 was 13,073,000 bushels, nearly 33 bushels to the acre; the oat crop, 16,511,000 bushels; the barley crop, 1,678,000 bushels. The live stock in 1899 consisted of 258,115 horses, 1,203,024 cattle, 19,673,725 sheep, and 193,512 hogs. The total value of imports in 1899 was £8,739,633; of exports, £11,938,335. The exports of dairy products were valued at £701,742; gold export, £1,513,173.

In Fiji the European settlers had 22,078 acres in 1898 planted to sugar cane, 21,544 acres planted to cocoanut palms, and 1,537 acres planted to bananas. The export of sugar was 34,156 tons, valued at £409,884; of rum, 111,088 gallons, valued at £13,886; of copra, 6,474 tons, valued at £63,140; value of bananas, £25,478.

Navigation. The number of vessels entered at the ports of New South Wales during 1898 was 3,316, of 3,464,867 tons, of which 2,985, of 3,005,748 tons, were British or colonial, and 331, of

459,119 tons, foreign. The total number cleared was 3,263, of 3,455,061 tons, of which 2,933, of 2,994,250 tons, were British or colonial, and 330, of 460,811 tons, were foreign. The merchant fleet of the colony consisted of 488 sailing vessels, of 52,948 tons, and 494 steamers, of 68,331 tons.

The number of vessels entered at Victorian ports was 2,008, of 2,472,745 tons, of which 378, of 895,384 tons, were British, and 1,498, of 1,274,958 tons, were colonial. The total number cleared was 2,043, of 2,483,992 tons, of which 832, of 900,703 tons, were British and 1,531, of 1,278,668 tons, were colonial. The merchant shipping of the colony comprised 250 sailing vessels, of 39,715 tons, and 149 steamers, of 61,967 tons.

In Queensland 615 vessels, of 602,006 tons, were entered, and 598, of 596,313 tons, were cleared, in 1898. The number entered from the United Kingdom was 58, of 95,702 tons; from Australasian ports, 420, of 400,741 tons. In the coasting trade 6,588 vessels, of 3,524,904 tons, were entered. The registered shipping of the colony in 1898 comprised 149 sailing vessels, of 10,075 tons, and 91 steamers, of 12,943 tons.

In South Australian ports 1,068 vessels, of 1,722,358 tons, were entered and 1,083, of 1,760,167 tons, were cleared during 1898. The shipping of the colony consisted of 107 sailing vessels, of 28,413 tons, and 222 steamers, of 22,573 tons.

In the ports of Western Australia during 1898 there were 633 vessels, of 1,199,894 tons, entered and 631, of 1,189,732 tons, cleared. The shipping of the colony consisted of 133 sailing vessels, of 5,799 tons, and 28 steamers, of 5,551 tons.

In New Zealand 233 vessels, of 293,873 tons, were entered and 210, of 218,990 tons, cleared at Auckland in 1898, and at Wellington, the other principal port, 153, of 263,774 tons, were entered and 138, of 268,312 tons, cleared.

Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. In the Australian colonies the railroads and telegraphs are public property, as well as the wharves and docks, the tramways in cities, the waterworks and irrigation works, and the land also, excepting the relatively small areas that have been sold to agricultural settlers. The railroads of New South Wales, on June 30, 1899, had a total length of 2,707 miles. The capital expenditure was £37, 992,276; gross earnings for 1899, £3,145,273; working expenses, £1,690,442.

The railroads in operation in Victoria at the end of 1898 had a total length of 3,123 miles, built at a cost of £38,602,304. The receipts for the fiscal year were £2,608,896, and expenses £1,646,054. The net profits were 2.49 per cent. on the eost and 2.71 per cent. on the borrowed capital, while the average rate of interest paid by the Government is 3.90 per cent. About £9,000,000 has been paid out of the revenue in the course of a series of years to meet deficits in the railroad accounts. There were 43,090,749 passengers and 2,408,665 tons of freight carried in 1898.

In Queensland there 2,742 miles of railroads in operation in 1898, which had cost the Government £18,545,631 to build. The receipts for 1898 were £1,263,153; expenses, £728,161. Including the expenses of raising loans, etc., the total expenditure, including that on 58 miles not yet opened, was £20,215,894.

South Australia had 1,870 miles of railroad open to traffic at the close of 1898.

In Western Australia there were 1,850 miles of railroad in operation on June 30, 1899, including 495 miles of private line.

The railroads of New Zealand had a length of 2.257 miles on March 31, 1899, including 167 miles of private lines. The receipts of the Government

railroad were £1,469,665 and the expenses £929,737. There were 4,955,553 passengers and 2,744,441 tons of freight carried. The total capital expenditure up to that date had been £17,190,967. The number of letters carried in the mails of New South Wales during the year ending June 30, 1898, was 75,650,065; postal cards, 1,331,630; newspapers, 42,570,850; packets, 16,497,334; money orders, 410,772, for £1,432,373; postal notes, £ 420,113.

The post office in Victoria showed for 1898 receipts amounting to £531,367, including telegraph and telephone receipts, and £498,192 of expenditure.

The Queensland post office in 1898 carried 19,723,905 letters, 11,647,822 newspapers, 5,130,733 packets, and 238,240 parcels; receipts, £182,207.

In South Australia the postal traffic for 1898 was 19,391,816 letters, 1,501,802 packets, and 8,803,194 newspapers.

The post office of Western Australia carried 13,132,988 letters, 296,712 postal cards, 7,390,294 newspapers, and 3,261,436 packets in 1898.

The New Zealand post office in 1898 forwarded 34,737,316 letters, 917,631 letter cards, 1,479,964 postal cards, 16,822,704 books and parcels, and 15,095,487 newspapers, and issued 318,370 and paid 229,720 money orders. The receipts of the postal and telegraph department for the year ending March 31, 1899, were £445,770, and expenses £390,197.

New South Wales had 13,242 miles of telegraph lines, with 35,630 miles of wire, at the beginning of 1899. The capital cost was £989,423. The number of telegrams dispatched in 1898 was 2,866,570; receipts, £ 428,995; net revenue, £158,062.

The telegraph lines of Victoria had a length of 6,599 miles, with 14,729 miles of wire, in 1898. The number of messages sent in that year was 1,806,184. The receipts were £97,565.

Queensland had 10,088 miles of telegraph lines, with 18,565 miles of wire. The number of private messages was 1,061,068, besides 151,967 foreign messages received. The receipts were £88,727.

The telegraphs of South Australia had a length of 5,874 miles, including telephone lines; the length of wire was 14,858 miles.

The length of telegraph lines in Western Australia at the end of 1898 was 5,886 miles, with 8,650 miles of wire. The number of dispatches sent during the year was 1,178,928; revenue, £79,754. A cable is to be laid from Freemantle to Cape Colony.

The telegraph lines of New Zealand on March 31, 1899, had a total length of 6,736 miles, with 18,746 miles of wire. The number of messages for the year was 2,960,738. The telephones as well as the telegraphs belong to the Government, and the receipts from both were £145,295.

Australian Federation. When Australia was first settled the seat of government was in the original colony of New South Wales, established in 1788, until Van Dieman's Land, now Tasmania, set up an independent administration in 1825. This example was followed successively by Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, and lastly Queensland. Before the Victorian Government was founded in the Port Philip Settlement, which took place in 1850, Earl Grey said that a central authority to decide questions of interest to Australia collectively was necessary, and in 1856 he introduced proposals for constituung such a central authority; but at that time they met with no general support. From the time of the establishment of the Dominion of Canada, in 1867, Sir Henry Parkes labored to bring about a

union of the Australasian colonies, but the activity of Germany and France in the Pacific in 1883 first impressed the idea on the Australians and led to the establishment of the Federal Council as an experimental step. This was simply an advisory body, with neither legislative nor executive authority. New South Wales refused to join in its deliberations from the first, and South Australia subsequently withdrew. The Russian scare in 1890 gave a fresh impetus to the movement for federation. A conference was held in Melbourne, followed by a convention in Sydney in 1891, at which the first commonwealth bill was drafted. This was submitted to the colonial Parliaments, but the popular demand for federation was not strong enough to secure its adoption. The Federal League was then founded to enlighten the Australian people regarding the benefits of federation, and so successful was this educational movement that in 1895 the Premiers in a conference agreed to bring forward enabling bills in their several Parliaments for providing a convention of delegates which should be instructed and empowered to frame a constitution. This constitution was to be submitted to the separate Parliaments sitting in grand committee; the amendments made by the several Parliaments were then to be referred back to the convention, and after they had been considered a final draft was to be made and submitted to the people of the several colonies to be voted on in a general referendum. The convention was held at Adelaide in March, 1897. Queensland was not represented, its Government having refused to pass an enabling bill. The constitution drafted at that meeting was based on the one drawn up in 1891, of which Sir Samuel Griffith and Edmund Barton were the principal authors. The convention met again at Sydney before the close of 1897 to consider and digest the amendments made by the several Parliaments, adjourned to Melbourne in 1898, and the final draft was submitted to popular vote in the several colonies. Queensland, as well as Western Australia, abstained from voting on the bill. There were 219,000 votes cast for, and 108,000 against, the bill, but in New South Wales it failed to secure the 80,000 votes that had been fixed as the minimum majority required to secure its adoption. The Government of New South Wales then proposed amendments, which were substantially adopted. Another referendum was proposed and agreed to. The people of Queensland voted this time, and the results were 377,600 votes for the bill and 141,500 against. Western Australia did not take part in this decision, but pressed for further amendments, which the other colonies declined to consider, the Premiers deciding that it was too late to change the constitution to which the people of five colonies had given the seal of their approval. In this form it was then forwarded for the sanction of the Imperial Parliament, accompanied by a bill authorizing the federation of the colonies under this palladium.

The draft bill for the federation of the Australian colonies embodying the Federal Constitution was presented to the British Government for the sanction of the Imperial Parliament before the beginning of the session of 1900. It was the result of many years' discussion, and had been ratified by a referendum in the colonies that were ready to enter the federation as original states, viz., New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Queensland, and South Australia. Western Australia desired a postponement until its people could also decide by a referendum whether they would accept the Federal Constitution, but the other colonies were not willing to grant further delay.

New Zealand still held aloof. The conference of Premiers, held at Sydney in January, 1900, voted unanimously that the bill should be passed without alteration. The principal clauses of the Constitution which the statesmen and jurists of Australia had drawn up and the people had ratified by a large majority are given below.

The commonwealth bill as finally adopted provided that the legislative power shall be vested in a Federal Parliament, consisting of the Queen, a Senate, and a House of Representatives, the Queen's representative being a Governor General, appointed by the Crown and receiving a salary from the commonwealth of £10,000 until the Parliament should otherwise decide its amount. Parliament shall sit once at least in the course of a year. The Senate is to be composed of Senators for each state, directly chosen by the people of that state, and sitting for a term of six years. The method of election was left to be defined later. The House of Representatives is to contain twice the number of the Senate, and its members are to be elected by the people of the whole commonwealth, the number of members provided by each state to be in proportion to the number of the people in that state; but in each original state there shall be at least five members apart from this consideration. The bill provided that the Queen should proclaim the union of the colonies adopting the Constitution, within a year of the passing of the act by the British Parliament, in a federal commonwealth under the name of the Commonwealth of Australia. The commonwealth act and all laws made by the Parliament of the commonwealth under the Constitution shall be binding on the courts, judges, and people of every state and of every part of the commonwealth, notwithstanding anything in the laws of any state: and the laws of the commonwealth shall be in force on all British ships, except ships of war. whose first port of clearance and port of destination are in the commonwealth. States of the commonwealth are such of the colonies of New South Wales, New Zealand, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, and South Australia, including the northern territory of South Australia, as for the time being are parts of the commonwealth, and such colonies and territories as may be admitted into the commonwealth or established by the commonwealth as states. The Parliament shall, subject to the Constitution, have power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the commonwealth with respect to trade and commerce with other countries and among the states; taxation, so as not to discriminate between states or parts of states: bounties on the production or export of goods, so that such bounties shall be uniform throughout the commonwealth; borrowing money on the public credit of the commonwealth; postal, telegraphic, telephonic, and other like services; the naval and military defense of the commonwealth and of the several states, and the control of the forces to execute and maintain the laws of the commonwealth; lighthouses, light-ships, beacons. and buoys; astronomical and meteorological observations; quarantine: fisheries in Australian waters beyond territorial limits; census and statistics; currency, coinage, and legal tender; banking other than state banking, also state banking beyond the limits of the state concerned, the incorporation of banks, and the issue of paper money; insurance other than state insurance, also state insurance extending beyond the limits of the state concerned; weights and measures; bills of exchange and promissory notes; bankruptcy and insolvency; copyrights, patents of inventions and

designs, and trade-marks; naturalization and aliens; foreign corporations, and trading or financial corporations formed within the limits of the commonwealth; marriage; divorce and matrimonial causes, and in relation thereto parental rights and the custody and guardianship of infants; invalid and old-age pensions; the service and execution throughout the commonwealth of the civil and criminal process and judgments of the courts of the states; the recognition throughout the commonwealth of the laws, the public acts and records, and the judicial proceedings of the states; the people of any race, other than the original race in any state, for whom it is deemed necessary to make special laws; immigration and emigration; the influx of criminals; external affairs; the relations of the commonwealth with the islands of the Pacific; the acquisition of property on just terms from any state or person for any purpose in respect of which the Parliament has power to make laws; the control of railways with respect to transport for the naval and military purposes of the commonwealth; the acquisition, with the consent of a state, of any railways of the state on terms arranged between the commonwealth and the state; railway construction and extension in any state with the consent of that state; conciliation and arbitration for the prevention and settlement of industrial disputes extending beyond the limits of any one state; matters in respect of which this Constitution makes provision until the Parliament otherwise provides; matters referred to the Parliament of the commonwealth by the Parliament or Parliaments of any state or states, but so that the law shall extend only to states by whose Parliaments the matter is referred, or which afterward adopt the law; the exercise within the commonwealth, at the request or with the concurrence of the Parliaments of all the states directly concerned, of any power which may at the establishment of this Constitution be exercised only by the Parliament of the United Kingdom or by the Federal Council of Australasia; matters incidental to the execution of any power vested by this constitution in the Parliament or either house thereof, or in the Government of the commonwealth, or in the Federal judicature, or in any department or officer of the commonwealth.

The executive powers transferred to the commonwealth comprise the departments of posts, telegraphs, and telephones; naval and military defense; lighthouses, light-ships, beacons, and buoys; and quarantine. These can be taken over at any date after the establishment of the commonwealth. The chief command of the naval and military forces is vested, however, in the Governor General.

The bill provided that the judicial power of the commonwealth should be vested in a Federal supreme court, to be called the High Court of Australia, and in such other Federal courts as the Parliament might create and such other courts as it might invest with Federal jurisdiction, the High Court to consist of a chief justice and so many other justices, not less than two, as the Parliament should prescribe. The justices of the High Court and the other courts to be created by the Parliament were to be appointed by the Governor General in Council, and not to be removed except by the Governor General in Council on an address from both houses of Parliament in the same session praying for their removal on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity. They should receive such remuneration as the Parliament fixed, but it was not to be changed during their continuance in office. The High

Court should have jurisdiction, subject to such exceptions and regulations as the Parliament prescribed, to hear and determine appeals from judg ments, decrees, orders, and sentences of any justice or justices exercising the original jurisdiction of the High Court, of any other Federal court or court exercising Federal jurisdiction, or of the Supreme Court of any state or any other state court from which an appeal lies to the Queen in Council, or as to questions of law of the Interstate Commission. No exception or regulation of the Parliament should prevent the High Court from hearing and determining appeals from the Supreme Court of a state in any matter in which at the establishment of the commonwealth an appeal lies to the Queen in Council, and the same conditions and restrictions on appeals to the Queen in Council should be applicable to appeals to the High Court unless the Parliament otherwise provides. No appeal should be permitted to the Queen in Council in any matter involving the interpretation of the commonwealth Constitution or the constitution of a state unless the public interests of some other part of the imperial dominions are involved. The royal prerogative to grant appeal from the High Court to the Privy Council would not be impaired except so far as the provisions of the Constitution limit it, but the Parliament would have power to impose further limitations. In matters arising under any treaty, affecting consuls or other representatives of other countries, in which the commonwealth is a party, between states or residents of different states, or in mandamus or injunction proceedings against officers of the commonwealth, the High Court should have original jurisdiction, and the Parliament might confer original jurisdiction in any matter arising under the Constitution or involving its interpretation, arising under any laws made by the Parliament, of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, relating to the same subject matter claimed under the laws of different states. admiralty and maritime jurisdiction or to conflicts in the laws of different states as to the same subject matter the Parliament could make laws defining the jurisdiction of any other Federal court than the High Court and defining the extent to which such jurisdiction should be exclusive of that which belongs to or is vested in the state courts, also investing any state court with Federal jurisdiction. Parliament may make laws conferring rights to proceed against the commonwealth or a state. The Federal jurisdiction of any court may be exercised by such number of judges as the Parliament prescribes. Trial of any offense against any law of the commonwealth shall be by jury, and every trial shall be held in the state where the offense was committed, but when it is not committed within a state the Parliament may prescribe the place of trial.

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The Federal Constitution provides for a uniform postal and telegraph service, and at some time in the future a single control over railroad communications. Everything connected with the external relations of the six federating colonies will be a matter for the commonwealth and not for the state governments. A common tariff will be established for all the colonies, and at the same time there will be intercolonial free trade. The national defenses will be under one control. The Constitution is modeled more closely after that of the United States than that of any other country. State rights have throughout been jealously preserved. Whereas in Canada everything not expressly given to the provinces went to the central Government, in Australia the central Government has power only in matters that are distinctly de