with honors and gifts by the Sultan. Twice afterward he was recalled to the post of Minister of War. Osman Pasha published a history of the defense of Plevna, containing curious public and private documents relating to that celebrated feat of arms. He retired from the Ministry of War in 1885 and was appointed Grand Marshal of the Palace and kept away from the army, as has been the fate of all great Turkish generals.

Palacio, Andueza, ex-President of Venezuela, died in August, 1900. He was carried into the presidency by the Liberal party in 1890, and in 1892 his Government was overturned by a revolution headed by Gen. Crespo, who was the victim of a counter-revolution in 1898. This brought the Liberals again into power, and in the first Čabinet formed by President Cipriano Castro the exiled Palacio, on his return from Paris, received the portfolio of Foreign Affairs. He ceased to be a minister shortly before his death, and was about to depart on a mission to Europe.

Pellechet, Marie Catherine Helene, a French bibliographer, born in Paris in 1840; died at Marly-le-Roi, near Paris, Dec. 11, 1900. Her interest in bibliography manifested itself early, and her later years were entirely devoted to the scientific study of incunabula. Mlle. Pellechet was held in the highest esteem by all French scholars for her literary attainments, and was an honorary librarian of the Bibliothèque Nationale. She published Notes sur les Livres Liturgiques des Diocèses d'Autun, Chalon, et Mâcon (Paris, 1883); Catalogue des Incunables de la Bibliothèque de Dijon (Dijon, 1886); Notes sur des Imprimeurs du Comtat-Venaissin et de la Principauté d'Orange et Catalogue des Livres imprimés par eux, qui se trouvent à Bibliothèque de Carpentras (1887); Catalogue des Incunables et des Livres Imprimés de la Bibliothèque Publique de Versailles de MD a MDXX (1889); Catalogue des Livres de la Bibliothèque d'un Chanoine d'Autun: Claude Guilliaud, 1495-1551 (1890); Alphabet des Imprimeurs du XV Siècle (1893); Catalogue des Incunables des Bibliothèques de Lyon (Lyons, 1893); Catalogue des Incunables de la Bibliothèque de la Ville de Colmar (1895); Une Association d'Imprimeurs Parisiens au XV Siècle (1897); Catalogue Général des Incunables des Bibliothèques Publiques de France. The last named was her chief work, and the first volume was issued in 1897.

Pellieux, Gen. de, a French soldier, born in 1842; died in Quimper, July 15, 1900. He held one of the highest posts in the general staff from the beginning of the Dreyfus affair, and was one of those chiefly responsible for the prevention of a revision of the trial of 1894. He had charge of the first investigation of Major Esterhazy, and systematically suppressed evidence against that officer. In the Zola trial and in the second Dreyfus trial at Rennes he preserved the same attitude, and made every effort to save Gen. de Boisdeffre and Gen. Gonse. When the reaction came he was one of the first generals to fall into disgrace.

Peter, Grand Duke of Oldenburg, born July 8, 1827; died in Rastede, June 13, 1900. He was the son and heir of the Grand-Duke August, who died Feb. 27, 1853. One of the most liberal constitutions in Germany came into operation at the dawn of the young grand duke's reign, and under the guidance of excellent ministers who possessed his full confidence the land was developed on a liberal basis, the communes receiving extensive powers of self-government, roads and railroads being promoted, the system of education being brought up to a high standard, and great attention being bestowed by the Government on the im

provement of agriculture. The grand duke was a benefactor to art and literature. He was a furtherer of German unity under Prussian headship, rejecting overtures from Denmark. His successor is Friedrich August, who enters on his reign at the age of forty-seven.

Pickersgill, Frederick Richard, an English artist, born in London in 1820; died at Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, Dec. 27, 1900. He was the son of a painter of note, and a nephew of H. W. Pickersgill, royal academician, and studied under Witherington and at the Royal Academy. His earliest work, The Brazen Age, was exhibited in 1839, and in 1841 his Combat of Hercules attracted much attention. He gained a prize at the cartoon exhibition at Westminster Hall in 1843 with The Death of King Lear, and in 1847 a prize of £500 for The Burial of Harold, which was purchased at a similar amount for the Houses of Parliament. He became a royal academician in 1858. Between 1839 and 1875 he exhibited 50 paintings at the Royal Academy, of which he was keeper in 1875-'87. After resigning his office of keeper he lived in retirement on the Isle of Wight.

Pinto, Alexandre Alberto da Rocha Serpa, a Portuguese explorer, born at the Tendaes, Portugal, April 20, 1846; died in Lisbon, Dec. 28, 1900. He studied at the Royal Military College in Lisbon, and entered the 7th Infantry Regiment in 1863, becoming ensign the next year. In 1877 he reached the rank of major, and three years later was made aid-de-camp to the King. He crossed the continent of Africa in 1877-79 from Benguela to Durban, and his narrative of the exploit, entitled How I Crossed Africa, has been translated into many languages. Major Pinto received gold medals of the first class from the geographical societies of London, Paris, Antwerp, Rome, and Marseilles.

Pole, William, an English civil engineer, born in Birmingham, April 22, 1814; died in London, Dec. 30, 1900. He was articled to a civil engineer of his native town, and after the expiration of his time was occupied for several years in gas works construction and ventilating and heating projects. In 1840 he became an associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers. He was Professor of Civil Engineering at Elphinstone College, Bombay, in 1844-47, and filled the same chair at University College, London, in 1859-'67, as well as that of lecturer at the Royal Engineers' Establishment at Chatham for the latter period. He subsequently was secretary to various royal commissions, such as those on water supply and the pollution of the Thames, and was one of the gas referees for the metropolis in 1870-'90. He was honorary secretary to the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1865'96, Fellow of the Royal Society from 1861, and its vice-president in 1876 and 1889. He was a learned musician and musical critic, although he composed but little. He was an authority on whist and a specialist in precious stones. His writings include A Treatise on the Cornish Pumping Engine (1844); The High-pressure Engine, from the German of E. Alban (1858); The Status of Civil Engineers in the United Kingdom and Foreign Countries (1870); Iron as a Material of Construction (1872); Life of Sir William Fairbairn (1877); The Story of Mozart's Requiem (1879); The Philosophy of Music (1879); The Philosophy of Whist (1884); Whist (1891); The Evolution of Whist (1891).

Puttkamer, Robert Victor von, a Prussian statesman, born in 1830; died in Karzin, March 15, 1900. He was the son of the president of the province of Posen. He belonged to a family that has furnished many Prussian officials, and as a

relative and friend of Bismarck his own rise was extremely rapid. He was a strong Conservative, and a prominent member of the party in the German Reichstag, to which he was first elected in 1874. He was president of the provincial government of Silesia when in July, 1879, he was called to succeed Dr. Falk as Minister of Education and Worship, and carry out the details of the compact which Prince Bismarck had made with the Clericals in order to gain their support for his economical and financial schemes. His measure enabling vacant sees and pastorates to be filled did not go far enough to satisfy the Clericals, but too far to please the Liberals. When Count Botho Eulenburg resigned from the Ministry of the Interior on Feb. 27, 1881, Herr von Puttkamer succeeded to that post, and from the beginning he was the target for shafts from the whole Left, which looked upon him as the bringer of reaction and the instrument for carrying out official coercion in elections. When he proceeded with energy, not only to apply the Socialist law against the Socialists and for the prevention of public meetings in Berlin, but to drill the provincial officials into active advocates of the policy of the Government in the spirit of an edict issued by Wilhelm I and in accordance with the views and intentions of the Imperial Chancellor, the Radical leaders constantly assailed him in the severest terms, and he replied with an invective as keen, which rankled the more because it was delivered in an imperturbable, contemptuous tone. He frankly avowed the abuses which they charged, intimating that he was carrying out the King's wishes. The Puttkamer crisis came after Friedrich succeeded to the throne on March 9, 1888. Eugen Richter, on May 26, delivered a speech exposing the methods of influencing elections to the Reichstag that the Minister of the Interior had introduced. The minister at once presented to the new Emperor a memorial defending his conduct. The Emperor expressed strong displeasure at what had taken place to bring about the election of Conservative candidates, and Puttkamer immediately resigned, and the resignation was accepted, whether with the acquiescence of Bismarck, who had been the sponsor, if not the author, of the Puttkamer system, or against his advice, it is not certainly known. Wilhelm II, who came to the throne on June 15, 1888, was expected to recall the disgraced minister, but he contented himself with appointing him chief president of the province of Pomerania.

Queensberry, Marquis of, a British sportsman, born in 1844; died in London, Jan. 31, 1900. He was the son of the seventh marquis, and succeeded his father at the age of fourteen. His contentions with his successive wives and other relatives, his positive and combative declarations in favor of agnosticism and free thought, and other manifestations of a vigorous mind and militant spirit gave him a reputation for eccentricity. He served in the navy in early life, but afterward did none of the things regarded as commendable in a nobleman. After sitting in the House of Lords as a Scottish representative peer from 1872 till 1880 he was not re-elected, but his son, Lord Kelhead, who died in 1894, was created a peer of the United Kingdom. Lord Queensberry was known among sporting men as the author of the rules of the prize ring that bear his name, and as one of the highest authorities on boxing.

Ratisbonne, Louis Fortune Gustave, a French man of letters, born in Strasburg, July 29, 1827; died in Paris, Sept. 24, 1900. He contributed hundreds of literary and other articles

to the Débats, but his fame rests upon his poems for children, his work partaking somewhat of the character of both Lewis Carroll's and Robert Louis Stevenson's in the latter's Child's Garden of Verses. As a writer of verse for children he was excelled by no French author of his time. He published three collections of prose essaysImpressions Littéraires (1855); Morts et Vivants: Nouvelles Impressions Littéraires (1860); Auteurs et Livres (1868); a translation of Dante's Divina Commedia (1859); Hero et Léandre, a drama (1859); and the following books of verse: Au Printemps de la Vie (1857); La Comédie Enfantine (1860); Dernières Scènes de la Comédie Enfantine (1862); Les Figures Jeunes (1866); Les Petits Hommes (1868); Les Petites Femmes (1871); Les Grandes Ombres (1900). Ratisbonne was appointed librarian at Fontainebleau in succession to Octave Feuillet, and was transferred later to the Palais du Luxembourg.

Reeves, Sims (John Sims Reeves), an English singer, born at Shooter's Hill, Kent, England, Oct. 21, 1822; died in Worthing, Sussex, Oct. 25, 1900. He came first before the public as a singer when eight years of age in local concerts. His first studies of music were made under his father, who was a church organist. The vicar of the parish taught him French and Italian, and at the age of fourteen he became organist and choirmaster of the church at North Cray, Kent. His first appearance on the stage was at Newcastleon-Tyne in December, 1839, as the gypsy boy in Guy Mannering, and his success secured for him a continuous engagement. After a few months of work in the provinces, during which he was known by the stage name of Johnson, in 1841 he secured an engagement as second tenor at Drury Lane Theater, then under the management of William C. Macready. He first came into note on account of his singing of the song Come if You Dare in the opera of King Arthur. After two seasons at Drury Lane, Reeves went to Paris and studied for some months under Signor Bordogni, then to Milan, where he was under the tutelage of Mazzucato. He was invited to sing at La Scala, and made his début there as Edgardo in Lucia di Lammermoor in 1845. After a season of success in this and other Italian theaters he returned to England, and in December, 1847, made a triumphant début in English opera at Drury Lane in his favorite Edgardo. Hector Berlioz, who was the orchestral conductor of the theater, wrote of him: "He has a charming voice of an essentially distinguished and sympathetic character; he is a very good musician, and his face is very attractive." Early in 1848 Reeves made his first appearance in oratorio as Judas Maccabæus, under the direction of John Hullah at Exeter Hall, London. He next joined the company at Her Majesty's Theater, where he made a great success as Carlo in Linda di Chamouni. In the autumn of the same year he was the principal singer of the Worcester and Norwich musical festivals. Still later in 1848 he achieved great success as Elvino in La Sonnambula in Italian at Covent Garden, and thenceforward he was acknowledged the greatest of English tenors. He sang frequently in Paris at the Théâtre des Italiens, and was almost as much a favorite there as in London. One of his best stage performances was in Macfarren's opera Robin Hood, first produced in London in 1860. From that year he devoted himself principally to oratorio and concert singing. He was always the most notable figure at the Handel festivals in the Crystal Palace. In the winter of 1878-'79 he sang in The Beggar's Opera and The Waterman at Covent Garden

Theater, and renewed his earlier triumphs. As a ballad singer he was wonderfully popular. His rendering of Tom Bowling was unequaled by any in sweetness, pathos, and dramatic skill. As a recognition of his services to English music, Mr. Reeves was, in the last months of his life, placed on the pension roll of the civil list.

Russell, Charles, Baron of Killowen, an English jurist, born in Newry, County Down, Ireland, Nov. 10, 1832; died in London, Aug. 10, 1900. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, where he was more known as an athlete than a student, left to enter a solicitor's office, practiced in Belfast for some time, then entered as a student at Lincoln's Inn, was called to the bar in 1859, and began his career as an advocate in Liverpool, making his way rapidly notwithstanding his hasty temper and some lack of ease and fluency. He became a Queen's counsel in 1872, and came to be recognized as the head of the English bar, who was engaged in almost every important case. His crowning triumph was in the Parnell Commission. He was a parliamentary candidate at Dundalk in 1868, and again in 1874, but was defeated, being a Catholic and an Irishman, though neither an avowed home ruler nor yet a Conservative. In 1880 he was elected as an independent supporter of Mr. Gladstone, and his speeches in support of the compensation for disturbance bill and the land act of 1881, and against the crimes act of Mr. Foster and Sir William Harcourt's more stringent one of 1882, were of great advantage to the Irish party, in the obstructive tactics of which he would have no part, and therefore held himself aloof. He declined a puisne judgeship in 1882, was returned for South Hackney in 1885, supported Mr. Gladstone's home rule policy with powerful effect, and was made Attorney-General in February, 1886, and received the honor of knighthood. In Opposition he made important speeches on the report of the Parnell Commission and other Irish matters, and when Mr. Gladstone formed a Cabinet again in 1892 he became Attorney-General once more. In 1894 he entered the House of Lords as a life peer, and on the death of Lord Coleridge he became Lord Chief Justice of England on July 3 of the same year. He sat as an arbitrator of the Venezuela boundary, and delivered later an address on arbitration before the American Bar Association. In the Bering Sea arbitration and in several others he was counsel for the British Government.

Russell, Henry, an English vocalist and song writer, born at Sheerness, England, Dec. 24, 1813; died in London, Dec. 6, 1900. He was the son of a Hebrew merchant, and in his infancy appeared in Christmas pantomimes. He left England in 1825, and was for a time an outdoor pupil at the Bologna Conservatoire. He afterward settled in Rochester, N. Y., taught piano playing there, and soon became widely known as a composer and singer. He traveled extensively in America, giving monologue entertainments, and returning to England at length, repeated his success there. He retired from the concert stage more than forty years before his death, and opened a moneylending office in London. His songs were extremely popular, and yielded him a large income. They are all wholesome, without any flavor of sickly sentimentality, and have been favorites for two generations. Among the best known are The Ivy Green; The Old Armchair; A Life on the Ocean Wave; Cheer, Boys, Cheer; and Woodman, Spare that Tree. His voice was a heavy baritone of limited compass, but very effective. He published Part Songs, Dramatic Scenes, Cantatas, etc., with Memoir (London, 1846); One Hundred

Songs, Music and Words; Copyright Songs (1860); Treatise on Singing; Cheer, Boys, Cheer, a volume of reminiscences. One of his sons is the well-known novelist William Clark Russell.

Ryle, John Charles, an English clergyman, born in Macclesfield, England, May 16, 1816; died in Lowestoft, June 10, 1900. He was employed for a time in his father's bank, and was a captain in the Cheshife Yeomanry. He was educated at Oxford, and was admitted to orders in 1841. After serving as curate of Exbury in the New Forest, he was successively rector of St. Thomas's Parish, Winchester, 1843; rector of Helmingham, Suffolk, 1841-'61; and vicar of Stradbrooke, Suffolk, from 1861. He was appointed rural dean of Hoxne in 1869, and honorary canon of Norwich in 1871. While dean designate of Salisbury in 1880, he was appointed bishop of the newly created diocese of Liverpool. He had long been known as one of the leaders of the evangelical party in the English Church, but he did not bring about such a complete Low Church triumph as was looked for in some quarters, nor did he especially favor the erection of a cathedral for the new diocese. He considered that the diocese stood in more need of churches and mission rooms than of a cathedral, and while he did nothing to prevent the carrying out of the cathedral scheme, he refrained from actively furthering it. Bishop Ryle published more than 200 tracts, of notable excellence for their terse, epigrammatic expression, which were translated into many European languages as well as into Chinese and Hindustani. His more formal works include Assurance (1850); Home Truths, Series 1-9 (1850-'59); The Young Man's Christian Year (1853); Startling Questions (1853); The Priest, the Puritan, and the Preacher (1855); Plain Speaking, Series One and Two (1855); Expository Thoughts on the Gospels (1856-59); Only One Way of Salvation (1870); Spiritual Songs (1861); Hymns for the Church on Earth; Coming Events and Present Duties (1867); The Bishops and Clergy of Other Days (1868); The Christian Leaders of the Last Century (1868); Expository Thoughts on St. John (1869); Shall we Know One Another in Heaven? (1870); Home Truths, Eighth Series (1872); Knots Untied (1874); Hymn Book for Public Worship (1875); Holiness and Other Subjects; Old Paths (1877); Bible Inspiration: Its Reality and its Nature (1877); Practical Religion (1878; Church Principles and Church Comprehensiveness (1879); Boys and Girls Playing and Other Addresses to Children (1880); Facts and Men (1882); Thoughts on Immortality (1883); Principles for Churchmen (1884); Thoughts and Questions about Holiness (1884); Thoughts on Baptism (1884); Thoughts on Sickness (1884); The Thing as it is: Questions and Answers about the Lord's Supper (1885); Thoughts on Prayer (1885); Thoughts for Young Men from Many Points of View (1886); The Upper Room (1887); Christ and His People (with W. H. Fremantle) (1888); Is All Scripture Inspired? (2d ed., 1898).

Saint Amand, Baron Imbert de, a French historian, born in Paris in 1834; died there, June 22, 1900. He entered the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1855, and rose in the diplomatic service to be a plenipotentiary of the first class in 1882. In 1875 he published a work descriptive of life at the court of Louis XVI, full of interesting details derived from contemporary documents and of glowing sympathetic studies of the royalties and their companions and courtiers. It was entitled Les Femmes de Versailles, and was followed by Les Femmes des Tuileries, dealing with the personages of Napoleon's court with the same

warmth and admiration and a just appreciation of their faults at the same time. Other works followed in the series, one printed in 1899 treating of the court of the third Napoleon in 1860, an additional volume being in press when he died.

Samory, an African chief, died in Libreville, June 2, 1900. Before the advance of the French from Senegal he was the hereditary ruler of the Wassulu tribe on the banks of the upper Niger. Profiting by the confusion existing previous to the advent of the French, he made himself master of a vast empire by means of his well-trained and well-equipped army. From the time that the French reached the Niger, in 1884, he tried to oppose their expansion by craft and by force. In 1889 he attempted to drive out Capt. Binger, who was exploring and operating on the Niger. French envoys from the Soudan arranged treaties with him, which he invariably broke. He in creased the size of his army by the slave trade and slave raids, and obtained arms and ammunition from the English settlements, where he was regarded not merely as a customer, but as a useful ally to the British in their race for the Niger, who could thwart the more forward and enterprising French. He threatened and attacked the French posts in the Soudan, necessitating the sending of formidable expeditions under Achanard, Combes, Humbert, and Monteil, which drove him away and broke up his army several times. But he escaped to the eastward or northward, rallied his army, ravaged new territories in the Soudan, and returned to harass the French posts after the expeditionary forces were withdrawn. In 1895, after Col. Monteil had returned to the Ivory Coast with his column, Samory, with the help of English munitions, extended his power into the northwestern part of Dahomey, and British political agents recommended supporting him more openly. The occupation of Mossi and Gurunsi in 1896 having enabled the French to connect their Ivory Coast territory with the Soudan, a plan of campaign was adopted by which the forces could close in on Samory from the south and the north. Troops advanced from the south ern Soudan to drive him westward, and when he attempted to escape to the east after being defeated at Nzo he was pursued by a flying column under Major Gouraud, which surprised his camp at Guelemon and forced him to surrender on Sept. 29, 1898. He was taken to Kayes, and afterward to Libreville; some of his chiefs were found guilty of having assassinated Capt. Braulot, and were shot; others were interned at Timbuctu or in the French Congo.

Samuel, Sir Saul, an Australian public servant, born in London, Nov. 2, 1820; died there, Aug. 29, 1900. He removed to New South Wales in 1832, and received his education at Sydney College, beginning his public career as member of the Legislative Council of New South Wales in 1856. He became Colonial Treasurer in 1857, and after serving several times as Treasurer and Postmaster General was appointed agent general for the colony in London. He devoted himself especially to the finances of the colony, negotiating important loans and making expenditures in its behalf. He was cautious in his business methods, and enjoyed the fullest confidence of his Government. In 1898 he was made a baronet, and after his resignation the same year on account of failing health, he continued to reside in London.

Sanclemente, M. A., President of Colombia, born in 1815; died early in January, 1900. He was elected on Aug. 7, 1898, and relinquished the active duties of his office into the hands of VicePresident Marroquin. His political rôle began

when the Conservative party came into power, and, making Nuñez, its most eminent leader, chief of the executive, united under one administration the nine states of the Colombian federation. Sanclemente became Governor of the department of Cauca, was elected a member of Congress, and was called by Acting-President Caro into his Cabinet as Minister of the Interior after the death of President Nuñez. When the term expired Sanclemente was nominated and elected President for the sake of harmony, and from his retreat of Anapoima, in Cauca, he exercised a moderating influence. Nevertheless his administration had to cope with two formidable revolutionary uprisings.

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Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Alfred, Duke of, Prince of Great Britain and Ireland and Duke of Edinburgh, born in Windsor Castle, Aug. 6, 1844; died in Coburg, July 30, 1900. He was the second son of Queen Victoria of England and the Prince Consort Albert of Coburg. Choosing early to follow the profession of a naval officer, he was carefully educated to that end, and was admired for the zeal he showed for his calling and for his practical knowledge of seamanship, gunnery, and naval affairs generally. He received an allowance of £15,000 a year on attaining his majority, and £10,000 ̊ more granted by Parliament when he married Maria Alexandrovna, the only daughter of the Czar Alexander II on Jan. 23, 1874. As rear admiral, chief of marine artillery, member of the Privy Council, and holder of other offices, he drew pay from the British treasury in addition to his appanage. In 1860 he made a voyage to Cape Colony, serving like any other midshipman on board the Euryalus, and receiving royal honors only on shore. When King Otto fled from Athens to escape a revolutionary mob, the Boule unanimously offered the vacant Hellenic throne to the Duke of Edinburgh, who shortly before had visited the Piræus in his ship. His election was invalid because England, France, and Russia had agreed, at the foundation of the Hellenic kingdom in 1832, that no scion of their royal houses could ever sit on the Greek throne. In 1867 he received command of the frigate Galatea, on which he visited many foreign countries. In New South Wales an Irish Fenian made an attempt to assassinate him, March 12, 1868, at a picnic near Port Jackson. He had five children, including one son, Prince Alfred, born Oct. 15, 1874. It was on his son's account chiefly that he accepted the ducal throne of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha on the death of his uncle, Duke Ernst II, who died without issue, Aug. 22, 1893. In thus expatriating himself to become a reigning German prince he sacrificed the greater part of his income, retaining only his marriage grant of £10,000 a year, wherewith to keep up Clarence House, in which to reside a portion of every year in England. His rank as admiral in the British navy he retained, and after accepting the heirship to the German duchies he was appointed a general of infantry in the Prussian army. His German subjects, who looked coldly on the intrusion of a foreigner, as did also the German princes, grew to like him for complaisant ways that he had never exhibited to the British public. The wedding feasts of his daughters gave delight to the townspeople of the old residence city. Princess Maria married Prince Ferdinand of Roumania in 1893; Victoria was wedded to Ernst Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse, in 1894; and Alexandra to the hereditary Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg in 1896. The daughters retained the rank and title of princesses royal of Great Britain and Ireland, to be ad

dressed as Royal Highness. The duchess won the hearts of the Coburgers by her manifold charity. It was a sad disappointment to the ducal pair when their son died, Feb. 6, 1899. The Duke of Saxe-Coburg was attacked by cancer of the tongue, but died from heart weakness without knowing what the malady was that undermined his health. His heir is the youthful Duke of Albany, the posthumous child of Prince Leopold, youngest son of Queen Victoria, who has received a military education at Potsdam to prepare him for the duties of a German prince, which he will not take up before 1905, the hereditary Prince of Hohenlohe-Leiningen being regent so long as he is a minor.

Schnadhorst, Francis, an English politician, born in Birmingham, Aug. 24, 1840; died in Roehampton, Jan. 2, 1900. He was educated in King Edward VI's grammar school in Birmingham, succeeded to his father's business as a draper and hosier, interested himself in local literary and educational societies, and later in politics, organized in 1870 the nonconformist committee that fought the subventioning of Church schools, and in 1873 the Birmingham Liberal Association on the system of the American primaries, which secured the defeat of the Conservatives in the town elections and made Joseph Chamberlain mayor. The caucus system was next applied to national politics, with the result that the Liberals carried Birmingham in the parliamentary election of 1874, in which the Conservatives swept the country. The Liberals therefore called upon Mr. Schnadhorst to teach his plan of organization to other politicians, and when more than a hundred such associations united in the National Liberal Federation he, with Mr. Chamberlain at his back, was its organizer and secretary. The introduction of popular party management infused new life into the Liberals, who were victorious in the general election of 1880. The new system could not be preserved in its purity, and after the desertion of Mr. Chamberlain and the gradual breakdown of Mr. Schnadhorst's health the Liberal Federation lost much of its independence and influence, while the Unionists adopted with successful results some of its features and formed closer popular organizations than the Liberals still maintained.

Sedille, Paul, a French architect and painter, born in Paris in 1836; died there, Jan. 6, 1900. He entered the École des Beaux Arts as a student in 1857, and in 1878 was the laureate of the grand medal of the Société Centrale, awarded for excellence in private architecture. Among his works are the great department store at Paris, Au Printemps, and the basilica of Jeanne d'Arc at Domremy. He exhibited many paintings from year to year, and wrote extensively on professional topics.

Shuttleworth, Henry Cary, an English clergyman, born Oct. 25, 1850; died in London, England, Oct. 24, 1900. He was the son of a Cornish clergyman, and was educated at Oxford. He was ordained curate of St. Barnabas's parish, Oxford, and in 1874 became a minor canon of Oxford Cathedral. From 1876 to 1884 he was a minor canon of St. Paul's, London, resigning in the last-named year to accept the chapter living of St. Nicholas Cole Abbey, London, the representative of six united city parishes. With the design of making his church in Queen Victoria Street of the most practical benefit to the working community in which it was situated, he opened it daily and had midday services, musical and devotional, with addresses on all kinds of subjects, "from Dante to Dickens, and from sanita

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tion to socialism." He drew a large Sunday congregation also, and on Sunday evenings he himself conducted a large volunteer choir through a series of oratorios. He much disliked the socalled imprecatory psalms," and was tomed to omit reading them whenever they occurred in the service, until requested not to do so by the Bishop of London, the year before his death. About 1890 he founded the Shuttleworth Club for the benefit of employees in the city warehouses. In politics he was a pronounced Liberal and thoroughly devoted to the cause of Christian socialism. His writings include The Seven Last Words of Our Saviour (Oxford, 1879); Songs (1885); The English Church and the New Democracy (London, 1885); Contemporary Fiction (1888); The Place of Music in Public Worship (1892); Some Aspects of Disestablishment (1894); Hymns for Private Use (1895).

Sidgwick, Henry, an English philosopher, born in Skipton, Yorkshire, May 31, 1838; died in Witham, Aug. 28, 1900. He came of a family of scholars, and had a brilliant career at Cambridge. He became a fellow of his college in 1859, but resigned ten years later because the tenure of his fellowship implied conformity to theological propositions to which he could not longer subscribe. After being lecturer at Cambridge from 1859 to 1875, he was made prelector of moral philosophy in the latter year, and professor of the same in 1883. On account of failing health he resigned his professorship not long be fore his death. Sidgwick exerted a deep influence upon his generation, not only as a searching critic who dispelled the indifference that had hitherto prevailed in relation to English philosophy, but as a zealous advocate of the higher education of women. His personal character won for him a wide circle of friends, and those who cared little for his subtle reasoning were attracted by his intellectual sincerity and stimulating converse. His principal works are The Methods of Ethics (London, 1874); The Principles of Political Economy (1883); and The Elements of Politics (1891). Besides innumerable contributions to reviews and magazines, he published also The Ethics of Conformity and Subscription (1879); The Scope and Methods of Economic Science (1885); and Outlines of the History of Ethics, for English Readers (1886). Prof. Sidgwick was for some time President of the Society of Psychical Research, and one of the founders of Newnham College, Cambridge. He was made honorary fellow of his college in 1881, and received the degree of LL. D. from the universities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, and St. Andrews, and D. C. L. from Oxford.

Smyth, Charles Piazzi, an English astronomer, born in Naples, Italy, Jan. 3, 1819; died Feb. 21, 1900. He was the second son of the astronomer and hydrographer Admiral Smyth, and was named Piazzi, after the discoverer of Ceres. He was employed in the Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope from 1835, and in 1845 was appointed astronomer royal for Scotland, which post he retained till 1888, when he retired on a pension. To the general public he was best known by his fantastic speculations concerning the Great Pyramid, which he had visited and investigated in 1865. In 1871 he began to prepare an exhaustive star catalogue and ephemeris of all the Edinburgh and best contemporary observations of the same stars, which were issued subse quently in the fourteenth and fifteenth volumes of the Edinburgh Observatory's publications. After his retirement he devoted much time to solar photographic spectroscopy. He published The