109 teristic; and indeed the three mutes also in the like way. For ex- a) In xr,-ẞlάлto I injure, xovato I conceal, in both of which the true characteristic is В.--¿άлτo I sew, άлτш I bury, σκάπτω Ι dig, ρίπτω I throw, θρύπτω I break, in all which the true characteristic is q. b) In oo, tr,-goioow I shudder, the true characteristic of which is x. 1. The attaching of the temporal endings, as they are given above (90), cannot take place directly, nor without consideration of the general rules of euphony; which require, that the characteristic of the verb, if it do not harmonize with the ending, should undergo various changes and modifications. In addition to this, various peculiarities, founded in usage, are to be considered. 2. The subject will be more intelligible, if we observe what tenses are derived one from another, or coincide one with another. The tenses in this respect are divided into three classes, in which they are arranged in the order, in which, in most verbs, they are found. I. Present and imperfect active and passive. II. First future and aorist active and middle. First perfect and pluperfect, with perfect and pluperfect passive, and paulopost future. First aorist and first future passive. III. Second future and second aorist active and middle, second aorist and second future passive, second perfect and pluperfect. Should any particular verb, made use of as a paradigm, want any of the preceding tenses, such tense of that yerb is neverthe- less inserted in the grammar, as a guide to other verbs, in which it is used. Every change made in a verb in the tenses quoted first in ei- 110 ther of the preceding series, takes place in the other tenses of the same series, unless some particular rule or exception prevent. REMARK. The circumstances in which the tenses, in each of the preceding series, for the most part, agree with each other, are principally the following, viz. a) The tenses in series I. make no alteration whatever in the radical form of the present active, which is in real use; and where the present active belongs itself to a strengthened form of the root (in conformity with what was stated above), it is found in all the tenses of this series, as túлtш, čtvлtov &c. while the tenses of the second series, for the most part, and of the third series altogether, are derived from the simple form. b) The series II. comprises all those tenses, in which the characteristic of the verb is generally changed by inflection, particularly by the addition of a consonant in the termination, as tuψω &c. c) The series III. on the other hand, retains unchanged the characteristic of the verb, as τúлηy, and alters only occasionally the radical vowel. In this series of tenses alone, therefore, -when the first series contains a strengthened form the true characteristic of the verb is to be recognised, since in the second series, should the said characteristic be a palatic, though this fact may be known, yet it cannot be ascertained by mere inspection, which of the palatics is the characteristic. 1. In order to learn the formation of the tenses, it is necessary to assume only one part or form of the verb, from which to derive them all; and the present indicative active is made use of for this. All the other varieties of person and mode-as soon as this one person is known-are derived uniformly in all verbs, according to the manner to be unfolded in the paradigms below, with the qualifications expressed in §§ 87, 88. REMARK. The perfect alone is of a form so peculiar, that several of its personal and modal inflections must be learned at the same time, as being in some degree independent of each other (§§ 97, 98.) 2. Several tenses are formed in a manner so simple and regular throughout, that they may be satisfactorily learned from the examples, which follow below. For more convenient inspection, however, they are here detailed in the usual conjugation in w. The tenses then are derived as follows, viz. 1 a) From the present in o, the imperfect in ov, zúÚпTш ETVпTOV. b) From every tense in w, a passive in ouat. From the present active, the present passive, zúпτш τúпιоμαι, and from the fu111 ture, the future middle, ruyo rúчoμai. Under this moreover is included the second future or the circumflexed future in @, middle οῦμαι (§ 101. 2.) c) From every tense in ov, a passive in ounv. From the imperfect, the imperfect passive, čtvлtov, ¿tväτóμny, and from the second aorist active, the second aorist middle, tvлov živñóμηv. d) From the first aorist, the aorist middle, merely by appending the syllable μην, ἔτυψα ἐτυψάμην. e) From the perfect in every case the pluperfect; in the active voice, by changing the « into ειν, τέτυφα ἐτετύφειν,in the passive voice, by changing μαι into μην, τέτυμμαι ἐτετύμμην. f) From each of the two forms of the aorist passive, the corresponding future passive is formed by changing v into nooμai, ἐτύφθην and ἐτύπην-τυφθήσομαι, τυπήσομαι. σω. 1. The principal form of the Greek future is the termination It is found in by far the greatest number of verbs, and is thence called the first future, as navш, fut. лavo. 2. When the characteristic of the verb is a consonant, the changes incident to o take place, viz. λέγω, πλέκω, τεύχω, fut. λέξω, πλέξω, τεύξω 3. In verbs in πτ, in σo or tr, and in 5, the real characteristic according to 92 is adopted. In consequencе л is changed in§ to ψ, σσ or vt into ξ, and 5 into σ, e. g. In the rarer cases, as is also taught in the same place, & is changed into §, and oo or tv into σ, e. g. κράζω (ΚΡΑΓΩ) fut. κράξω πλάσσω (ΠΛΑΘΩ) - πλάσω. 4. When the characteristic of the verb is a vowel, the syllable 112. before the ending ow is by rule long, whatever be its quantity in the present, e. g. δακρύω (5) fut. δακρύσω (5) τίω (2) τίσω (ι) In consequence of which rule & and o are changed into and ω, as φιλέω, δηλόω,φιλήσω, δηλώσω. For exceptions to this, see Rem. 3 below. 5. The characteristic a is changed into η in the future, except when one of the vowels &,, or the consonant o precedes, in which case the future has long a,* e. g. τιμάω, ἀπατάω, fut. τιμήσω, ἀπατήσω βοάω, ἐγγυάω, · βοήσω, ἐγγυήσω *Compare the similar rules in the first declension ή 34. 2, and in the feminine of adjectives ( 59. 2. 113 6. On the other hand, the penult syllables of the futures in άσω, ίσω, ύσω, are always short when they come from verbs in ζω or in σσ, ττ, as in φράσω, δικάσω, νομίσω, κλύσω, from φράζω, δικάζω, νομίζω, κλύζω, and in πλάσω, πτίσω, from πλάσσω, πτίσσω. Remarks. 1. When the σ of the future is preceded by a labial, the change takes place mentioned § 25. 4, as σπένδω, fut. σπείσω. 2. In the Doric dialect, in the first future and aorist, most of the verbs in 5, σσ, ττ, which commonly have 6, take an ξ, as κομίξω, δεκάξω, from κομίζω, δικάζω. 3. Several verbs, that have a short vowel as a characteristic, have the same unchanged in the future, as γελάω I laugh, σπάω I draw, fut. ασω· αἰνέω I praise, καλέω I call, ζέω I boil, fut. έσω· ἀρόω I plough, fut. όσω· ἀνύω I fulfil, ἐρύω I extract, fut. ύσω. Some verbs vibrate between both forms, partly in the future itself, as ποθέω I desire, fut. έσω and ήσω, partly in the tenses which are derived therefrom (compare § 92. 2.) as λύω 1 loose, fut. λύσω, perf. pass. λέλυμαι. See in the anomalous verbs αἰνέω, αἱρέω, δέω, ποθέω, δύω, θύω, λύω. 4. The verb ακροάομαι I hear has ἀκροάσομαι, contrary to the analogy of βοάω fut. ήσω. On the other hand, χράω, χράομαι, f. χρήσω, &c. is contrary to the analogy of δράω, άσω. 5. The following six, viz. χέω I pour out, ῥέω I flow, νέω Ι swim, πλέω I sail, πνέω I blow, θέω I run, have ev in the future, as χεύσω, δεύσομαι, &c. see anomalous verbs. The two following, καίω 1 burn and κλαίω I weep, whose original form, preserved in the Attic dialect, is κλάω, κάω, with a long a, take av in the future, as καύσω, κλαύσω, see anomalous verbs. ATTIC FUTURE. 6. When the termination ow is preceded by a short vowel, the σ is occasionally omitted, in the Ionic dialect, and, in the Attic dialect, the two syllables are contracted into one, and marked with a circumflex, as from τελέω I finish, Fut. τελέσω τελέσεις, &c. Ion. τελέω τελέεις τελέει τελέομεν τελέετε τελέουσιν From βιβάζω 1 lead, Fut. βιβάσω βιβάσεις &c. Ion. βιβάω βιβάεις &c. obsolete.) Att. βιβῶ βιβᾷς βιβᾷ βιβῶμεν βιβᾶτε βιβῶσιν. The same prevails in the modes and participles, and in the middle voice. See the present tense of the contract verbs below. |