Great Pyramid and the Royal Society (1874); and New Measures of the Great Pyramid (1884).

Steevens, George Warrington, an English war correspondent, born in London, Dec. 10, 1869; died in Ladysmith, Natal, South Africa, Jan. 16, 1900. He was educated at Oxford, and adopted the profession of journalism. His journalistic writing was of the lighter kind, relieved by humor, and was both clever and effective. He accompanied Kitchener in the last Soudan campaign, was the special correspondent of the Daily Mail in 1899 in India, and was with the army in the same capacity in South Africa. He was the author of Monologues of the Dead (1896); Naval Policy (1896); Stella's Story, a Venetian Tale (1896); The Land of the Dollar (1897); With the Conquering Turk (1897); Egypt in 1898 (1898); With Kitchener to Khartoum (1898); In India (1899); and The Tragedy of Dreyfus (1899). Stevenson, Robert Alan Mowbray, a Scottish art critic, born in Edinburgh, March 25, 1847; died April 18, 1900. He was a cousin of Robert Louis Stevenson, the novelist. He was educated at Cambridge, and after leaving the university studied painting with Ortmans at Fontainebleau, and later was a pupil of Carolus Duran. joined the staff of the Saturday Review as art critic in 1885, and was Professor of Fine Arts at Liverpool University College in 1887-'93. In the last years of his life he was art critic of the Pall Mall Gazette. His only published books are The Devils of Notre Dame (1894) and The Art of Velasquez, a work of abiding value.

He

Stewart, Sir Donald, a British soldier, born near Forres, Morayshire, in 1824; died in Algiers, March 26, 1900. He was descended from a distinguished Highland family, was first sent to school when only four years old, and although not studious, acquired an early acquaintance with the classics. He left Aberdeen University at the age of sixteen to take a cadetship in the Indian army, fought with credit against the tribes on the Afghan border in 1854 and 1855, having then reached the rank of captain, and at the beginning of the mutiny made himself famous by carrying dispatches into Delhi. He served as assist ant adjutant general to the Delhi field force during the rest of the campaign, making his mark as a staff officer. Toward the end of 1857 Sir Colin Campbell, when marching to the relief of Lucknow, made him assistant adjutant general of the Bengal army, and after the mutiny he was promoted to be lieutenant colonel, and retained on the staff as assistant adjutant general till 1862, and then deputy adjutant general till 1867, being promoted colonel in 1863. He had much to do with the formation of the new Bengal army which replaced the one that had mutinied. In 1867, as brigadier general in command of the contingent of the Bengal army sent to co-operate with Sir Robert Napier in Abyssinia, he performed important services, and was made a major general. He commanded the frontier division of Peshawar which held open the Khaibar pass in 1868. In 1871 he was sent by Lord Mayo to organize the convict settlements of the Andaman Islands into self-supporting industrial colonies, which he accomplished, although one of the incidents of the transformation was the murder of the Viceroy by a convict. After taking a vacation for his health he returned to India in 1875, commanded the Lahore division, and in 1878 was placed in command of the Kandahar field force, with which he advanced through the Bolak and Khojak passes, dispersed the Afghans at Saifuddin, and captured Kandahar. In consequence of the murder of Sir Louis Cavagnari he was sent with an

He

army of 5,000 men against Kabul. He won the battle of Ahmud Khel with his artillery, captured the Afghan capital, and exercised supreme military and civil power in Afghanistan until he was ordered by the Indian Government to evacuate the country, which he accomplished by sending one division under Gen. Roberts back to Kandahar and leading the rest of the army through the Khaibar pass. He was knighted for his services, and in 1880 was appointed military member of the Viceroy's Council. In 1881 he was created a baronet, and succeeded Sir Frederick Haines as commander in chief of the Indian army. planned and initiated the system of defenses by which the whole northwest frontier was brought under command of a strategic series of military railroads and roads connecting fortifications with fortified camps and supply bases, the policy that was carried out by his successor, Lord Roberts of Kandahar. The campaign in Burmah ending with the occupation of Mandalay and the annexation of Thebaw's kingdom was fought under his supreme command, and he secured the increase of the army in India by 10,500 British and 21,000 native troops. His promotion to lieutenant general was in 1877, to general in 1881. He laid down the command in 1885 and returned to England, and was a member of the council of the Secretary of State for India till his death, and from 1895 governor of Chelsea Hospital, having in the preceding year received the baton of a field marshal.

Stokes, Margaret McNair, an Irish archæologist, born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1832; died in Howth, Sept. 20, 1900. She was a daughter of the late Dr. William Stokes, and sister of Sir William Stokes, mentioned below. In 1867 she accompanied her father in an archæological tour conducted by the Earl of Dunraven through Galway, Sligo, and the Isle of Arran, the results of which appear in the earl's Notes on Irish Architecture, left unfinished at his death, but completed and edited by Miss Stokes. She subsequently traveled in Italy and France, and the record of her investigations there will be found in her Six Months in the Apennines: A Pilgrimage in Search of the Vestiges of Irish Saints (1892) and Three Months in the Forests of France (1895). Other works of hers are Early Christian Architecture in Ireland (1876); Early Christian Art in Ireland (1887); Notes on the Cross of Cong; The High Crosses of Castledermot and Durrow (1900). She also edited Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language (1872-78).

Stokes, Sir William, an Irish surgeon, born in Dublin, March 10, 1839; died at Pietermaritzburg, Natal, South Africa, Aug. 18, 1900. He was the second son of William Stokes, Professor of Medicine in the University of Dublin, and received his education at the Royal School, Armagh, at Trinity College, Dublin, and at medical schools in Berlin, Vienna, Paris, and London. He had been in active practice from 1863, and was knighted in 1886. He was president of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in the last-named year, and had been surgeon in ordinary to the Queen in Ireland from 1892. Two months after the outbreak of the Transvaal War in 1899 he was nominated surgeon to the South African forces. He was the author of The Altered Relations of Surgery to Medicine (1888) and a life of his father (1898).

Stone, Samuel John, an English clergyman and hymn writer, born in Whitmore, Staffordshire, April 25, 1839; died in London, Nov. 19, 1900. He was educated at Oxford, and took orders in 1862. For the next eight years he was a curate at Windsor, and for the twenty years

succeeding was at St. Paul's, Hoggeston, in the East End of London, as curate 1870-'75, and as rector for the remaining period. From 1890 until his death he was rector of Allhallows, London Wall, where in his latest years he practiced a singular but very helpful experiment. Having observed that hundreds of working women came up to London on the early trains for workingmen, in order to take advantage of the cheaper fare, and were in consequence obliged to walk about the streets until the hour for opening the factories, he caused Allhallows Church to be opened very early every week day for their accommodation while waiting. The opportunity was taken advantage of by a very large number who other wise would have been forced to wait in the open air in all weathers. He published Lyra Fidelium (1866); The Knight of Intercession (1872; 7th ed. 1892); Sonnets of the Sacred Year (1895); and Lays of Iona (1898). He will probably be longest remembered by his familiar hymn, The Church's One Foundation.

Sullivan, Sir Arthur Seymour, an English composer, born in London, May 13, 1842; died there, Nov. 21, 1900. He was a son of Thomas Sullivan, bandmaster in the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. By his mother he was of Italian Jewish descent. His youth was spent under the instruction of his father until at twelve years of age he became a member of the boy choir in the Chapel Royal at St. James's. He published his first composition at the age of thirteen, an arrangement of the anthem Teach Me, O Lord, the Way of Thy Statutes. In the following year he won the Mendelssohn scholarship at the Royal Academy of Music. He went in 1858 to the Leipsic Conservatory, and remained there until 1861. While in Leipsic he composed his Feast of Roses and music to Shakespeare's Tempest. This last was produced on his return to England at the Crystal Palace, April 5, 1862. From that date he was a recognized master among English musicians. His next work was Kenilworth, a cantata sung at the Birmingham festival in 1864. Then followed L'Isle Enchantée, played at Covent Garden in 1864; In Memoriam, an overture, played at the Norwich festival in 1866; The Prodigal Son, an oratorio (1869); Overture de Ballo (1870); On Sea and Shore, a cantata with words by Tom Taylor (1871); a Te Deum on the recovery of the Prince of Wales (1872); The Light of the World, an oratorio, at the Birmingham festival (1873); The Martyr of Antioch, an oratorio sung at the Leeds festival (1880); and The Golden Legend, a cantata sung at the Leeds festival (1886). Besides these, Sullivan's serious work includes the music of Onward, Christian Soldiers, and The Lost Chord, both world known. Sullivan's work on what came to be a national school of comic opera began in 1866, when in collaboration with Francis C. Burnand he wrote the operetta Box and Cox, produced at the Adelphi, London. From its success he began to devote his abilities to dramatic work, and in 1871 entered into the famous association with William S. Gilbert. Their first effort was Thespis, or The Gods Grown Old, a burlesque, produced at the Gaiety Theater, London, Dec. 26, 1871, with John L. Toole and Nellie Farren in the principal rôles. A little known work which followed Box and Cox in 1867 was The Contrabandista, produced in New York under the name of The Chieftain. In 1875 they wrote Trial by Jury, a one-act operetta, for D'Oyly Carte, manager of the Royalty Theater. This sketch-written, rehearsed, and produced (March 25, 1875)_in three weeks-was enormously successful. For nearly twenty years from that time Gilbert and

Sullivan worked together toward the highest distinction in comedy and its music. Their works, nearly all of which were first produced by D'Oyly Carte at the Opéra Comique and Strand Theaters, in London, were not only wonderfully popular in England, but speedily passed to equal renown in all civilized countries and languages. The names and dates of these are: The Sorcerer, Nov. 17, 1877; H. M. S. Pinafore, May 25, 1878 (ran two years); The Pirates of Penzance, April 3, 1880; Patience, April 25, 1881; Iolanthe, Nov. 25, 1882; Princess Ida, Jan. 5, 1884; The Mikado, March 14, 1885; Ruddigore, Jan. 27, 1887; The Yeoman of the Guard, Oct. 3, 1888; and the Gondoliers, Dec. 7, 1890. Sullivan and Gilbert separated in 1890 on account of a quarrel between Mr. Gilbert and D'Oyly Carte. Sullivan's grand opera Ivanhoe was produced by the latter at his new opera house, Jan. 31, 1891, and ran for one hundred nights. Sydney Grundy wrote the libretto of Haddon Hall, which was produced with Sullivan's music in September, 1892. Sullivan and Gilbert came together again, and Utopia Limited, their united work, was played Oct. 7, 1893. Their next opera was The Grand Duke, March 7, 1896. Pinero and Comyns Carr wrote the libretto of Sullivan's romantie opera The Beauty Stone, May 28, 1898; Captain Basil Hood that of The Rose of Persia, first played Nov. 29, 1899. Sir Arthur composed a national ballet entitled Victoria and Merrie England, in honor of the Queen's sixtieth year, produced May 25, 1897. He recently composed music for Kipling's poem The Absent-minded Beggar, and had completed a new opera, to be called The Emerald Isle, in collaboration with Capt. Basil Hood. He was knighted in 1883, and was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor of France in the same year. He received the degree of doctor of music from Oxford and Cambridge.

Symons, George James, an English meteorologist, born in London in August, 1838; died there, March 10, 1900. He was educated at St. Peter's Collegiate School, and at the age of sixteen offered his services to James Glaisher, founder of the Meteorological Society, who discouraged his scientific aspirations as leading to a life of poverty. He persisted, however, and in 1857 became one of the meteorological reporters for the registrar general. He assisted Admiral Fitzroy to organize the British system of storm warnings, and independently began to collect records of rainfall, publishing his first annual report in 1860, having found volunteers to furnish the records of 168 stations. For forty years he persisted in or ganizing voluntary observers, and in 1898 he had records from 3,404 stations. In 1866 he began his Monthly Meteorological Magazine.

Tarbé des Sablons, Edmond Joseph Louis, a French dramatist, born in Paris, Feb. 20, 1838; died there, Dec. 15, 1900. He was first educated for the law, but took up journalism in early life. After some years of successful work in Paris, he founded, in association with Henri de Pène, the Parisian journal Gaulois, in 1868. In 1877 he devoted himself to novel writing, in which he became very popular. He wrote, in association with Adolphe d'Ennery, a drama in five acts called Martyre, produced March 4, 1886. His next piece was Monsieur de Morat, a comedy in five acts, first played March 16, 1887. With Pierre Decourcelle he wrote Gigolette, a drama in five acts, first played Nov. 25, 1893. La Maîtresse de l'École and L'Histoire d'Angèle Valoy were also from his pen. His published novels were Les Drames Parisiens (1884); Monsieur de Morat (1886); Le Roman d'un Crime (1887); and L'Histoire d'Angèle Valoy,

Tarleton, Ernest (Ernest Thompson), an English actor, born in London in 1869; died in Toronto, Canada, March 20, 1900. He was a son of Alfred Thompson, an English artist. His first appearance was in London in the company of John Hare, and within a few months thereafter he was engaged for the first stock company of the Lyceum Theater, New York city. He was continuously and actively a member of this organization until transferred to the support of Mr. E. H. Sothern, with whom he was playing the part of D'Artagnan's valet in The King's Musketeers at the time of his fatal illness.

Teck, Francis, Duke of, born in Vienna, Aug. 27, 1837; died in Richmond, England, Jan. 21, 1900. He was the only son of Duke Alexander of Würtemberg and his morganatic wife, Countess Claudine de Rhedey, who received the title Countess of Hohenstein. He studied in the Austrian Academy of Engineers from 1849 to 1853, was commissioned a lieutenant of lancers in 1854, later as a captain of hussars, and in the Italian campaign of 1859 he served with gallantry at Solferino as orderly officer to Field-Marshal Count Wimpfen. After the campaign of 1866 he left the Austrian army, having married on June 12 Mary Adelaide, Princess of Great Britain and Ireland, the youngest sister of the Duke of Cambridge. The first years of their married life were passed in Kensington Palace, where the allowance of £5,000 a year granted to the duchess by Parliament proved insufficient. In 1883 they left England, raising money by selling valuables of the duchess at auction, and lived for a time in the Tyrol, afterward at Florence, returning ultimately and taking up their residence at White Lodge, Richmond, the gift of Queen Victoria. In 1882 the duke served on Sir Garnet Wolseley's staff in Egypt, and was present at Tel-el-Mahuta and Tel-el-Kebir. He was made a colonel in the British army on his return, and promoted major general in 1893. He held the honorary rank of lieutenant general in the German army. The Duchess of Teck died on Oct. 27, 1897, and the duke, whose health was shattered, lived in complete seclusion from that time. Of their four children Princess Mary, born May 26, 1867, married George, the Duke of York, on July 6, 1893; Prince Adolphus, born Aug. 13, 1868, married the third daughter of the Duke of Westminster in 1894, and served in the Boer war as a captain in the Life Guards; Prince Francis, born Jan. 9, 1870, was educated at Sandhurst, became a captain in 1894, served with the Egyptian army in the Soudan, and saw active service in the war in South Africa; and Prince Alexander, born April 14, 1874, was educated at Sandhurst also, and commissioned a lieutenant of hussars.

Tirebuck, William Edwards, an English novelist, born in Liverpool; died there, Jan. 22, 1900. He was educated in his native city, and after some commercial experience was subeditor of the Liverpool Mail, and subsequently was for six years subeditor of the Yorkshire Post. Afterward he was entirely devoted to authorship. He possessed extensive art knowledge, and his work in fiction was conscientious. His published works comprise William Daniels: Artist (1879); Dante Gabriel Rossetti: His Work and Influence (1882); Great Minds in Art (1888); The Discontented Maidens, a dramatic cantata (1887); and the following novels: Saint Margaret (1888); Dorrie (1891); Sweetheart Gwen (1893); The Little Widow and Other Episodes (1894); Miss Grace of All Souls (1895); Jenny Jones and Other Tales from the Welsh Hills (1896); Meg of the Scarlet Foot (1898); and The White Woman (1899).

Traill, Henry Duff, an English man of letters, born in Blackheath, Kent, Aug. 14, 1842; died Feb. 21, 1900. He was educated at Oxford, and in 1868 was called to the bar. Three years later he engaged in journalism, and he was on the staff of the Pall Mall Gazette in 1873-'80; the St. James Gazette, 1880-'82; the Telegraph, 1882-'96; and the Saturday Review, 1883-'94; and he was editor of the Observer in 1889-'91, and of Literature in 1898-1900. Traill was a sound critic, a man of wide attainments, and the possessor of an excellent style. He edited the six volumes of Social England (1892-'96), and contributed to the English Citizen Series, Central Government (1882); to the English Men of Letters Series, Sterne (1882) and Coleridge (1884); to the English Worthies Series, Shaftesbury (1886); to the Twelve English Statesmen Series, William the Third (1888); to the English Men of Action Series, Strafford (1889); and to the Queen's Prime Ministers Series, Lord Salisbury (1891). His other works are: Recaptured Rhymes (1882); The New Lucian, his finest bit of writing (1884; revised and enlarged, 1900); Saturday Songs, a collection of clever satirical verse (1890); Number Twenty (1892); The Life of Sir John Franklin (1896); From Cairo to the Soudan Frontier (1896); Barbarous Britishers, a novel (1896); Life of Lord Cromer (1897); and The New Fiction and Other Essays on Literary Subjects (1897).

Tuer, Andrew White, an English publisher, born in Sunderland in 1839; died in London, March 24, 1900. Soon after coming of age he entered a London firm of stationers and printers as a partner, and, after his invention of Stickphast" paste, founded and edited the Paper and Printing Trades' Journal. A little later he engaged in book publishing and became an author himself, his tastes inclining toward antiquarian research. His writings include Luxurious Bathing (London, 1880); Bartolozzi and his Works, a carefully written monograph (1881); London Cries (1883); John Bull's Womankind (1884); Old London Street Cries and the Cries of To-day (1885); Follies and Fashions of Our Grandfathers (1887); The First Year of a Silken Reign, 1837-38, with C. E. Fagan (1887); and History of the Hornbook (1896).

Valfrey, M., a French journalist, born in 1838; died in Paris, Nov. 23, 1900. He wrote articles on foreign policy and events for the Figaro under the signature of Whist, was called into the diplomatic service by the Duc Decazes and placed on the Committee of Archives, with the rank of a minister plenipotentiary. He lost his office when the Conservative ministry was driven out in 1877, but was employed by subsequent ministries, first on a mission sent to Portugal to arrange financial matters, and several times afterward to adjust international debts in the interest of French creditors, developing much ability in the negotiation of financial settlements. He became for a while the editor of the Moniteur, an Orleanist organ, and then joined the staff of the Figaro to write the daily article on foreign affairs. In times of popular excitement over international questions his articles had a moderating influence.

Vicaire, Louis Gabriel Charles, a French poet, born in Belfort, Jan. 24, 1848; died in Paris, Sept. 24, 1900. His earlier years were passed at Bresse and Bugey, but he studied law at a later period and became an advocate. He published in 1884 Emaux Bressans, a successful book, which constitutes his best title to inclusion among the French poets of his day. This was followed by L'Heure Enchantée; Les Déliquescences d'Adore Floupette (1885); La Légende de Saint Nicolas

(1888); Au Bois Joli (1894); Le Clos des Fées (1898). In 1883 he contributed a long prose introduction to Guillon's Chansons Populaires de l'Ain, his only prose writing of importance, and in 1888 he obtained a gold medal for his lyric poem, Quatre-vingt-neuf, Chant Séculaire.

Villaume, Karl von, a German soldier, born in 1840; died in Berlin, June 3, 1900. He was an ordnance expert who served on the staff almost from the time of his entrance into the army. In 1877, as a captain of the general staff, he was attached to the Russian headquarters during the war in the Balkans, and at its close he was appointed military attaché of the embassy in Rome, which post he exchanged in 1882 for that of first military attaché in Paris, having reached the rank of lieutenant colonel. There he obtained documents from a French traitor that revealed the operations of the French spy system, and to the French, who were wrought up by suspicions of German spies and angered against military attachés as a class, he appeared to be the head and front of the espionage that they dreaded, and had to give up the post, having won as much credit at home as he lost in France. He was nominated aid-de-camp to the Emperor, and in 1886 he succeeded Gen. von Werder as military plenipotentiary at St. Petersburg. He served several years in this post to the satisfaction of his Government, was then recalled to take command of an artillery brigade at Stettin, the first time that he was with the troops since he was a lieu tenant, and in 1896 was appointed director of the staff college in Berlin.

Villebois-Mareuil, Col. de, a French soldier, born in 1847; died in South Africa, April 5, 1900. He was educated for the army at St. Cyr, received a commission in 1867, served in Cochin China, was captain of chasseurs in the Army of the Loire in 1870, received a severe wound at the recapture of Blois, and for his brave conduct was decorated on the battlefield. He was attached to the war school in 1871, and in 1882, when Gen. Boulanger became Minister of War, he received an appointment on the general staff. He was sent to Algeria in 1888, having then the rank of lieutenant colonel, was promoted to a colonelcy in 1892, held commands successively in Mayenne, Soissons, and in Algeria, and in 1895 resigned from the army on account of a family bereavement and devoted himself to old soldiers' societies. He was the author of a romance entitled Sacrifiés, which appeared in the Revue des Deux Mondes in 1890, under the pseudonym of Georges Simny; of one called Entre Civilisés, published in 1896; and of a third, Audessus de Tout, printed in 1899. When the war in South Africa broke out he went to offer his services to the Transvaal, and was the chief adviser of the Boer generals on artillery tactics. Passing near Boshof with a small detachment he was overtaken by a British scouting party and killed. Wilde, Oscar Fingall O'Flaherty Wills, an Irish poet, born in Dublin, Oct. 16, 1856; died in Paris, Nov. 30, 1900. He was the son of Sir William Wilde, surgeon-oculist to the Queen, and Lady Jane Wilde, who as Speranza was a wellknown Irish lyrist in the fifties. After a brilliant university career at Trinity College, Dublin, and at Oxford, he traveled in Italy and Greece, and, returning to London in 1879, originated the peculiar æsthetic movement satirized in the opera of Patience. In 1881 he went to the United States and lectured on art, and he afterward lectured in England and in Paris. He met with great social success, and his poems and society plays were popular. In 1894 he was convicted of felony, for which he served a sentence of two years in prison.

He

After his release in 1897 he lived in the Latin Quarter of Paris, under the name of Sebastian Melnotte. In his last hours he was received into the Roman Catholic Church as a penitent. published Newdigate Prize Poem Ravenna (London, 1878); Poems (1880); Vera, a comedy (1882): The Happy Prince, and Other Tales (1888); Dorian Gray, a novel; The Portrait of Mr. W. H., a theory respecting Shakespeare's Sonnets; Intentions, a collection of essays (1891); Guido Ferranti (1890); The Duchess of Padua, a blank-verse tragedy (1891); Lady Windermere's Fan, a skilfully written comedy (1893); Salome, a tragedy (1894); A Woman of no Importance, a comedy (1893); The House of Pomegranates, poems in prose; The Sphinx, a poem; Lord Arthur Saville's Crime, a collection of short stories; An Ideal Husband, a play; The Importance of Being in Earnest, a play (1895); and The Ballad of Reading Gaol (1898). The last-named work, which appeared anonymously, is a strong poem, and has been called his finest literary effort. His verse is almost always melodious, and abounds in exquisite descriptive passages. The authorship, in part at least, of Mr. and Mrs. Daventry, a problem play (1900), has been attributed to him.

Williams, Frederick, an Irish actor, born in Dublin in 1829; died in New York city, Sept. 5, 1900. He was educated in his native city as an architect. He made his first appearance at the Smock Alley Theater, Dublin, as Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet, in 1850. For two years he played the usual succession of rôles in the stock companies in Ireland, and in 1852 was engaged at the old National Theater, Cincinnati. His first appearance was Catesby in Richard III, in the autumn of 1852. He remained an active and important member of that company for seven years. He then toured as a star from 1859 to 1861. He was next engaged as leading actor of the Holliday Street Theater, Baltimore, where he played until the civil war, during which he again made a starring tour lasting two years. In the spring of 1864 he went to New York city as leading man of George Wood's Theater (afterward Wallack's), and in the autumn of the same year accepted a place as light comedian in the Boston Museum. In 1865 he became stage manager of that house, and he remained in that place fourteen years, during which all productions were supervised by him, and many adaptations of foreign plays arranged for the stage. In 1879 he became stage manager of Daly's Theater, New York, where he remained four years. He then traveled two seasons with the company of the late Frank Mayo, and three with the Boston Ideals. In 1887 he was engaged as stage manager of the Lyceum Theater, New York, the duties of which he performed faithfully up to the date of his last illness. His last important work was the preparation of E. H. Sothern's production of Hamlet.

Wimperis, Edmund M., an English artist, born in 1835; died at Southbourne, England, Dec. 25, 1900. He went to London in early life, and learned wood engraving under Birket Foster. As an engraver he attained a high degree of excellence, and many exquisite examples of his workmanship may be found in the illustrated books of the sixties. When wood engraving declined he turned his attention to water-color painting and, though almost entirely self-taught, met with great success. His taste was almost entirely for landscapes, and he cared little or nothing for human incident. In later life he painted in oils, and was almost equally successful in this branch of art. He followed Haag as vice-president of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colors.

Woodgate, Sir Edward Robert Prevost, a British soldier, born in Belbroughton, Worcestershire, in 1845; died in Natal, March 25, 1900. He was the son of a clergyman, was educated at Radley, joined the army in 1865, served in the Abyssinian expedition of 1868, being present at the action of Arogee and the capture of Magdala, was employed on special service in 1873 and 1874 in the Ashanti war, taking part with gallantry in the various engagements and the capture of Kumassi. Lieut. Woodgate passed through the staff college in 1877, and when the South African War of 1879 broke out he was again selected for special employment, and won fresh honors as staff officer of the flying column in the Zulu campaign, being brevetted a major for his conduct at Kambula and Ulundi. From 1880 till 1885 he served in the West Indies as brigade major. In 1898 he was sent out to Sierra Leone to organize the new West Indian regiment, with which he conducted operations against Bai Bureh and other chiefs who rebelled against the hut tax. He returned home in 1899 with broken health, which was scarcely restored when he was given command of a brigade that was ordered to South Africa in the division commanded by Sir Charles Warren. Crossing the Tugela about a month after his arrival, Gen. Woodgate occupied Spion Kop with his command, and was dangerously wounded in the head in the fighting that ensued on the following day, so that he was relieved of the command before the force was withdrawn. His wound ultimately proved fatal. He was knighted for his services in Sierra Leone.

Wright, George Robert Nicol, an English antiquary, born in 1810; died in Kew, April 2, 1900. He was connected with the British Archæological Association from its foundation in 1843, and for many years arranged the congresses of the association, the success of which was due largely to his efforts. He wrote Local Lays and Legends, Fantastic and Imaginary (1885) and Archæologic and Historic Fragments (1888), and he was also a frequent contributor to the periodical press.

Young, William, a British architect, born in Paisley, Scotland, in 1843; died in Putney, England, Nov. 1, 1900. He went to London in the early sixties and opened an office, but was without business connections or professional acquaintance. By a mere chance he was employed soon after his arrival by Lord Wemyss (then Lord Elcho), and his rise in his profession was rapid and continuous from that time. His most important completed work is the Municipal Buildings at Glasgow, an imposing structure in the severely classical style, finished in 1889. It was several years in building, having been begun about 1880, and the design submitted by Mr. Young was selected from among 126. Not long before his death he was appointed architect of the new War Office. He had completed his designs in detail, and work had been begun upon the structure, when overwork resulted in the illness that caused his death. He was the architect of a large number of country mansions, including Holmewood, Hampshire, and Dunscombe House, as well as many costly and elegant town residences. For a long series of years he edited the annual volumes of Spohn's Architect's Pocket Book, and he was the author of a considerable number of books, including Picturesque Architectural Studies; Picturesque Examples of Old English Churches and Cottages (1869); Town and Country Mansions and Suburban Houses (1879); and The Glasgow Municipal Buildings (1889). From 1891 he was a fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

OHIO, a Central Western State, admitted to the Union in 1803; area (according to the geological survey), 41,060 square miles, of which 300 are water surface. The population, according to each decennial census since its admission, was: 230,760 in 1810; 581,295 in 1820; 937,903 in 1830; 1,519,467 in 1840; 1,980,329 in 1850; 2,339,511 in 1860; 2,665,260 in 1870; 3,198,062 in 1880; 3,672,316 in 1890; and 4,157,545 in 1900. It ranks fourth among the States in point of population. Capital, Columbus.

Government.-The State officers during 1900 were: Governor, George K. Nash; Lieutenant Governor, John A. Caldwell; Secretary of State, Charles Kinney; Auditor of State, Walter L. Guilbert; Treasurer of State, Isaac B. Cameron; Attorney-General, John M. Sheets; Board of Public Works, Frank A. Huffman, Charles A. Goddard, W. J. Johnston; Commissioner of Common Schools, Lewis D. Bonebrake; Judges of Supreme Court, John A. Shauck, Thad A. Minshall, Marshall J. Williams, Jacob F. Burket, William T. Spear, William C. Davis; Clerk of Supreme Court, Josiah B. Allen; Dairy and Food Commissioner, Joseph E. Blackburn.

The term of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Treasurer of State, and Attorney-General is two years, beginning in January of the evennumbered years; of the Secretary of State two years, beginning in January of the odd-numbered years; of the Dairy and Food Commissioner two years, beginning in February of the odd-numbered years; of members of the Board of Public Works and Clerk of the Supreme Court three years, beginning in February; of the Commissioner of Common Schools three years, beginning in July; of the Auditor of State four years, beginning in January of even-numbered years; of Judges of the Supreme Court six years, beginning in February. All are elected in November. The Legislature meets biennially in January; there is no limit to length of the session.

Finances. The total value of the real and personal property in the State, as returned for taxation, was $1,834,053,228, divided as follows: lands, $599,678,045; real estate in cities and villages, $674,525,676; personal property, $559,849,507.

At the beginning of the fiscal year, Nov. 15, 1899, there was in the treasury $1,179,492.88. The receipts during the year were $8,031,817.72, and expenditures $7,712,567.32, leaving a balance, Nov. 15, 1900, of $1,498,743.28, credited to the different funds as follows: General revenue fund, $1,129,050.03; sinking fund, $207,327.63; common school fund, $78,145.06; university fund, $84,220.56.

During the year $300,000 of the funded debt was paid, leaving the debt at the close of the year $701,665, of which $300,000 is due July 1, 1901; $300,000 July 1, 1902; and the remainder July 1, 1903. The debt bears interest at 3 per cent.

The aggregate local debt is $96,193,513.94, of which $77,606,261.40 are municipal debts, and $10,521.247.58 debts of counties.

Canal Finances.-The expenditures for the State canals during the year amounted to $220,381.23 and the receipts $86,779.95. The Legislature appropriated $134,500. At the end of the year the balance on hand was $39,148.95.

Educational.-The educational statistics are for the year ending Aug. 31, 1900. The number of pupils enrolled in the public schools was 829,160; number of teachers, 26,017; number of schoolhouses, 13,073; during the year 222 new schoolhouses were built. The value of public school property is $44,017,179. Balance of school fund on hand at the close of the year, $6,566,046.37.