and at Surigao. Every effort that the insurgent leaders made to mass together enough men to crush one of the garrisons failed. The recrudescence of disturbances began in August, and in September the situation became so much worse that Gen. MacArthur asked for and received reenforcements to his army of 65,000 men. So many men were required to furnish supplies to distant garrisons, escorts for wagon trains and for military and civil officers, and the protection of peaceful natives against ladrones and vengeful insurgents, as also the Government property scattered among the numerous stations, that few were left for active operations against the remaining insurgents and robber bands. In September the country north of Pasig, including all Bulucan, became disturbed, as well as the south, including Tayabas. At Mavitac, Capt. Mitchell with 140 men attacked 800 insurgents in position, and eventually they were forced to retreat, but the 2 chief officers and 22 men of the Americans lost their lives. Several small engagements took place in the Ilocan provinces. In October the insurgents redoubled their activity, although without having any centralized military organization. Their civil administration had entirely disappeared when their army was broken up and the United States troops occupied the provinces, except that wherever municipalities were organized by the Americans rival municipal authorities secretly collected contributions and exercised judicial and executive powers in the name of the Philippine Republic. In some instances they were the very officials whom the American Government had installed, who seemed to carry out their proper official duties and their treasonable activities with equal zeal. One band of about 400 insurgents the troops pursued vigorously and wiped out because it was led by an American deserter. In an engagement fought on Oct. 24 a small force of Americans was compelled to retreat before several thousand insurgents. Gen. Vicente Lukban and his men had full sway in the island of Samar with the exception of Catbalogan, Calbayog, and Labuan, and the American garrisons in these seacoast towns he worried constantly and defied. Other such freebooters flourished in places where the Americans could not develop military strength, growing rich from the tribute they levied on the planters and merchants, but having no communication with each other or with Aguinaldo, who was still in hiding. A Filipino representative, Agoncillo, appeared at this time in the United States and issued a proclamation declaring that the war would last until the Filipinos gained independence; that such was the desire of the entire population; and that even if the Americans triumphed, peace would be only temporary, and a strong army would be required to hold the people in subjection.

After the presidential election was over the extraordinary rebel activity subsided at once. No insurgents were left excepting marauding bands of ladrones and the independent military chiefs who lived by blackmail. Notorious desperadoes who feared punishment for their crimes kept a few followers together in the mountains. The rest of the insurgents gradually surrendered, and in provinces such as Iloilo, in the island of Panay, where the bulk of the people, through rebel sympathies or fear of rebel vengeance, had hesitated to take the oath, they came in thousands to swear allegiance to the United States. The Katipunan Tagalogs, who were the backbone of the revolution, and the native padres, who had done most to encourage the spirit of resistance, accepted American Sovereignty with apparent sincerity or resignation. The submission of the Tagalogs set the troops free

to re-establish peace and introduce orderly government in the southern islands.

Organization of Civil Government.-The Philippine Commission, appointed to report on the question of civil government for the islands, composed of J. G. Schurman, George Dewey, Charles. Denby, and Dean C. Worcester, reported to the President in January, 1900, recommending the appointment of an American governor, to be assisted by a council containing both natives and Americans, and of provincial governors, who should be Americans. The constitution of a Legislative Assembly was suggested, part of the members of which should be elected and the others nominated, the acts of this body to be subject to veto by the United States Government. The islands should be subdivided into administrative divisions, and natives as well as Americans would be eligible for administrative offices. A new Philippine Čommission was appointed to report to the President on the conditions of the islands, to legislate in civil and financial matters subject to the approval of the military authorities, and to formulate schemes for local self-government and the development of civil institutions to supersede the military authority after the establishment of order. The decree introducing autonomous and decentralized munici pal government was promulgated by Gen. Otis on March 29, 1900. The laws for the government of the Philippine municipalities were prepared by a board of which Cayetano Arellano, Chief Justice of the Philippines, was president. The municipal government of each town was vested in an alcalde and a municipal council, to be chosen at large by the qualified electors of the town for the term of two years from the first Monday in January next after the election and until their successors are chosen and qualified. The number of councilors varies from 3 in towns of fewer than 10,000 inhabitants up to 18 in towns of the first class with over 25,000 inhabitants. Each elector before casting his ballot is compelled to take an oath that he is not a citizen or a subject of any foreign power, and that he recognizes and accepts the supreme authority of the United States of America, and will maintain true faith and allegiance thereto. The electors are those who have held office under Spanish rule as municipal captain, gobernadorcillo, or lieutenant; those who pay $30 or more in taxes; and those who speak, read, and write English and Spanish. Ecclesiastics, soldiers in active service, persons receiving salaries from municipal, provincial, or Government funds, debtors to such funds, contractors of public works and

A TAGALOG, NATIVE OF

MALABON.

their bondsmen, clerks and functionaries of the administration, bankrupts until discharged, or insane or feeble-minded persons can in no case be elected or appointed to municipal office. The alcalde is authorized to appoint all nonelective officers of the municipality, exact punctual payment of taxes, and punish violations of municipal ordinances and regulations. The municipal council has power to create the offices of municipal attorney, treasurer, secretary, and such offices as may be necessary to manage the finances and property of the town, maintain municipal prisons, fire department, and schools, and to levy and collect taxes. All ordinances before taking effect are to

not higher than in the average American State. These with the revised customs tariff would give less annoyance than the Spanish taxes, and after peace was restored would produce a revenue sufficient to pay the expenses of efficient government, including a militia and constabulary. The adop tion of the gold standard of currency was recommended. The commission prepared a stringent civil service law, giving opportunity to Filipinos and Americans, with preference to the former where qualifications are equal, to enter the lowest rank, and by promotion reach the head of the department. Later soldiers who had been detailed to discharge civil offices, and who wished on their

be approved by the alcalde. Taxation shall be uniform and just, and persons deeming themselves injured by any tax levy may protest to the council and appeal from its decision through the alcalde to the provincial governor. The governor of the province is president of all the municipal councils, and may inspect and supervise the administration of all municipal affairs, hear and determine all appeals against the acts of municipal corporations or their officers, and suspend or remove municipal officers and appoint substitutes until the next general election, or may call a special election, reporting the cause to the gov. ernor of the islands. As a temporary expedient the commanding officers of military districts were authorized to appoint the first alcaldes if it was not practicable or advisable to have them elected. The municipal governments were soon established under the provisions of this law. In villages presidents were appointed in accordance with the choice of the people. When such officers were detected in seditious acts they were removed and others were appointed. The new Philippine Commission had for its president Judge William H. Taft, with whom were associated Dean C. Worcester, Luke E. Wright, Henry C. Ide, and Bernard Moses. The commissioners formulated new tariff and tax laws. The Spanish tariff rates that were still operative were nearly prohibitory for many articles, preventing the importation from America of canned goods, machinery, and other important commodities. The Spanish revenue laws threw the burden of taxation on the poor and gave the wealthy comparative immunity. The inland revenue was derived chiefly from the poll tax, the taxation of small businesses, a fishing license, and the like. The commissioners recommended instead a reasonable land tax and a tax on corporation franchises

discharge from the army to remain in the civil service, were exempted from examinations. Reforms in civil and criminal procedure, the criminal code, and the judicial system were adopted on the recommendation of the Filipino bar. A branch railroad into the mining country of Luzon, 45 miles in length, was considered favorably. Calls came from all parts of the islands for public schools, and the supply of English teachers was far short of the demand. Native children showed great aptitude in learning English. Night schools were established for teaching English to adults. Only a small fraction of the people speak Spanish. The creation of a central government like that of Porto Rico, securing all rights described in the bill of rights and the Federal Constitution, promised to bring contentment, prosperity, education, and political enlightenment. The subsidence of the rebellion toward the close of the year gave grounds for the opinion that the disturbances could better be suppressed by the native police of a civil government, with the army as an auxiliary force, than by a continuance of complete military control. The commission was embarrassed in securing good material for judicial and other service by the provisional character of the military government and its uncertainty of tenure. Legislation by congress to create a central civil government was urgently needed. Until such a bill was passed no public franchises could be granted, nor any mining claims, and no substantial investment of private capital in internal improvements was possible. The sale of public lands, forest concessions, and the grant of railroad and other franchises seemed desirable to the commissioners, and especially the starting of mines by hundreds of American miners who were on the ground awaiting a law to perfect their claims. The beginning of

these enterprises would be a good element in pacification, and it was recommended that the operation of the law of Congress to establish civil government be not postponed until the complete suppression of all insurrection, but only until, in the President's opinion, civil government may be safely established. In the first public legislative session of the Philippine Commission $2,000,000 in silver were voted for the construction of roads and bridges, $5,000 for the preliminary survey of the proposed railroad from Dagupan to Benguet, and $5,400 for schools.

A strong peace party, called the Federals, was organized among the Filipinos. They favored the adoption by the natives of the Protestant religion, and later another party, the Conservatives, also in favor of peace and American sovereignty, was formed to represent the views of the native priests, and to voice the hope of ultimate national independence after a period of American rule and tutelage. The problem of the friars, which led to the original rebellion against Spanish authority, was the one that agitated the Filipinos most. The friar was the embodiment of all authority, governmental as well as religious, in his locality. The rebels expelled the friars from their places, and the Filipinos were generally opposed to allowing them to return. Immorality was one of the grounds of complaint, and instances were proved, but this was not the principal one. The Augustinians, the Dominicans, the Franciscans, and the Recolletos are owners of 403,000 acres of cultivated ground, besides which they have large sums of money to loan. The United States engaged to protect them in their possessions in the treaty with Spain. They had transferred their property to others, but the transfers are not genuine and they remain the owners. The commission recommends that their estates be purchased for public lands out of the island revenues, by condemnation if necessary, though the orders have expressed a willingness to sell at a satisfactory price. The secular clergy is composed mainly of Filipinos, while the monks are mostly Spaniards. The important cures have been filled by these monks, and the commissioners would like to see American priests sent to the islands to take their place. The commission enacted a law when the insurrection had subsided declaring persons ineligible to public office who were found in arms against the United States authority after March 1, 1901, or who aided or abetted insurrectionists. Sites for penal settlements and for a leper colony were found in the southern islands.

PHYSICS, PROGRESS OF, IN 1900. Constitution and Properties of Matter. Inorganic Life. Guillaume (Archives des Sciences, February) notes that certain physical processes have close analogies in physiology, and may be regarded as constituting an elementary form of life. Among such processes are fatigue and adaptation to impressed forces. An instance of the latter is the hardening of a metal at the point of impending rupture, which may be termed an instance of protective modification. Similarly the gray iodide or chloride of silver in the Becquerel process of color photography assumes the color of the incident light, and thus enables itself to reflect it. If it did not do that it would have to absorb the radiation, and the energy so absorbed would have the effect of reducing the silver salt.

Matter and Ether.-Sagnac (Comptes Rendus, Nov. 20, 1899) shows that Fizeau's effect, in which the ether is apparently dragged along by a column of water in motion, consists of two opposite effects -the mass effect, which, owing to the diminution by its motion of the useful mass of water traversed

by the ray, produces an apparent dragging of the ether, and the motion effect, which is the same as if the cylinder containing the water moved with respect to the source, without any water entering or leaving it. The whole effect is a retardation in the time of propagation. Kelvin (Philosophical Magazine, August) has solved mathematically two problems relating to the motion of matter through the ether, namely, to find the orbit of an ether particle disturbed by a moving atom and the path traced through an atom (supposed fixed) while the ether moves uniformly in parallel lines. In a subsequent paper (ibid., September) he shows that gravity may be explained by supposing the positive electron to condense ether in its neighborhood and the negative electron to rarefy it.

Size of Molecules.-Gerstmann (German Physical Society, Oct. 20, 1899) has tried to estimate the size of molecules by determining the heat of solution of a nonelectrolytic substance in a liquid when the former is taken (1) in a lump, (2) in a finely powdered condition, and also the heat absorbed on mixing two such solutions of different concentrations. He used a special modification of Bunsen's calorimeter, but so far has attained no other result than that the two heats of solution differ from each other. Jäger (Vienna Academy) calculates the sizes of the ions, or electric carriers in an electrolyte, from the specific resistance, on the assumption that this resistance is entirely due to viscosity. He also assumes that the ions are spheres, that anion and cation have equal diameters, and that the density of the electrolyte is the true density of the material. For potassium chloride he finds d=66 × 10- centimetres, while according to the kinetic theory of gases d=96 × 10- centimetres for chlorine alone. (See also Electrification, under ELECTRICITY, below.)

Molecular Motion.-Exner (Annalen der Physik, August) has studied the velocity of particles in so-called Brownian motion, using gum dissolved in alcohol and precipitated by water. At a temperature of 23°, particles 0.0004 millimetre in diameter were found to move with a speed of 0.0038 millimetre a second; those 0.0009 millimetre in diameter, 0.0033 millimetre a second; and those 0.0013 in diameter, 0.0027 millimetre a second. The velocity increased slightly with temperature, and it appeared that motion would cease at -20° C. rather than at the absolute zero. The author believes the motion to be connected with that of the liquid molecules, although this is about 100,000 times greater.

Gravity. Sterneck (Vienna Academy Sitzungsberichte, 108, 1899) has made observations in mines in Bohemia and Carniola whose results seem to indicate that a downward increase in temperature tends to be associated with an increase in gravity.

Mechanics. Strength of Materials.-Guest (Philosophical Magazine, July), in an investigation of the strength of ductile materials under combined stress, subjected steel, copper, and brass tubes to twisting, tension, and internal pressure, and to various combinations of these. The maximum principal strain was found to be greatest in the simple tension experiments and least either in the torsion tests or when the axial and circumferential tensions are equal. The principal practical conclusion is that a specific shearing stress is a necessary condition for the initial yield of a uniform ductile material.

Elasticity. Schaefer (German Physical Society, 2, p. 11, 1900) has investigated the elasticity of metals at temperatures as low as the boiling point of liquid air (-186° C.). He finds that the lateral contraction of wires increases with the temperature; that the greater the thermal coefficient of

expansion the higher the temperature coefficient (except with gold); and that lowering the temperature raises the limits of elasticity. The results agree well with those of other experimenters. Impact.-Vincent (Cambridge Philosophical Society, Aug. 13) finds that when nondeformable spheres impinge on plane surfaces of lead, paraffin, brass, or cast iron with not too great velocity the square of the diameter of the dent is proportional to the velocity. For spheres of the same material and equal velocity the diameter of the dent is proportional to the diameter of the sphere. The volume of the dent is proportional to the energy of motion of the sphere just before impact. For steady loads the square of the diameter of the dent is proportional to the load. The time of impact is directly proportional to the diameter of the ball, other things being equal.

Liquids and Gases. Solution.-Nernst (Göttingen Academy of Sciences, 1, 1900) believes that the validity of the hydrate theory of solution can not be ascertained by study of osmotic pressure or of any other static phenomenon, but only by dynamic phenomena, such as the movement of a third added substance on diffusion or electrolysis. Results of experiments on these lines indicate that hydration in a solution is either entirely absent or takes place only to a limited extent. Rothmund (Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, May 18) deduces from experiment that the decreased solubility of nonelectrolytes caused by the addition to the water of various salts is due not to a reaction between the substance and the dissolved saltwhich would be accompanied by some heat effect -but to some action of the salt on the water. Zsigmondy (Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, April 3) opposes the conclusion arrived at by Stoeckl and Vanino, that the so-called colloidal solutions of metals are merely suspensions. He regards them as real solutions, since they exhibit the peculiarities of such solutions, namely, some osmotic pressure and power of diffusion, concentration without apparent change, separation when the solvent freezes, and impossibility of separation. That colloidal gold solutions give a diffusely reflected light which is elliptically polarized, are precipitated by animal charcoal, and behave toward the electric current like suspensions, is not regarded by the author as conclusive proof that they are suspensions. Schaum (Physikalische Zeitschrift, 1, 1899) has investigated the motion of substances while dissolving, analogous to the wellknown motion of camphor in water. The substances dealt with are mostly salts readily soluble in water and dilute acids. The motion is always greater in dilute acid than in water, and its nature is characteristic. The crystal generally moves at first in a zigzag, then changes to a curve, and finally rotates rapidly. The rate of motion depends on the rate of solution. (See also Double Refraction, under LIGHT.)

Surface Tension; Films.-Hall (Dublin Royal Society, 9, 1899) shows that the liquor from the settling of the froth of a soap is stronger in soap than the original solution. There must be a concentration of soapy matter after the formation of a film, which agrees with Rayleigh's investigations of the stability of soap bubbles. Donnau (Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, Dec. 22, 1899), from experiments on soap emulsions, after comparison with the results of Krafft on the boiling points of soap solutions with those of Rayleigh on the formation of froth on liquids, and with Hall's observation just mentioned, concludes that surface concentration causes a considerable diminution in the amount of work necessary to increase the surface of separation of an oil and alkali

solution, and that it is to this that the formation of small bubbles is due. Malagoli (Nuovo Cimento, May) produces durable films on skeleton figures by dissolving 40 grammes of gelatin and 10 grammes of soap in 500 of water at a temperature not exceeding 80° C. The films are obtained by dipping the skeletons into the solution and drying for twelve hours. They are not thin enough to show interference colors. Vincent (Journal de Physique, February) believes that a thin film of silver on glass is bounded on both sides by what he calls "transition superficial layers," of a different constitution from the rest of the metal. These in the case of silver are of smaller conductivity and the joint thickness of the two is about 50 X 10 centimetres. Quincke (Annalen der Physik, June) combats this idea, and attributes the observed variation of resistance to a variation of density. This author believes that in all cases wedges of solid material are to be preferred to liquid films for the determination of molecular forces.

Condensation.-Barus (Science, Feb. 9) believes that condensation is due always to nuclei primarily, and that whether these are ionized or not is of secondary importance. There is no noteworthy difference between the action of air carrying such dust and that of ionized air.

Air Resistance.-Bryan (Nature, Nov. 30, 1899) describes recent researches of Le Dantec and of Canovetti on this subject. Le Dantec makes the surface under test slide down a vertical wire. The start releases an electric recording device, and the current is broken when the body strikes the buffer at the end of its descent, which occupies 1, 2, or 3 seconds. A surface 1 metre square at a velocity of 1 metre per second experiences a resistance of 81 grammes. The form of the plate is of importance, and the resistance appears to be proportional to the length of the contour. The law that within certain limits the resistance is proportional to the square of the velocity is verified.

Canovetti suspends his bodies from a wire 370 metres in length, stretched along the slope of a hill. The resistance was found to be 90 grammes (instead of Le Dantec's 81). He also tried bodies of the shape of a Challais balloon-a long cone and a hemisphere joined by their bases, enveloped in a net; the resistance was 80 grammes, and largely due to the net.

Gascous Viscosity.-Jäger (Vienna Academy Sitzungsberichte, January-March) finds that the path over which a molecule carries a definite amount of momentum exceeds its mean free path by the diameter of a molecule at most, and is only one half this on the average. As the viscosity is proportional to this path, it is also a function of molecular diameter, and when this becomes very large the viscosity approximates to infinity. The author shows this more exactly by formulæ.

Explosive Waves.-Le Chatelier (Comptes Rendus, June 25) shows by photographic methods that in various explosive mixtures ignited by an electric spark the speed of propagation of the flame at once assumes a value of several hundred metres a second, and rapidly increases to beyond 1,000. Shortly after the appearance of the flame the explosive wave, with a greater and uniform velocity, is suddenly formed. The distances traveled by the flame before the formation of the explosive wave vary from 1 decimetre to 1 metre. The greatest observed velocity of the explosive wave was 2.920 metres per second. Vieille (Comptes Rendus, Dec. 26, 1899) finds that explosives are not necessary to produce waves of

velocity much higher than that of sound. When air is shut off by a collodion diaphragm at the end of a tube, and is compressed by a piston, the wave generated when the collodion bursts has a very high velocity. Some such diaphragms will burst at a pressure of 27 atmospheres, and the wave is then propagated faster than 600 metres per second. The rate decreases by about 20 metres per second for every metre traversed, until it becomes the ordinary velocity of sound. (See also Temperature of Flames, under HEAT).

Efflux of Gases.-Emden (Wiedemann's Annalen, October, 1899) has developed the mathematical theory of the efflux of gas under pressure, starting from the position that, if the efflux is steady, equal masses and equal quantities of energy must pass the space between two cross sections of the tube in each unit of time. He arrives at the following important generalizations: The velocity with which the gas passes the orifice can never become greater than the velocity of sound at that point. The pressure at which a jet begins to pass the orifice with this velocity corresponds to the velocity of efflux at which stationary sound waves are formed in the jet. In this manner sound waves of very small wave length and very high frequency may be formed, possessing greater energy than any yet produced. Acoustics. Velocity of Sound.-Witkowski (Bulletin of the Cracow Academy of Science, 16, p. 138), by experimenting with compressed air by Kundt's method at various temperatures and pressures, has shown that the velocity of sound varies with the pressure, the variation being greatest at the lowest temperatures. At zero the velocity slowly rises with the pressure, being about 10 per cent. higher at 100 atmospheres than at 1 atmosphere. At 100° the velocity remains nearly the same at all pressures, while at -130° it rapidly falls with increasing pressure. louin (Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 18, 1899) shows mathematically that when the transmission of sound with its condensations and rarefactions takes place in a mixture of gases, gaseous diffusion must be taken into account, as it causes variations in composition of the medium.

Bril

Pitch.-Koenig (Wiedemann's Annalen, November and December, 1899) finds that Kundt's dust figures can be used to determine pitches high above the limits of audibility. The fork c', placed at the mouth of a tube with a length of some 95 semi-wave-lengths, and a diameter of about one semi-wave-length (11 millimetres) gives very clearly defined figures. The method is available up to f (90,000 complete vibrations per second), a pitch which is more than an octave above the extreme limit of audibility. The method of beats ceases to be practicably available two octaves below that limit.

Phonography.-Mauro (Journal of the Franklin Institute, July) describes a modification of Bell and Tainter's graphophone in which undulations of greater amplitude are insured by increasing the velocity of the style. The style is set at a more acute angle, and the diameter of the cylinder is increased. The increase in velocity also prevents the shank of the style from coming into contact with the wax and so checking the vibration.

Heat. Thermometry. - Holborn and Day (American Journal of Science, September, 1899) find that up to 500° C. thermometer bulbs of Jena borosilicate glass No. 591 with inclosed hydrogen prove most satisfactory, no appreciable changes in the zero point being shown after repeated heatings. Callendar (Philosophical Magazine, December, 1899) advocates the adoption of

00

a new practical temperature scale, to be known as the British Association Standard." According to this standard any temperature, t, would be defined by the equation t-pt=dt (t—100), where pt100 (R-R)/(R100-R) and d is a constant, R, R., and R... being the electrical resistances of a particular platinum wire at t, 0° and 100° C. respectively, and the value of d being obtained by taking the boiling point of sulphur under 76 centimetres of mercury at 0° C. as 444.53° C. This scale is subject to far less uncertainty, especially at high temperatures, than that practically obtained with gas thermometers as at present constructed and used; it is easily and accurately reproducible, and is a close approximation to Kelvin's absolute scale.

Conduction.-Smolan (Vienna Academy) states that at the boundary between a solid and gas, across which a flow of heat takes place, there is an abrupt change of temperature. When the whole temperature difference is small this may be expressed as an imaginary length added to the thickness of gas through which conduction is taking place. These lengths in different gases are proportional to the mean free path, being 6.98 times as long for hydrogen as for carbonic acid, and 1.70 time for air.

Radiant Heat.-Planck (Annalen der Physik, April) endeavors to find an expression for the entropy of radiant heat which is in agreement with all the data of thermodynamics and of the electromagnetic theory of light. He also arrives at a numerical value of the temperature of a monochromatic radiation emitted by a small surface and refracted by a system of centric surfaces. The temperature of the radiation is completely defined without reference to that of the body which emits it, or to the losses suffered on the way. It is more rational, the author thinks, to speak of the temperature of a monochromatic beam of sunlight than of the temperature of the sun. Liesegang (Physikalische Zeitschrift, April 14) has succeeded in making a paper sensitive to long heat waves by painting it with equal quantities of hydroquinone and anhydrous sodium carbonate, mixed with a little alcohol. On exposure to the radiation of a gas stove the blue color of this paper is completely bleached in five seconds, and shadow pictures of coins can be obtained. Kurlbaum (Annalen der Physik, July) finds that the temperature of the surface of a radiating body is by no means that of the interior, as is usually assumed. With a sheet of blackened platinum foil 1 thick the difference of temperature is 0.016° when the sheet is heated 4° above its surroundings.

Convection.-Bénard (Comptes Rendus, April 9 and 17) finds that a thin layer of liquid heated uniformly from below may assume a stable condition in which it becomes divided into regular polygonal prismatic cellules, in each of which the liquid ascends along the axis and descends along the outside. The forms have remarkable permanence and perfection.

Specific Heat.--Magie (Physical Review, August, 1899) shows theoretically that the osmotic pressure of a solution is equal to its latent heat of expansion, and also points out the special cases (four in number) where the specific heats of the solvent and of the solute in a solution are constant at all concentrations.

Ebullition.-Speyers (American Journal of Science, May) shows that if we know the molecular aggregations of the constituents in a homogeneous mixture of two liquids it is possible to plot the boiling-point curve of such a mixture. The equation employed is_n/(N + n) = (p—p′)/'d