ber and quantity of questions to decide as has fallen to the lot of the Hawaiian Supreme Court in the last quarter of a century, during the time the islands began their development and lasting till they became a part of the United States." He was also a leader in the religious and educational movements in the islands.

Keeler, James Edward, astronomer, born in Lasalle, Ill., Sept. 10, 1857; died in San Francisco, Cal., Aug. 12, 1900. In 1869 his parents removed to Mayport, Fla., where his fondness for astronomical studies was developed, and where in 1875-77 he had charge of the Mayport Astronomical Observatory, in which were a quadrant, a two-inch telescope, a meridian circle, and a clock. At that time he constructed a meridiancircle instrument, which he subsequently described. He entered Johns Hopkins University in 1877, and was graduated there in 1881. Meanwhile, with Charles S. Hastings, he served on the United States Naval Observatory expedition under Edward S. Holden that observed the solar eclipse of July 29, 1878, from Central City, Col. Before graduation he was appointed assistant at the Allegheny Observatory, Pittsburg, Pa., under Samuel P. Langley, whom he also accompanied on his expedition to Mount Whitney, Cal., in June to September, 1881. He continued at the Allegheny Observatory two years, and then spent a year in Heidelberg and Berlin, pursuing higher scientific studies. In 1884 he returned to the Allegheny Observatory, and aided Dr. Langley in his work on lunar heat and the infra-red portion of the solar spectrum. He was appointed assistant to the Lick trustees in 1886, and proceeded to establish a time system, also aiding in the installation of the instruments on Mount Hamilton. When the observatory was completed he was appointed astronomer and placed in charge of the spectroscopic work. The large star spectroscope was constructed mainly from his designs, and the results of his observations of the atmospheres of Saturn's rays and of Uranus, and of the spectra of the nebula in Orion, did much to establish his reputation. He had charge of a successful expedition sent by Lick Observatory to Bartlett Springs, Cal., to observe the solar eclipse of Jan. 1, 1889. He resigned from Lick Observatory in 1891 to succeed Dr. Langley as director of Allegheny Observatory and as Professor of Astrophysics in the Western University of Pennsylvania. Here he remained seven years and continued his valuable spectroscopic work. His investigations included a study of the nebula in Orion and the stars immersed in it, establishing the fact that the nebula and the stars are closely related in physical condition; also observations of Saturn's rings, proving that they are a cluster of meteorites-myriads of little moons. In 1898 he returned to Mount Hamilton as director of the observatory, which place he held until his death. He devoted his observing time to the Crossley reflector, and began a study of the Pleiades and the nebula in Orion. He also began photographing all the brighter nebulæ in Herschel's Catalogue, at least half of which he completed. His observations on the great nebula of Orion, published in 1899, gave an impression of the scope of a work that was designed to distinguish a new epoch in astronomical research." The honorary degree of Sc. D. was conferred on him by the University of California in 1893. He received the Rumford medal from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1898, and also received the Henry Draper medal of the National Academy of Sciences in 1899, of which academy he was elected a member in 1900.

Keeley, Leslie E., physician, born in 1842; died in Los Angeles, Cal., Feb. 21, 1900. He was graduated at Rush Medical College in 1864. He founded the Keeley Institute system for the cure of inebriety and the use of narcotic drugs, commonly known as the gold or Keeley cure, and was president of the company that bears his name.

Keep-Schley, Emma A., philanthropist, born in Watertown, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1827; died in New York city, May 10, 1900. She was a daughter of Norris M. Woodruff, and married Henry Keep, at one time president of the New York Central Railroad, in 1847. Mr. Keep died in 1869, and in 1876 Mrs. Keep married Judge Schley, of Savannah, Ga., who died in 1882. Her gifts to charitable societies and individuals were numerous and of large amount. She gave to the New York Ophthalmic Hospital $250,000, and endowed the Keep Memorial Home for Old Ladies, in Watertown, N. Y. The rents from office buildings in Watertown are set aside for the maintenance of this institution.

Key, David McKendree, lawyer, born in Greene County, Tennessee, Jan. 27, 1824; died in Chattanooga, Tenn., Feb. 3, 1900. He spent his early years on a farm, and in 1850 he was graduated at Hiwassee College, in East Tennessee. He studied law, and began its practice at Chattanooga in 1853. During the civil war, although opposed to secession, he yielded to the authorities of his State and became lieutenant colonel of the 43d Tennessee Infantry. He served through the war, and surrendered under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina. In 1865 he was pardoned by President Johnson, who was his old friend, and resumed the practice of law in Chattanooga. In 1869 he was a member of the Tennessee constitutional convention. In 1870 he was elected chancellor of the Chattanooga circuit, which office he held until 1875. In 1872 he was a candidate for Congress, but was defeated. In August, 1875, he was appointed United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Andrew Johnson, but he failed of election to succeed himself. In 1877 President Hayes selected him as Postmaster-General in his Cabinet. In 1880 he was appointed United States district judge for the Eastern District of Tennessee, and he served till 1894, when he retired, having reached the limit of age. In July, 1891, he was made dean of the law school of Grant University, at Nashville, Tenn.

King, John Alsop, born in Jamaica, Long Island, in 1817; died in New York city, Nov. 21, 1900. He was graduated at Harvard in 1835, studied law, and began to practice in New York city. In later years he abandoned the law and was engaged in the real-estate business. He was a Republican presidential elector in 1872, and in 1874-75 he was a State Senator. He was one of the oldest and most enthusiastic members of the New York Historical Society, and was its president from 1887 till the time of his death.

Knox, Charles Eugene, clergyman, born in Knoxboro, N. Y., Dec. 27, 1833; died in Point Pleasant, N. J., April 30, 1900. He was graduated at Hamilton College in 1856, and studied theology at Auburn and Union Seminaries. He was ordained to the ministry and installed as pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, in Bloomfield, N. J., June 8, 1864, and continued in charge till 1873. In that year he was chosen president of the German Theological Seminary of Newark, situated in Bloomfield. He received the degree of D. D. from Princeton College in 1874. He published A Year with St. Paul (New York, 1862); The Second Year (1864); The Third Year (1865); Love to the End (Philadelphia, 1866); David the King and the Order of the Psalms in his Life (New York, 1876).

Koehler, Sylvester Rosa, art critic, born in Leipsic, Germany, Feb. 11, 1837; died in Littleton, N. H., Sept. 15, 1900. He came to the United States in 1849. He edited the American Art Review during its existence, and contributed largely on art subjects to periodicals in the United States and in Europe. He was for many years curator of the print department of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and he made several trips abroad in the interests of that institution. He was honorary curator of the section of graphic arts in the National Museum, Washington, and was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He lectured on engraving, etching, etc. He published translations of von Betzold's Theory of Color, edited by Prof. Edward C. Pickering (1876), and of Lalanne's Treatise on Etching, with notes (1880). He was the author of Art Education and Art Patronage in the United States (1882); Etching, an Outline of its Technical Processes and its History, with Some Remarks on Collections and Collecting (1895); and of the text for Original Etchings by American Artists (1883); Twenty Original American Etchings (1884); and for American Art (1887). He also prepared the Catalogue of the Engravings, Dry Points, and Etchings of Albrecht Dürer, published by the Grolier Club, New York, and edited the United States Art Directory and Yearbook for 1882 and 1884. At the time of his death he was at work on a history of color printing, which remains incomplete.

Landis, Charles K., lawyer, born in Philadelphia, Pa., March 16, 1834; died in Vineland, N. J., June 12, 1900. He studied law, and in 1851 was admitted to the bar. He made considerable money in his practice, and in 1857, with the idea of retiring to the country and founding a colony, he established the village of Hammonton, N. J. In 1861 he purchased several thousand acres in Cumberland County, New Jersey, which was sold in building lots, and from this grew the village and city of Vineland. For a time he was the first man in the place, and owned the only newspaper there. Later an opposition newspaper was established, and its editor harassed Mr. Landis so much that the latter shot him. For this Landis was tried and acquitted. Sea Isle City, Landisville, New Italy, and other south Jersey towns were also founded by him.

Lane, Thomas Henry, artist, born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 24, 1815; died in Elizabeth, N. J., Sept. 27, 1900. Early in life he made the acquaintance of Edgar Allan Poe, with whom he was connected as business manager in the publication of the Broadway Journal. Later he removed to Washington, where he studied art under Leutze. As an artist Mr. Lane was best known for his dainty and charming miniatures on ivory and porcelain; he did excellent work with his brush till three years before his death. He lived for a time in Westchester, N. Y., and in 1892 removed to Elizabeth, N. J.

Langlois, Augustus Bartholomew, clergyman, born in Chavaney, Department of the Rhône, France, April 24, 1832; died in St. Martinville, La., July 31, 1900. He came to the United States in 1855, and, finishing his studies at the College of Mount St. Mary of the West, Cincinnati, was ordained on June 11, 1855. Six months later he was stationed at Point à la Hache, Plaquemines Parish, where he labored thirty years; in 1887 he was transferred to St. Martinville, and he remained its rector till the time of his death. When very young he became interested in botany, and at the age of sixteen made an herbarium of 1,200 plants gathered in the neighborhood of Mont

brison, France. On his appointment to Point à la Hache he renewed his studies, and he was known throughout the scientific world as a botanist of rare attainment. His studies of the flowers of Louisiana have covered that field completely. His collection of plants, the work of more than fifty years, was very large; and in addition he supplied museums with the flora of this region, and in recognition of his work several plants have been named for him. He published several volumes on the fungi of Louisiana, and his Catalogue Provisoire des Plantes Phanérogames et Cryptogames de la Basse Louisiane is a standard. All his literary work was written in French, and his name is better known to the scientific bodies of Europe than to those of the United States.

Lawler, Francis Xavarius, clergyman, born in County Cavan, Ireland, June 22, 1822; died in Alexandria, S. D., Sept. 10, 1900. He removed with his parents to Franklin County, New York, in 1824, studied for the priesthood, and was ordained subdeacon in 1844 and priest, Dec. 26, 1845. He was at once sent on missions. He was vicepresident four years and president four years of St. Mary's College, Marion, Ky. After a short vacation he was made master of discipline at Notre Dame, Ind., where he remained two years. Later he served a year as Superior of St. Pius Seminary, in Kentucky. From 1859 till 1870 he was in charge of the church at Laporte, Ind., and from 1871 till 1878 at Logansport. He later served as priest at Lawrence and other places in Kansas, and in 1881 went to Dakota, serving as superintendent of the Yankton Indian School till December, 1884. He then removed to Alexandria, where he was priest of the Church of Our Lady of Mercy. May 20, 1896, he was appointed domestic prelate to the Pope. He was also vicar general of South Dakota, and one of the deans of the diocese.

Lawrence, Ada, actress, born in New York, July 7, 1821; died in Quincy, Ill., April 1, 1900. She was a daughter of Robert Bensell, leader of the orchestra of the Old Bowery Theater. Her first appearance was in this theater, at the age of eleven, and she played in various theaters and companies of the country until her retirement, in 1885. Of this time the greater portion was spent in Southern theaters, where before and during the war she was very popular as a leading woman under her second married name of Ada Logan. Her first husband was Samuel Browne, a comedian of ability.

Lester, John Henry, inventor, born in Montville, Conn., Sept. 27, 1815; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1900. He invented a lock-stitch sewing machine, and was one of the pioneer sewing-machine manufacturers in the United States. He also invented a wood-planing machine and several minor mechanical appliances. In the winter of 1859-'60, with Samuel C. Robinson, he formed a stock company for making wood-planing machines in Richmond, Va. This plant was pressed into service by the Confederates, and the firm was directed to alter arms for the Southern army. Mr. Lester, being a Northerner and a loyal man, objected, and had the plant appraised. The value was fixed at $300,000, which was paid in Confederate money. He obtained an assignment as a purchasing agent for the Confederate Government, which enabled him to get through the lines to Washington, where he surrendered his documents to Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, after an interview with President Lincoln. The Government, however, was not satisfied with his loyalty, and he was sentenced by a military commission to ten years' imprisonment. He was pardoned after serving twenty months. He subsequently

In the campaign of 1860 he accompanied the orators on the stump, singing his songs. In 1862, with President Lincoln's approval, he went to the front to sing for the soldiers, and he spent three years with the different armies, East and West. Among his songs were Peter Butternut's Lament, Marching on to Richmond, We Must Not Fall Back any More, Ulysses Leads the Van, and Our Free America.

Lowrie, John Cameron, clergyman, born in Butler, Pa., Dec. 16, 1808; died in East Orange, N. J., May 31, 1900. He was graduated at Jefferson College in 1829. He attended Western Theological and Princeton Seminaries, was graduated at the latter in 1832, and was licensed to preach. He went to India as a missionary in 1833, but his health failed, and he returned to the United States in 1836. He became assistant secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions in 1838, and served till 1850. He was pastor of the 42d Street Presbyterian Church, New York, from 1845 till 1850. In 1850 he became secretary of the Presbyterian Board, and served till 1891, when he retired and was made secretary emeritus. He was moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly in Pittsburg in 1865. Dr. Lowrie published Travels in Northern India; Two Years in Upper India; Memoirs of the Hon. Walter Lowrie; Manual of Foreign Missions; Missionary Papers; Presbyterian Missions; and many articles in periodicals.

Ludlow, George Craig, jurist, born in Milford, N. J., April 6, 1830; died in New Brunswick, N. J., Dec. 18, 1900. He was graduated at Rutgers College in 1850, and in 1853 was admitted to the bar and began practice in New Brunswick. He was counsel for that city, was a member of the Board of Freeholders of Middlesex County, and for several years was president of the New Brunswick Board of Education. In 1876 he was elected to the State Senate, and in 1878 was chosen president of that body. In 1880 he was elected Governor of New Jersey on the Democratic ticket. In 1894 he was a member of the Constitutional Commission. June 13, 1895, he was appointed justice of the Supreme Court, which office he held at the time of his death.

McCartee, Divie Bethune, missionary, born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 13, 1820; died July 17, 1900. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, from which institution he received the degrees of A. M. and M. D., and began the practice of medicine in Philadelphia. In June, 1843, he was requested by the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church to go to China as a medical missionary. In 1844 he opened a mission at Ningpo, and for nearly forty years thereafter devoted his life to work among the Chinese and Japanese. He received a gold medal from the Chinese Government in recognition of his services in connection with the suppression of the Macao coolie traffic, and later received the title of consul general for services in the Chinese legation. From the Japanese Gov. ernment he received the decoration of the Fifth Order of the Rising Sun.

McClernand, John Alexander, lawyer, born in Breckenridge County, Kentucky, May 30, 1812; died in Springfield, Ill., Sept. 20, 1900. In 1832 he was admitted to the bar, and in the same year he was a volunteer in the war against the Sacs and Foxes. In 1835 he established the Shawneetown, Ill., Democrat. From 1837 til 1842 he was a member of the Illinois Legislature. In 1843 he was elected to Congress, where he served till 1851, was re-elected in 1858, and resigned at the outbreak of the civil war. He was

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appointed brigadier general of volunteers, accompanied Gen. Grant to Belmont, and did good service at Fort Donelson. March 21, 1862, he was promoted major general of volunteers. He commanded a division at Shiloh, and in January, 1863, relieved Gen. Sherman in command of the. expedition to Vicksburg. He afterward commanded the force that captured Arkansas Post, and was present at the battle of Champion Hills. In July, 1863, he was relieved from command of the 13th Army Corps, pending an investigation of charges made against him by Gen Grant. These charges were not sustained, and, in January, 1864, he was restored to active command. resigned from the army in November, 1864. In 1870 he was elected circuit judge for the Sangamon, Ill., district, and he served till 1873. In 1876 he was chairman of the Democratic convention at St. Louis, and under President Cleveland he served as a member of the Utah Commission, McClure, Daniel, soldier, born in Indiana, in 1830; died in Louisville, Ky., Oct. 31, 1900. He was graduated at West Point in 1849, and was brevetted second lieutenant of mounted rifles. He served at the Cavalry School for Practice, Carlisle, Pa., 1849-50, at Fort Laramie, Dak., in 1850, resigning from the service Nov. 30, 1850. He was colonel of the Indiana militia from 1854 till 1858, and was Secretary of State of Indiana from 1856 till 1858. During the civil war he was a paymaster, receiving the following appointments: Major and paymaster, Oct. 23, 1858; brevet lieutenant colonel, March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious conduct during the war; brevet colonel, March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious conduct in the pay department; colonel and assistant paymaster general, July 25, 1866. He retired from the army Dec. 30, 1888.

McClurg, Joseph W., lawyer, born in St. Louis County, Missouri, Feb. 17, 1818; died in Lebanon, Mo., Dec. 2, 1900. He studied at Oxford College, Ohio. In 1841 he went to Texas, was admitted to the bar, and became clerk of the circuit court. He returned to Missouri in 1844, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. In the civil war he was colonel of an infantry regiment in the National service. He was elected as a Republican to Congress in 1862, 1864, and 1868. In the latter year he was elected Governor of Missouri on the Republican ticket. In recent years he was extensively engaged in mining.

McCormick, Leander James, inventor, born in Walnut Grove, Va., Feb. 8, 1819; died in Chicago, Ill., Feb. 20, 1900. At an early age he became associated with his father in the reapermanufacturing industry, and in 1846 had a third interest in the 75 reaping machines built and sold by the company. In 1847 he removed to Cincinnati, and in 1848 to Chicago, where he and his brother, Cyrus H., formed a partnership in 1849. He supervised the manufacturing department of the business till 1879, when it was incorporated as the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company. He remained actively engaged in the affairs of the corporation till 1889, when he retired. He invented many improvements in the machine that made his family celebrated. In 1871 he presented an observatory and a 24-inch refracting telescope to the University of Virginia.

McGill, Alexander Taggart, lawyer, born in Allegheny City, Pa., in 1843; died in Jersey City, N. J., April 21, 1900. He was graduated in 1864 at Princeton College, where his father was a professor, and at the Columbia Law School in 1866. He was admitted to the New Jersey bar as an attorney in 1867, and as a counselor in 1870. He removed from Trenton to Jersey City in 1868. In

1874 and 1875 he was city attorney for Bayonne, N. J. In these years he was also a member of the New Jersey Legislature. In April, 1878, he was appointed prosecutor of the pleas for Hudson County. In 1883 he became law judge of the same county. March 29, 1887, he was appointed Chancellor of New Jersey, and in 1894 was reappointed, holding the oflice at the time of his death. In 1895 he was defeated as the Democratic candidate for Governor. He received the degree of LL. D. from Princeton College, and that of LL. B. from Columbia Law School.

McGlynn, Edward, clergyman, born in New York city, Sept. 27, 1837; died in Newburg, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1900. He attended the public schools and the Free Academy. At fourteen he was sent by Archbishop Hughes to the College of the Propaganda, in Rome. He received the degree of doctor of philosophy in 1856 and of the ology in 1860. He was ordained priest in March, 1860. In October he was re

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called to New York by Archbishop Hughes, and appointed assistant to the Rev.

Thomas Farrell at St. Joseph's Church, on Sixth Avenue. His zeal, learning, and eloquence soon attracted general attention. For a time he was prorector of St. Bridget's, in Avenue B; then assistant at St. James's, in Oliver Street; then rector of St. Ann's, in Twelfth Street; and also chaplain of the Central Park Military Hospital; and finally pastor of St. Stephen's, early in 1865. He was in requisition everywhere to speak at the laying of corner stones and dedication of churches, and for lectures for charitable purposes. He aided substantially the Rev. Dr. (now Cardinal) Vaughan in establishing in the United States Catholic missions for the colored race. His artistic taste and judgment are recorded in the enlargement and paintings of St. Stephen's, and he erected its splendid altars. Convinced that the state was wise in bringing the children of all races in the country into contact in the public schools, he maintained that the Church could do its work effectively among the children without competing with the state in their secular education; and, dreading lest the Church should ever have the appearance of being bribed into political partisanship, he favored an amendment to the Constitution providing that state money should be given only to state institutions. During the Irish land league agitation under Davitt in 1879-'80 Dr. McGlynn's sympathies were strongly enlisted. He was captivated by Henry George's Progress and Poverty, and when Davitt came to New York, in June, 1882, to enlist the people here against landlordism in Ireland, Dr. McGlynn told him that "the new gospel was not only for Ireland, England, and Scotland, but for America too." Henry George shortly afterward paid him a visit, which was the beginning of an intimate friendship. When Cardinal Simeoni, head of the Propaganda in Rome, notified Cardinal McCloskey, in the autumn of 1882, to require from Dr. McGlynn a condemnation of his teachings, the doctor published in the

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New York Tablet an explanation which was a justification of them, but, by an agreement with Cardinal McCloskey, he refrained from land league meetings. In the autumn of 1886 he took an earnest interest in Henry George's candidacy for the mayoralty of New York, and he was announced to speak at the opening meeting of the campaign, in Chickering Hall, on Sept. 30. Archbishop Corrigan sent him a private prohibition from attending this meeting, but he excused himself because of his public engagement to speak. The archbishop thereupon suspended him for two weeks. summons from Cardinal Simeoni to go to Rome, he replied that his poor health prevented this, but he reiterated the strongest expression of his teaching of the land theory. Archbishop Corrigan renewed the suspension, and in January, 1887, summarily removed him from St. Stephen's. Later, in March, 1887, being assured by Cardinal Gibbons, then in Rome, that neither the Pope nor Cardinal Simeoni had passed judgment on him, but invited him to go to Rome, he agreed to go if reinstated. By a misunderstanding, this message was not properly delivered, and the Pope, persuaded that he absolutely refused, ordered Dr. McGlynn's excommunication to take effect if within forty days he did not go to Rome. time elapsed on July 2, 1887. This excommunication for his supposed contumacy lasted till Dec. 23, 1892, when the Pope's delegate, Mgr. Satolli, released him from it, after Dr. McGlynn had submitted to him the exposition of his economical teaching, which was declared to contain nothing contrary to Catholic faith. Dr. McGlynn, on March 29, 1887, had made an address on The Cross of the New Crusade, which led to the formation of the Anti-Poverty Society for the spreading of his theories of political economy. This society held meetings in the Academy of Music and Cooper Institute on Sunday evenings till the end of January, 1893, at which Dr. McGlynn gave a series of eloquent explanations of the theory, mainly in its relations to the brotherhood of men as founded on the fatherhood of God. By his own wish, Dr. McGlynn was not attached for some time to any parish, that he might be free to lecture, but in the beginning of 1895 he was assigned by Archbishop Corrigan to the rectorship of St. Mary's parish, in Newburg, where he zealously exercised the duties of the sacred ministry till his death. Dr. McGlynn gave proofs of his great knowledge and wonderful command of language in his sermons, addresses, and lectures, none of which were written. His charity was unbounded; his sympathy with distress made him give his all for its relief.

McNair, Frederick Vallette, naval officer, born in Jenkintown, Pa., Jan. 13, 1839; died in Washington, D. C., Nov. 28, 1900. He was graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1857; made passed midshipman, June 25, 1860; promoted master, Oct. 24, 1860; lieutenant, April 18, 1861; lieutenant commander, April 20, 1864; commander, Jan. 29, 1872; captain, Oct. 30, 1883; commodore, May 10, 1895; and rear-admiral, July 3, 1898. His first service was on the frigate Minnesota; later he served in China and in the East India service. In 1859 he was attached to the coast survey steamer Varuna. In 1861 he was transferred to the Iroquois, of the Western Gulf squadron, and participated in the bombardment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, the capture of New Orleans, passage both ways of the Vicksburg batteries, and the destruction of the Confederate ram Arkansas. From October, 1862, till February, 1863, he was executive officer of the Juniata, and from February till August, 1863, he