ington. In 1866 he was sent by the New York Tribune to report the Austro-Prussian War, but was too late in the field. He remained abroad to report the Paris Exposition of 1867. Before going abroad he married a daughter of William Lloyd Garrison. From 1868 till 1871 he was secretary of the Social Science Association in Boston. He resigned in 1871 to travel in Germany. He returned to this country in 1873, and bought for the German bondholders the property of the Oregon and California Railroad Company and the Öregon Steamship Company. He also became a member of a Frankfort committee of Kansas Pacific Railroad bondholders, and in 1875, with C. S. Greeley, of St. Louis, became receiver of the property. By means of a so-called blind pool of $20,000,000 he formed the Oregon and Transcontinental, which acquired control of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company and the Northern Pacific, and in September, 1881, he was elected president of the Northern Pacific. In 1884 the companies in which he was interested became so involved that there was a collapse, in which he suffered heavily. Mr. Villard returned to Germany, where he formed new financial relations which enabled him to repair his fortunes, and in three years came back to the United States. In October, 1889, he became chairman of the Board of Directors of the Northern Pacific, which place he held until the panic of 1893. He gave aid to Edison, the inventor, and in 1890 he purchased from the latter the Edison Lamp Company of Newark and the Edison Machine Works at Schenectady, from which he organized the Edison General Electric Company, serving as its president for two years. In 1881 he purchased a controlling interest in the Evening Post and the Nation, and placed Edwin L. Godkin and Horace White at their head. Mr. Villard made many gifts to educational and charitable institutions.

Vincent, James, actor, born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1846; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Aug. 12, 1900. He made his first appearance at the old Olympic Theater, New York, Jan. 2, 1874, and was for several years a member of the vaudeville company which occupied that house. June 6, 1879, at the Lyceum Theater, New York, he began a long engagement with Rice's Evangeline, in which he played King Boorobola Gah. Oct. 12, 1880, he began an engagement with Henry Jarrett's company, playing Cinderella at Booth's Theater, New York. In the season of 1884-'85 he was a member of H. C. Miner's Silver King company. From 1886 to 1890 he supported Pat Rooney in the latter's plays, and for the later years he was a member of Andrew Mack's company. His last appearance was in the rôle of Andy McCue in The Rebel, at Providence, May 19, 1900.

Wallace, Robert B., soldier, born in Illinois; died at Fort Huachuca, Arizona, March 13, 1900. He was graduated at West Point, June 12, 1890, and assigned to the 2d Cavalry as second lieutenant; promoted first lieutenant, Jan. 4, 1897. In the war with Spain he assisted in the organization of the 1st Montana Volunteers, was commissioned lieutenant colonel of that regiment, and accompanied it to the Philippines. He was severely wounded in the action at Caloocan, Feb. 10, 1899. He was made brevet colonel of volunteers and brevet captain and major, United States army, for services at the battles in front of Manila, Feb. 5 and 10, 1899, and at the crossing of the Rio Grande de la Pampagna, April 27, 1899. Later he was appointed colonel of the 37th Regiment, United States Volunteer Infantry, which he commanded till Sept. 25, 1899, when he was compelled to return to the United States on sick leave.

Walworth, Clarence Alphonsus, clergyman, born in Plattsburg, N. Y., May 30, 1820; died in Albany, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1900. He was the eldest son of Chancellor Walworth, and was graduated at Union College in 1838. After studying law he practiced his profession in Rochester a few years, and then entered the General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church in New York city, but before completing his studies he became a Roman Catholic and entered the order of Redemptorists. He studied for the priesthood in Belgium, and then, after two years of church work in England, he returned to the United States. With Father Hecker and others he founded the order of Paulists in 1858. He was subsequently transferred to the secular priesthood, and after serving for a short time as pastor of Saint Peter's Church, Troy, N. Y., assumed in 1868 the charge of Saint Mary's Church, Albany, and was its pastor at the time of his death. He was active in the temperance cause, was a practical geologist, and was especially well versed in the geology of his native State. He published The Gentle Skeptic, The Doctrine of Hell, and Andiatorocte (1888).

Warner, Charles Dudley, author, born in Plainfield, Mass., Sept. 12, 1829; died in Hartford, Conn., Oct. 20, 1900. His father, Justus Warner, who was of Puritan stock and a man of culture, died when Charles was four years of age. Charles inherited his father's taste for literature, but in his early boyhood he had access only to Calvinistic treatises, biblical commentaries, and the biographies of austere divines. At the age of twelve he became a member of his uncle's household at Cazenovia,

Madison County, N. Y., and there he pursued his classical studies until he entered Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y., at which institution he was graduated in 1851, having won the first prize in English. While an undergraduate he had contributed to The Knickerbocker and Putnam's Magazine. Shortly after leaving college he prepared A Book of Eloquence, a compilation for the use of school children, which displayed his keen critical judgment. Although his inclinations were toward a literary career, he spent a year, 1853-54, with a surveying party on the Missouri frontier. On his return to the East he entered the law school of the University of Pennsylvania, where he was graduated in 1856, and began the practice of his profession in Chicago. He married in that year Susan, daughter of William Eliot Lee, of New York, who survives him. In 1860, at the solicitation of Gen. Joseph R. Hawley, who had known him at school and college, Mr. Warner took up his residence in Hartford, Conn., to aid in the publication of the Press, a Republican evening newspaper. When Gen. Hawley went to the front in the following year Mr. Warner assumed control of the paper. In 1867 the press was consolidated with the Courant, a morning journal, of which Mr. Warner became part owner. He had traveled extensively in this country when, in 1868, he first went to Europe, remaining there for fourteen months. His bright and entertaining letters to the Courant won instant success, and were widely quoted. Mr. Warner's writings as a tourist are among his most popular works. He spent a large part

of his life in wanderings through the United States, Mexico, Europe, and the Orient, and his keenness of observation, charm of style, and everpresent humor will give his books of travel a permanent place in their class. My Summer in a Garden, the book that first brought fame to Mr. Warner, appeared in 1870. It was made up of a series of papers that had appeared in the Courant, and the public at once recognized the fascination of its gentle humor and sane philosophy. In 1877 Mr. Warner's Being a Boy, a realistic and amusing picture of rural life in a Calvinistic New England community, was published, and added much to the reputation that he had already won from his My Summer in a Garden and Backlog Studies, published in 1872. In 1884 Mr. Warner became co-editor of Harper's Magazine, and for many years he conducted the Editor's Drawer, a department of the magazine, and was for a time in charge of the Editor's Study. Several of his books were published serially in the magazine, and he was a frequent contributor of essays, stories, and sketches of travel. Mr. Warner's was a many-sided nature, his points of contrast with life being more numerous than is usual with the professional man of letters. The late George William Curtis, referring to American authors, asks: "Shall they be stoled priests ministering always at the high altar, with their gorgeous backs to the people, or apostles going into many lands and homes, bearing gifts of healing for the sorrows and wants of to-day?" For the relief of these sorrows and wants Mr. Warner strove not only in words, but in deeds. The education of the Southern negro and the reform of abuses in our prisons were incentives to much of the activity of his latter years. The reader of Mr. Warner's works can not fail to be impressed by the author's common sense, a misnamed quality that served him well in his untiring endeavors as a social scientist. Bookish and scholarly although he was, he was also a practical man of affairs, as is proved by the many places of honor and trust that he occupied. Mr. Warner was a vice-president of the Egypt Exploration Fund of England, a member of the Park Board of Hartford, Conn., one of the Connecticut Commission on Sculpture, and a trustee of the Wadsworth Athenæum. He was a member of the Century, the Authors', and the Players' Clubs of New York, the Authors' and the Tavern Clubs of Boston, and the Colonial Club of Hartford. He was a vice-president of the National Prison Congress, and president of the American Social Science Association. He received the degree of A. M. from Yale in 1872, and from Dartmouth and Hamilton in 1884. Hamilton gave him the degree of L. H. D. in 1886, and Princeton conferred the same degree in 1896. He received the degree of D. C. L. from the University of the South in 1889. The list of Mr. Warner's published works is as follows: A Book of Eloquence (1853); My Summer in a Garden (1870); Saunterings (1872); Backlog Studies (1872); The Gilded Age (with S. L. Clemens, 1873); Baddeck, and That Sort of Thing (1874); Mummies and Moslems (1876; reissued under the title My Winter on the Nile); In the Levant (1877); Being a Boy (1877); In the Wilderness (1878); The American Newspaper (1879); Studies of Irving (with W. C. Bryant and George P. Putnam, 1880); Life of Washington Irving (1881); edited American Men of Letters, of which his Irving was the initial volume; Captain John Smith, Sometime Governor of Virginia and Admiral of New England: A Study of his Life and Writings (1881); A Roundabout Journey (1883); Papers on Penology (with

others; Reformatory Press, Elmira, N. Y., 1886); Their Pilgrimage (1886); On Horseback: A Tour in Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, Published with Notes of Travel in Mexico and California (1888); Studies in the South and West, with Comments on Canada (1889); A Little Journey in the World: A Novel (1889); Looking Forward: The Dual Government Realized (1890); Our Italy, Southern California (1890); As We Were Saying (1891); Washington Irving (1892); The Work of Washington Irving (1893); As We Go (1893); The Golden House: A Novel (1894); The Relation of Literature to Life (1896); and The People for Whom Shakespeare Wrote (1897). He edited A Library of the World's Best Literature (1896–’98). Watson, James Madison, author, born in Onondaga Hill, N. Y., Feb. 8, 1827; died in Elizabeth, N. J., Sept. 29, 1900. At the age of sixteen he was teaching in a district school in Oswego County, New York. He gave up teaching to study law, and in 1853 was admitted to the bar at Albany, N. Y. Later he became connected with the publishing house of A. S. Barnes & Co., and was the author of many of their school text-books. Among his published works are a notable series of readers, with Richard Green Parker (1858); The Complete Speller (1878); Handbook of Calisthenics and Gymnastics (1879); and The Graphic Speller (1884).

Wells, Henry Horatio, lawyer, born in Rochester, N. Y., Sept. 17, 1823; died in Palmyra, N. Y., Feb. 12, 1900. He was educated at Romeo Academy, Michigan, studied law in Detroit, and was admitted to the bar in 1846. From 1854 till 1856 he was a member of the Michigan Legislature. In September, 1862, he became colonel of the 26th Michigan Regiment. In February, 1863, he was made provost marshal general of the defenses south of the Potomac, which office he held till the close of the war. In May, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier general of volunteers. After the assassination of President Lincoln he took part in the investigation that preceded the capture of the conspirators, and was associate counsel in the proceedings against Jefferson Davis for treason. Late in 1865 he settled in Richmond, and, April 16, 1868, was appointed Provisional Governor of Virginia. In 1869 he was defeated as the Republican candidate for Governor of the State under its new Constitution. In 1871-72 he was United States attorney for the eastern district of Virginia, and from 1875 till 1880 was United States attorney for the District of Columbia.

Westlake, William, inventor, born in Cornwall, England, in 1831; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1900. He came to the United States in 1847, and worked as a roller boy in the office of The Evening Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Later he served an apprenticeship as a tinsmith. He was employed by Capt. Ericsson to make the patterns and models for his first hot-air engine. Later he entered the employ of the La Crosse and Milwaukee Railroad Company, and there began the series of inventions that made him famous. These include the Westlake car heater, which dumps the fire in case of accident; the globe lantern, patented in 1862; the oil cook stove in 1865; and the stove board in 1869. The first practical car lamp was perfected by him in 1873. He retired with a competency in 1883, from which time he lived in Brooklyn; while in retirement he invented several articles of general utility.

Willey, Waitman T., lawyer, born in Monongalia County, West Virginia, Oct. 18, 1811; died in Morgantown, W. Va., May 2, 1900. He was graduated at Madison College in 1831, and was

the place of assistant librarian, and where he spent thirteen years. At the end of that time he entered the house of Charles Scribner's Sons as an expert at the head of the library department. Here he carried on an extensive system of correspondence with the managers of small libraries in all parts of the country, who constantly sought his advice as to the choice and purchase of books. His knowledge of books was extensive, intimate, and accurate, not of the titles only, but of the character and contents as well, and of their rank as authorities. On one occasion the proprietor of a large publishing house told him that a customer had asked for the best books on a certain subject, but neither he nor any of his clerks could tell what they were or where they were to be had. Mr. Wing immediately gave the titles of the books required, and added, "You published them yourself, in such and such a year," mentioning the exact dates. In May, 1899, he was appointed chief librarian of the Free Circulating Libraries of New York city. He was a founder of the Booksellers' League, and was active in the work of the Good Government clubs and the Citizens' Union. He lived and died in the house that was the home of Mrs. Parton (Fanny Fern) in her last years.

Wingard, Henry S., theologian, born in 1844; died in Springfield, Ga., Dec. 1, 1899. He was educated at Newberry, S. C., and labored for many years in various Lutheran parishes in South Carolina and Georgia. Newberry College conferred on him the degree of D. D. He was a contributor to the Church periodicals and held many places of honor and trust in the synods to which he belonged. At the time of his death he was vice-president of the United Synod of the South and president of the Board of Directors of the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Mount Pleasant, Charleston, S. C.

Wise, Isaac Mayer, rabbi, born in Steingrub, Bohemia, April 3, 1819; died in Cincinnati, Ohio, March 26, 1900. He was graduated at the University of Prague and at the Jewish Theological Seminary there, and took charge of a congregation in Radnitz, Bohemia. He came to the United States in 1846. His first charge was the Congregation Beth El, at Albany, N. Y. He also opened a school in that city for the purpose of Americanizing the Jews. He attempted to reform Judaism, and, on account of his utterances, was compelled by the orthodox element to withdraw from his Albany charge. He then founded an independent congregation. In April, 1854, he removed to Cincinnati to take charge of the Congregation B'nai Jeshurun, which place he held until his death. In July, 1854, he established the Israelite, now called the American Israelite, a weekly paper, and in 1855 Die Deborah, a German weekly. In 1873 he was largely instrumental in the organization of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations. He established the Hebrew Union College, from which the first class was graduated in 1883. After many vain efforts to establish a synod, he finally succeeded in 1889 in organizing the Central Conference of American Rabbis, which meets annually. He served six years on

the Cincinnati school board. His published works include Combat of the People; First of the Maccabees; History of the Jews of the First Commonwealth; Essence of Judaism (1860); Prayerbook and Book of Hymns (1868); Origin of Christianity (1870); Judaism, its Doctrines and Duties (1872); The Martyrdom of Jesus of Nazareth (1874); The Cosmic God (1876); The History of the Hebrews' Second Commonwealth (1880); Moses, the Man and the Statesman (1883); Judaism and Christianity: Their Agreements and Disagreements (1883); A Defense of Judaism versus Proselytizing Christianity (1889); and Pronaos to Holy Writ (1891).

Wittenmyer, Annie (Turner), reformer, born in Sandy Springs, Ohio, Aug. 26, 1827; died in Sanatoga, Pa., Feb. 2, 1900. She was the daughter of John G. Turner, and in 1847 married William Wittenmyer. In 1850 she removed to Keokuk, Iowa, where she engaged in charity work and opened a free school. When the civil war broke out she became Iowa's volunteer agent to distribute supplies, and she was the first sanitary agent of the State elected by its Legislature. She was under fire at Pittsburg Landing and Vicksburg. She introduced a special diet kitchen in army hospitals, for which she was commended by President Lincoln. In 1863 she established the Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport, Iowa, and later was a promoter of the Pennsylvania Memorial Home for Soldiers. She was the first president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and also a prominent member of the Woman's Relief Corps. She was the founder of the Christian Woman, and also the Christian Child, and served for a time as associate editor of Home and Country. She published Handbook of the Woman's National Christian Temperance Union (1878); History of the Woman's Christian Temperance Crusade (1882); Women of the Reformation (1885); and Under the Guns (1895).

Wolcott, Roger, lawyer, born in Boston, Mass., July 13, 1847; died there, Dec. 21, 1900. He was a great-grandson of Oliver Wolcott, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence and a Governor of Connecticut. He was graduated at Harvard University in 1870, being the orator of his class, and at Harvard Law School in 1874. The same year he was admitted to the bar. He practiced law but little, his time being chiefly occupied with his duties as trustee of various estates. He was a member of the city council from 1877 till 1879. In 1882 he was elected to the Legislature, serving three terms, and there he won distinction both for his constructive ability and his oratorical talents. He was a Republican in politics, but in 1884 he supported the nomination of Grover Cleveland for the presidency. In 1885, however, he was recognized by the Boston Republicans and sent as a delegate to the State convention. From 1893 till 1896 he was Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, and he became Governor after the death of Gov. Greenhalge, March 5, 1896. In November, 1896, he was elected Governor, and in 1897 and 1898 was re-elected. In 1899 he was offered the ambassadorship to Italy, but declined it. He was the first president of the Massachusetts Republican Club, an overseer of Harvard University, and a trustee of the Massachusetts General Hospital. He received the degree of LL. D. from Williams College. See portrait in the Annual Cyclopædia for 1897, page 501.

Wood, Benjamin, journalist, born in Shelbyville, Ky., Oct. 13, 1820; died in New York city, Feb. 21, 1900. He received a common-school education. When a young man ne shipped as a sailor

and led an adventurous life till he finally settled in business in New York city. In a few years he accumulated a fortune. In the presidential campaign of 1860 he bought the New York Daily News, and used it in support of Stephen A. Douglas. Mr. Wood was elected to Congress in 1860 and 1862. He was what was termed a Copperhead, and as such was offensive to the Union men. The issue of the Daily News was suppressed by the Federal authorities from December, 1861, till May, 1863. In 1866 he was elected to the New York State Senate. In 1880 he was again elected to Congress. In April, 1867, he changed the Daily News from a morning to an evening paper, and in 1870 he began the German Daily News, and in 1872 the German Sunday News. These papers had a long career of prosperity. In November, 1898, he sold his stock to his wife, but continued to perform the duties of editor in chief till a week before his death.

Young, Alfred, clergyman, born in Bristol, England, in 1831; died in New York city, April 4, 1900. He was graduated at Princeton College in 1848, and at the medical department of the University of New York in 1852. In 1850 he embraced the Roman Catholic faith. He practiced medicine for a year, and in 1853 went to Paris, where he studied for the priesthood at the Seminary of St. Sulpice. He was ordained a priest in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Newark, N. J., Aug. 24, 1856. In 1857 he was vice-president of Seton Hall College; he was afterward rector of the Roman Catholic Church at Princeton, and later at Trenton. In 1861 he was received as a member of the newly founded Paulist community, and became a missionary of great zeal. He was a musician, and composed many devotional hymns; he was enthusiastic in restoring the Gregorian chant for the entire services of the Roman Catholic Church, and trained a choir of men and boys to render it in the Church of St. Paul the Apostle in New York city. He was the author of The Complete Sodality Hymn Book (New York, 1863); The Office of Vespers (1869); The Catholic Hymnal (1884); Carols for a Merry Christmas and a Joyous Easter (2 vols., 1885-'86); Catholic Hymns and Canticles (1888); and Catholic and Protestant Countries Compared (1895).

OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. Acland, Sir Henry, an English sanitarian, born in 1815; died in Oxford, Oct. 16, 1900. He was a younger son of a baronet of ancient family, and was sent to Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford, where he took the degree of doctor of medicine in 1840. He was elected a fellow of All Souls, was reader in anatomy at Christ Church from 1845 to 1854, and in conjunction with Prof. Beale gathered the collection of physiological studies that now forms part of the university museum which he and Dean Liddell brought into existence. When the School of Natural Science was founded he was chosen an examiner, an easy office until the study of science took root in Oxford. In 1857 he succeeded Dr. Ogle in the medical professorships of the university, the clinical and the regius. He was also Radcliffe librarian and curator of the Bodleian Library and of the university galleries, being himself an artist. As an expert in sanitary science he was appointed a member of the Royal Sanitary Commission in 1869, having previously worked on the Cubic Space Commission. In the British Medical Association, the Social Science Congress, and the British Association he took a prominent part. He accompanied the Prince of Wales on his visit to America, and was president of the General Medical Council in 1874-87. He published a tract on Village Health, and con

tributed many articles to the press on hygienic and sanitary questions. He took an active interest in sending female physicians to India, in the public health of Egypt, and in medical missions in Asia and Africa.

Adenis de Colombeau, Jules, a French dramatist, born in Paris, June 28, 1823; died there in 1900. He was educated at the Collège Bourbon, and entered upon a mercantile career, which he soon abandoned for dramatic writing. His first work was a piece in one act, Le Fils du Bonnetier, played at the Théâtre Comté, Paris, in 1841. He wrote generally in collaboration with others, and the titles of his principal works are: Une Nuit Orageuse, first played at the Vaudeville, Paris, Sept. 18, 1852; Ne Touchez pas à la Hache, Folies-Dramatiques, April 15, 1854; O! le Meilleur des Pères, Variétés, June 23, 1854; Philanthropie et Repentir, Variétés, April 25, 1855; Trop Beau pour Rien Faire, Bouffes, Feb. 9, 1856; Une Femme qui n'y est pas, May 3, 1856; Une Bonne pour Tout Faire, Déjazet, March 16, 1860; La Bouquetière de Trianon, Théâtre St. Germain, Nov. 24, 1864; La Folie Fille de Perth, Théâtre Lyrique, Dec. 26, 1867; L'Officier de Fortune, Ambigu, Sept. 11, 1874; and La Fée des Bruyères, Alcazar, Brussels, Feb. 27, 1878. He was also author of several novels.

Adye, Sir John Miller, a British soldier, born in 1819; died in Rothbury, Northumberland, Aug. 26, 1900. His father and grandfather were officers of artillery, and he was sent to Woolwich at an early age, and entered the corps of royal artillery in 1836. In 1843 he was appointed adjutant at Dublin. In 1848, when in command of the artillery detachment at the Tower, he prepared for a Chartist uprising in London. He was brigade major in the Crimean War, and when Gen. Cator's health failed it fell to him to discuss artillery maneuvers with Lord Raglan. He was promoted major, and took part in the battles of Alma, Balaklava, and Inkerman, and in the siege of Sebastopol. On the outbreak of the Indian mutiny in 1857 he went out as assistant adjutant general, saw plenty of fighting, and when it was over he remained nine years, commanded the artillery in Bombay, was in active service on the Afghan frontier and in the Bhutan campaign, and in the intervals of warfare enjoyed the sports of India. He was appointed director of artillery at the War Office four years after his return to England, was associated with the changes in administration and the conditions of service made by Lord Cardwell, received the order of knighthood in 1873, and in 1875 was made governor of the Woolwich Academy. In 1880 Mr. Gladstone appointed him surveyor general of ordnance. În 1882 he left the War Office to serve as chief of staff in Sir Garnet Wolseley's Egyptian expedition, the success of which was partly due to his assistance. After filling the post of Governor of Gibraltar for four years, he retired from active service. He published accounts of some of the campaigns in which he had a part, also a volume on Indian frontier policy, and in the leisure of his later years he produced a book of Recollections of a Military Life.

Ahmed ben Musa, Grand Vizier of Morocco, died May 13, 1900. His father was a Grand Vizier, and he himself in the reign of Mulai el Hassan held the post of Lord Chamberlain while Sid el Haj Amaati was Vizier. He had freer access to the Sultan at all times than the Vizier. the Sultan died while on an expedition against revolted tribes, he and a few slaves knew of the death, and he brought the corpse back to the coast in a closed palanquin, issuing orders to the

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