prompt, seemed likely to be more complete and satisfactory, was that looking toward the unifaction of the primary and secondary educational system for England and Wales. Under the system which had grown up in the past fifty years, Catholics had been allowed to build their own or voluntary schools, toward the support of which, as regards secular education only, a special aid grant had been annually made by Parliament, which amounted to about five sevenths of the cost of the secular education furnished. In addition to the subscriptions necessary to defray the extra two sevenths of expense, rates for the support of board schools in which nonconformist religious instruction was given were also levied upon Catholics. The Government before the elections announced its readiness (1) to unite all the schools under a central board as regards inspection and control, and (2) to provide a uniform system of secular education and uniform taxation to support it as soon as the different denominations concerned should agree upon the exact form of the measure. At a meeting of the English Catholic hierarchy resolutions were adopted calling for support of the schools out of the imperial exchequer on account of the inequality of rates. Accordingly a bill was introduced in October into Parliament providing, as regards secondary schools, for some of the reforms demanded.

Sunday, Oct. 7, was celebrated throughout England the golden jubilee of the restoration of the English hierarchy in 1850 by Pius IX, when Cardinal Wiseman was created Archbishop of Westminster.

For the first time for many years the Government, in forming a new administration, omitted to include a single Catholic, the Duke of Norfolk, who resigned his post as Postmaster-General to go to the war, being passed over in favor of his temporary successor. The new Parliament, however, had 4 Catholic members for England and 73 for Ireland, an increase of 1 and 4 over their representation in the Parliament preceding.

The estimated Catholic population of the United Kingdom was 5,500,000, and of the empire 10,500,000.

Charles Russell, Lord Chief Justice of England and its greatest Catholic layman since Thomas More, died Aug. 10, aged sixty-seven. With the exception of More, his was the highest judicial post ever held by a Catholic, and had he lived he would no doubt have succeeded More in the chancellorship.

Right Rev. John Vertue, D. D., Bishop of Portsmouth, died May 23, aged seventy-four. Other great losses to the Catholics of England occurred in the death of J. P. Crichton-Stuart, Marquis of Bute, Oct. 9, and Rev. Richard F. Clarke, S. J., Sept. 9.

Scotland. The educational claims of Scotch and Irish Catholics were presented on the last Sunday in September in all the churches in Scotland by Archbishop Eyre of Glasgow, as forming an important issue in the general election then at hand. In Scotland all schools are denominational; but while the Presbyterian schools are supported by the Government, the Catholic schools receive no help from it.

The archiepiscopal see of St. Andrew's and Edin burgh was made vacant by the death of Most Rev. Angus McDonald, April 28, aged fifty-six. To succeed him, Right Rev. James A. Smith, Bishop of Dunkeld, was appointed Sept. 15. Another appointment of interest to the antiquarian was that of Rev. Francis McManus to the charge of a church erected during the year at Bannockburn, less than a mile from the battlefield.

Ireland. The university question still held the center of the Irish stage, and as far as anything in the way of success greater than wide discussion was concerned seemed likely to continue to do so for a number of years. Speeches on the question were made without number, meetings by the score were held, and uncounted resolutions passed. These, as far as they went, were valuable as showing the temper of the people and the amount of sympathy enlisted in the cause. Chief among them was the pastoral of the Irish bishops, in synod assembled, in which the whole question was carefully gone over, and the argument ably presented. That the demand for a Catholic university for Ireland, Catholic in the sense in which Trinity College is Protestant, was entirely reasonable and just, was admitted by all or nearly all those who opposed it in the House of Commons when on March 23 the matter was brought to a vote. The university side was ably presented by Mr. Balfour and by the Irish members. There was no bill before the house, and the matter arose on a resolution that the Speaker leave the chair on the civil service estimates. Mr. Balfour urged Mr. Healy not to ask for a division, since the resolution presented a strict party question, division upon which furnished no criterion of the amount of sympathy the merits of the question commanded. Mr. Healy insisted, however, and the division disclosed 177 against the measure to 91 in support of it.

The Second Plenary Synod of Maynooth was held from Aug. 28 to Sept. 11. The first synod was held twenty years ago. Numerous ecclesiastical questions were discussed, and the pastoral already mentioned issued, in which the history of the Church in the island for the past twenty-five years was considered. The pastoral, besides its advocacy of the Irish national university, went into the question of intermediate education, and the system of national education was strongly condemned as antichristian. The agriculture act, providing for technical instruction in farming, was commended, though considered hardly radical enough to stop the drain of Irish emigration. The whole system of land laws, "in which rents are periodically made a matter of litigation before a tribunal in which neither side has confidence," was denounced, and in its place the bishops hoped to see as the solution of the Irish question a system of peasant proprietorship by which the great plains then almost worthless might be reclaimed, and the peasant himself restored to industry on his own land. The pastoral further condemned obscene literature, horse racing on Sundays, and secret political societies. The pastoral was published both in English and Irish.

Two questions of intermediate education, the first that of state support of denominational schools and the second the compulsory teaching of the Irish language in certain districts, were presented to the House of Commons by the Irish members. As to the first, complete support of Catholic schools by the state seemed as far off as ever when the debate ended. The plan for teaching Irish in the schools of the district where it was still the common language, while not formally adopted, was turned over to the Commissioners of National Education with permission to allow such teaching in exceptional cases.

The relief of Mafeking was celebrated by Orangemen in Belfast by breaking in the door of the Mater Hospital, and doing damage to Catholic churches and schools which cost the city corporation £3.000 to repair. The capture of Pretoria was similarly celebrated.

France. The persecution of the religious congregations which took up so much of the time of

the French Chamber in 1899, was resumed in 1900 with singular ferocity. It began in January with the trial of the Assumptionist fathers. Like all French trials, the proceedings ranged from the merely offensive and irrelevant to the broadly comic. Twelve of the fathers were accused of being an association of more than 20 persons, and of dealing with questions of a political, social, and religious nature. In explaining the case for the prosecution, M. Bulot declared that 1,800,000f. were said to have been seen at the Assumptionist headquarters, and that there were grave reasons for supposing that the premises they lived in belonged to them. The gravamen of the charge, however, lay in the fact that the defendants published a newspaper in which the Government had been repeatedly criticised. The defendants were convicted and fined 16 francs, and their community was ordered dissolved as illegal. Although the priests appealed from the verdict and the Foreign Office practically promised to prevent the dissolution of the order on account of its mission work in the East, yet Cardinal Richard, who visited the fathers while under trial, was reprimanded by the Prime Minister, and the salaries of 6 bishops who had written letters of sympathy to them were stopped. When the Archbishop of Aix, Mgr. GoutheSoulard, who was one of the victims, denounced this act as a piece of spoliation, since the salaries paid by the Government to the clergy under the terms of the concordat are part of the compensation due by the state and accepted by the Church in lieu of the confiscated ecclesiastical property, the contumaciousness of the archbishop, for whose punishment no law existed, caused M. WaldeckRousseau to bring in a bill amending the penal code and punishing, without trial, any member of the clergy criticising the Government or any public authority. It was on the face of it so incompatible with all principles of popular liberty that the committee appointed to examine it recommended its abandonment.

A much graver matter, however, was the loi de scolarité, introduced in January into the Chamber, the object of which was to kill off the Catholic secondary schools. The bill proposed to make an attendance of three years at a lycée condition precedent to admission to such institutions as the Polytechnic, the Naval School, Saumur, Versailles, or Fontainebleau. In other words, if a youth desired to enter a military, naval, or civil service academy, he must have spent three years in a lycée. Achievement or excellence acquired elsewhere could not avail him, since it was not so much a point what he learned as where he learned it. The committee to which this bill was referred gave it a rebuff.

These two bills were introduced, however, and with them two others worse than the first, and to the passage of all four the ministry was committed. The third provided for the regulation of religious congregations. Its terms were, briefly, that six months would be allowed for congregations not "regulated" to become so; failing which, their property would be confiscated. The fourth measure presented the other horn of the dilemma. Those already regulated and those who might be driven into regulation by bill No. 3 met a heavy special tax, whose conditions would be certain to drive them into bankruptcy within a short time. None of the bills had been passed when the year closed, in spite of the efforts of the ministry. To inflame the Socialists, M. Waldeck-Rousseau had an inquiry made as to the property of the congregations. The result of the examination showed a total of 1,060,530,630 francs. While this was probably exaggerated for political purposes,

and because the phrase "a milliard of francs" made such a comfortable and impressive mouthful, still the sight of so much wealth at their disposal sharpened the appetites of the Socialists, and made exceedingly probable the passage of one or all of the bills before the session should end.

But what the Government could not accomplish in one way toward injuring and insulting the Catholics of France it could in another, and no reasonable opportunity was neglected. The acts ranged from mere comedy to the height of blasphemy. It had been the immemorial custom of the French navy to lower the flags and deck the vessels with crape on Good Friday. This year a telegram was sent to all the ports in France by the Minister of Marine to forbid the ceremony. M. Waldeck-Rousseau in April issued a ukase forbidding missions and special sermons by religious orders. And following their chiefs, the prefects and mayors joined in the hue and cry. In Tours Hospital the mayor ordered the crucifixes removed from the walls, and prohibited the circulation of any religious book, even a Catholic almanac being confiscated. In St. Florine the mayor issued an order interdicting the wearing of vestments by priests at funerals. Numerous cases of similar petty tyranny were reported, none, however, showing a more luminous conception of law and logic than the following: In Brest, early in February, a man named Jean Bartheleme was seized as he left the Jesuit College, having in his possession several articles which he had stolen from that institution. On his being brought to trial the public prosecutor held that the Jesuits had no legal existence, and that therefore there could be no theft of any articles belonging to them, and the prisoner was discharged.

The Pope in February conferred upon M. Brunetière the rare distinction of the order of Commander of Pius IX, in return for his signal services to the Catholic religion.

On the third anniversary of the fire which consumed the Charity Bazaar in Paris, May 4, 1897, and in which 115 lives were lost, was consecrated a memorial chapel in the Rue Jean-Goujon. The entire expense of it, 300,000 francs, was contributed by the Countess de Castellane.

By a brief dated Sept. 13, the Pope sent to the Archconfraternity of Our Lady of Compassion, organized for prayer for the conversion of England, his blessing and his hope for success. The extreme Left of the Chamber of Deputies immediately made outery, saying that it would disturb international relations between England and France. But the affair was not so regarded in Downing Street, where no notice was taken of it.

Between Sept. 10 and 14 a clerical congress was held at Bourges, the first since the Revolution, attended by more than 800 priests.

Archbishop Ireland delivered the address at the unveiling of the statue of Lafayette presented to France by the United States. The ceremony was performed on July 4, and the archbishop's address was a long panegyric on Lafayette, the keynote of which was praise of liberty.

Père Didon, O. S. D., one of the most famous preachers in France, died suddenly in Toulouse, March 10. Other vacancies in the ranks of the clergy were caused by the deaths of Mgr. Mando, Bishop of Angoulême, July 15; of Mgr. GoutheSoulard, Archbishop of Aix, Sept. 8; and Mgr. Baptifolier, Bishop of Meude, Oct. 1.

Germany.-A somewhat serious conflict was started in February between the Catholics of Alsace-Lorraine and those of the rest of the empire over the proposed erection of a Catholic faculty of theology at the University of Strasburg. The

question was one partly of educational methods, but more largely of national sentiment, since such a faculty at a thoroughly German university like Strasburg would be a powerful agent in Germanizing the clergy of the two dissident provinces. Counter-petitions were addressed to the Holy See by the Bishops of Strasburg and Metz on the one hand and the Catholic press and clergy of AlsaceLorraine on the other. At last accounts the advantage was with the German element, represented by the bishops.

The eight hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the translation of the relics of St. Quirinus to Neuss, in the diocese of Cologne, was celebrated with great pomp and enthusiasm by the inhabitants of the town for a week in the middle of May. St. Quirinus is represented as the Roman tribune to whose care the Pope and other Christian captives were intrusted by Hadrian in 119 A. D., and who was converted by the Pope and died in martyrdom with him.

The dancing pilgrims of Echternach this year celebrated their pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Willibrod on Whit-Tuesday. Although the distance traversed was no more than a mile, it took three hours for any part of the troop of over 50,000 persons to traverse it. They dance to music, five steps forward and three back, which considerably lengthens their journey.

The Prussian Minister of Cult in February refused to recognize attendance at Fribourg, in Switzerland, as equal to attendance at German universities a privilege theretofore accorded all German universities. The discrimination was publicly declared to have been made because Fribourg was under Dominican control.

The forty-seventh annual Catholic Congress of Germany met at Bonn in September, and drew up a number of resolutions, under eight different heads, as the outcome of its discussions. Of these the most important were that calling for the freedom of the Holy See and that outlining a plan for denominational education.

The statistics of the Catholic population of the empire, published in August, showed a falling off of more than 6 per cent. in Baden, about 3 per cent. in Prussia, and a less fraction in the other duchies. Italy. Although the feeling between Church and state was not at all modified by any events of the year, the two moved together throughout twelve months with comparatively little friction. The stoppage of a French pilgrimage from Marseilles, ostensibly for quarantine purposes, was probably as much a national demonstration as a religious one. His Holiness, in an informal manner, sent to Queen Margherita the expression of his sympathy and regret at the death of King Humbert. The Queen sent to Mgr. Bonamelli, Bishop of Cremona, a prayer for which she sought ecclesiastical approbation. It was refused, however, on account of its form.

In a letter to the Cardinal Vicar of Rome the Pope protested in August against the proselytizing being carried on in the Holy City by American missionary societies. Although as a reprisal the Liberals proposed removing police protection from occasions of military and official celebration in St. Peter's, the new King promptly prevented any such unwise measure. His Majesty, however, even in his accession proclamation declared his intention of continuing his father's policy of Roma Intangibile, or the preservation of the city from the aspirations of the papal see. Austria-Hungary. The evil of dueling in the Austrian army was accentuated in August by the trial and dismissal from the army of Marquis Tacoli for refusing to fight a duel. The marquis

had occasion to protest against the utterances of a slanderer, whom military etiquette required him to challenge. He refused to do so on the ground that he as a Catholic objected on principle to dueling. The officers' court of honor thereupon convicted him of cowardice, and the Ministry of War canceled his commission. It developed on the inquiry that another officer had written to the marquis commending his stand. The writer, who turned out to be Captain Ledochowski, a young headquarters officer of distinction, and a nephew of the cardinal prefect of the Propaganda, was also dismissed from the army. The investigation of a second letter of congratulation to the marquis disclosed the fact that it was written by the Infant Don Alfonso de Bourbon. There was no talk of dismissing him from the army, and under the stimulus of his advice and the influence of the personages affected by the two dismissals a movement began for the abolition of compulsory dueling.

Under the direction of Countess Maria Teresa Ledochowski an antislavery congress was held in Vienna, Nov. 22 to 27.

Pope Leo XIII in September addressed a letter to the Archbishop of Salzburg warmly encouraging the project of a Catholic university at that place. Of the 9,000,000 kronen needed for its maintenance 1,000,000 was subscribed during the year, and it was expected that the balance would be raised within five years.

The nine hundredth anniversary of the Church in Hungary was celebrated in August in the Cathedral of Grau, where St. Stephen was baptized and crowned King with a crown sent him by the Pope. The celebration was attended by the Hungarian Premier and all his Cabinet.

Archbishop Julian Kinlowski, Uniate Greek Metropolitan of Lemberg, died May 4, aged seventy-four years.

Belgium.-On Sunday, May 25, the new system of elections in Belgium received a fair trial, and resulted in a Catholic majority of 18 members in the Chamber of Representatives and a substantial majority in the Senate. The result in the Chamber represented a decrease from a previous majority of 72, but the better tone prevalent among the minority more than made up for the forfeiture of additional strength by the Catholic party, and justified the workings of the new law.

The Belgian Chamber in April began work on its project for raising the salaries of ecclesiastics of all ranks. The scale proposed ranged from $160 to $420 per annum, conditioned on length of service.

The Catholic family of Aremberg, the most illustrious in Belgium, removed entirely during the year to Germany, where it has extended possessions. Its residence in Brussels, the ducal palace built in 1548, where Count Egmont once resided, was sold to the Government. The family is descended from Jean de Ligne (1442), and the heads of it have been counts of the Holy Roman Empire since 1549.

A committee formed in Belgium in November presented an appeal to the Holy Father to condemn anti-Semitism, and especially to dispel the legend of the practice of ritual murders.

Holland. In the face of a promise of a Government subsidy to Catholic schools, the Liberals refused to allow any appropriation for the purpose, declaring the promise not binding. Mgr. Schaepman, the leader of the Catholic party, was induced by the promise to join the Liberals on the question of compulsory education, and owing to his defection the compulsory school

bill passed by one vote. The law is to come into effect Jan. 1, 1902, when Catholic pupils will be forced to attend the state schools, unless the promised subsidy is made, since their own schools are not large enough for all Catholic pupils who come under the provisions of the law. Latin America. The work of revivifying and reorganizing the Church in Latin America, inaug urated by his Holiness by the Plenary Council of Bishops of Latin America held at Rome in 1899, was continued by him throughout the following year. In March the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs issued a decree to the bishops regulating fasts, and providing for the promulgation of an eighty days' indulgence. In May the secretariate of state by brief conveyed to the bishops the wish of the Holy Father that in each ecclesiastical province a meeting of the ordinaries be held at least as often as once every three years; and asked a strict observance of the enactments of the council, especially the ordinances relating to the conversion of the Indians, the study of the vulgar tongue, the deferring of infant baptisms and negligence in administering the sacraments to the sick. The Pope also sent an apostolic letter to the bishops of Brazil, urging the establishment of ecclesiastical seminaries, the organization of literary mediums to educate the people, an intelligent interest in politics, and proper and systematic provision for the support of Catholic institutions. His Holiness's interest was marked by a great Catholic revival in South American countries. A congress held at Bahia in June was attended by clergy from all parts of the continent, and practical methods were adopted of carrying the Pope's recommendations into effect.

Australia. The new cathedral at Sydney was dedicated Sept. 9 by Cardinal Moran. In the sanctuary besides the bishops of Australia were Earl Beauchamp, Governor of New South Wales, Lord Lamington, Governor of Queensland, and Mr. Le Hunte, Lieutenant Governor of British New Guinea. The cost of the cathedral was £220,000, and it had been building since 1868. A Catholic congress, lasting six days, was held Sept. 9 to 15, at the initial session of which Lord Beauchamp was present. The site of the new cathedral is that of the first Catholic church in Australia, of which the foundation stone was laid by Gov. Macquarie in 1821.

China. The outrages in China by the Boxers fell with especial severity upon the Catholics, who were the first victims of the antiforeign fury. That part of this fury, as regards the Catholic priests especially, was due to the anticlerical crusade in France, was asserted by those most familiar with the situation. Lord Curzon, Viceroy of India, who visited Pekin in 1894, thus summed up the situation:

"China resents the foreigner at best, and the missionary in any case must take his life as well as his crucifix into his hands. This he well understood. But in aggravation of the normal antiforeign feeling of the Chinese population came the knowledge that France herself had ousted those Jesuits, those orders, whom China was to be made to receive at the mouth of the Mauser, whom China herself was forbidden to eject. The castaways of a European country were to be her enforced guests-the refuse of France was to be made welcome by the stranger. Insult was thus added to the injury of the intrusion. The nation could not draw subtle distinctions; it had the plain fact before it that the soul physicians France would not permit to practice on its own people were to be thrust upon the devotees of another

creed; that the men whom France accused of treachery to the state were to be let loose on a Government to whom no loyalty was owed. This is the deed that France has done; and the horrors of to-day, in which we and the other countries of Europe suffer an undue share, are but the sequel of the expulsion of religious orders from the republic."

The number of Catholic priests and bishops who fell before the Boxers had not been counted at the end of the year, and the number of native Christians who perished can only be guessed at. Among the more prominent victims were Right Rev. Laurence Guillon, Vicar Apostolic of South Manchuria; Bishop Ferdinand Hamer, Vicar Apostolic of Southwest Mongolia; Bishop Fantasoti, Vicar Apostolic of South Hunan; Bishop Gregory Grassi, Vicar Apostolic of North Shensi; and Bishop Francis Fogolla. The known massacres included 32 European priests and 10 nuns. Much missionary property was destroyed, including the Pekin cathedral. The Catholics in China before the outrages numbered 762,758, with 942 European and 445 native priests, 4,348 churches and chapels, and 4,054 schools with 65,990 pupils.

Other Missionary Countries.-Leo XIII, on Feb. 5, gave 500,000 francs for the Church of the Copts in Egypt, and on the same day he made a similar gift on behalf of the provincial seminary at Kandy in Ceylon.

The Uniate Chaldean Church of Mesopotamia received a new head by the election, July 8, of Mar Joseph Emmanuel Thomas, Bishop of Seert, to the vacant patriarchal throne of Babylon, which embraces 3 archbishoprics and 9 bishoprics situated in Asiatic Turkey and Persia.

On May 13 was solemnly consecrated the Basilica newly erected upon the site of the one built near Jerusalem by the Empress Eudoxia in the fifth century to mark the spot where St. Stephen was stoned to death.

By a decree issued in June, and signed by the Viceroy of Szechuen, the first and second chiefs of Bathang, and the superior of the lamasery of TinLin-Se, the door of Tibet, which has long been closed to Christianity, was opened to missionaries. By the decree, which was engraved on wood, the natives are not only allowed to become Christians, but are freed from any taxation in support of the national religion.

The work of reunion among the schismatics of the East received great impulse from the reconciliation of the Armenian Vicar General of Tauris, who was followed into the Church by 6 entire villages and more than 1,800 families.

A Eucharistic Congress was held at Goa, in Portuguese India, the second week in December, and was attended by all the Catholic bishops of the Indian hierarchy, as guests of the Queen of Portugal. The chief subject taken up was the condition of Catholics in Mysore, Cochin, and Travancore. In these states all Christians are considered civilly dead, and their property confis cated. The matter had been previously laid before the Viceroy of India both by the native Christians of Madras and the ruler of Mysore, who proposed to abolish the law. The Viceroy, however, refused to allow the repeal of the law, because, as he said, the number of persons concerned was infinitesimal, and that they were of humble station and possessed but little property. To the first point in Lord Curzon's reply, the bishops answered that the native Christians numbered a fourth of the population; to the second they pointed out the obvious injustice of expecting persons civilly dead and deprived of their property to be either wealthy or proud, a condi

tion precedent, apparently, to their receiving any attention from the Viceroy. They also called to his notice that one poor Christian was as much entitled to the protection of the law as a million wealthy ones. Failing to obtain any redress from him, they presented the matter to the Crown.

ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, twenty-fifth Vice-President of the United States, born in New York city, Oct. 27, 1858. His father, also named Theodore, a merchant and philanthropist, was of Knickerbocker stock, and his mother was a descendant of Archibald Bulloch, the first President of Georgia in the Revolution. Their son was a sickly boy, but rigid discipline and systematic exercise brought him vigorous strength. He was prepared for college in private schools, and was graduated at Harvard in 1880. After traveling in Europe he began the study of law, but abandoned it for politics. In 1881 he was elected by the Republicans to the Assembly from the Twenty-first District of New York city, and was twice re-elected. The first two Legislatures in which he sat were Democratic. In his second year he was leader of the minority in the Cities Committee, and he became its chairman in the Republican Legislature of 1884, after being an unsuccessful candidate for Speaker. He was active in promoting the passage of the first New York civil service laws, was chairman of a committee that investigated abuses in New York city, and secured acts abolishing the fee system in county offices and depriving the aldermen of veto power over the mayor's appointments. He favored a bill reducing elevated railroad fares, but when Gov. Cleveland vetoed it he sustained the veto.

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After retiring from the Legislature he bought ranch in North Dakota, being an enthusiastic sportsman, and for many years he has spent his vacations in hunting trips.

In 1884 he was a delegate at large to the Republican National Convention, where he advocated the nomination of George F. Edmunds, but

he supported Mr. Blaine in the campaign. The Republicans nominated him for mayor of New York in 1886 against Henry George, the United Labor candidate, and Abram S. Hewitt, the Democratic candidate, who was elected. President Harrison appointed him a civil service commissioner in 1889. He served efficiently until May, 1895, when he resigned, and became president of the New York city Board of Police Commissioners in the administration of Mayor Strong. He established a policy of strict enforcement of liquor and Sunday laws, and this aroused much opposition, but it stopped police protection of vice and restored discipline to the force.

Mr. Roosevelt was appointed Assistant Secre

tary of the Navy in April, 1897, and took an important part in the preparations for the Spanish War. At the outbreak of hostilities he resigned his office and raised, largely among the Western cowboys, one regiment of the volunteer cavalry, who were known as Rough Riders. He became lieutenant colonel, with Dr. Leonard Wood, of the regular army, in command. From 1884 to 1888 he had been a member of the Eighth Regiment, National Guard of New York. The Rough Riders (unmounted) were with the army before Santiago, and took part in the fight at Las Guasimas, June 24, 1898, and in the capture of San Juan Hill on July 1. Col. Wood was pro

THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

moted brigadier general on July 8, and Lieut.-Col. Roosevelt became colonel. He was mentioned in the reports for gallant conduct in battle, and was distinguished for care of his men in camp.

After the surrender of Santiago the troops were ordered to the mountains because of yellow fever. Col. Roosevelt participated in the preparation of a round robin by the officers, demanding that all except the immune regiments be brought home at once. This was sent to the Secretary of War, and was also given to the press. Secretary Alger then ordered the troops home, at the same time forbade unauthorized publication of reports, and retaliated on Col. Roosevelt by publishing a letter from him asking that the Rough Riders be