ed into οὗτος, so the corresponding process is observed here, -ος being in the latter case changed into -οῦτος, e. g. τόσος, τοσόςδε or τοσοῦτος. The first of these is inflected in the middle of the compound, thus τοσόςδε, τοσήδε, τοσόνδε, G. τοσοῦδε, &c. 90 The form with -ουτος governs itself, with respect to ou and au, according to the simple form οὗτος. In the neuter, however, it has both ov and o. Accordingly we have the following forms, viz. Ν. τοσοῦτος, τοσαύτη, τοσοῦτον and τοσοῦτο G. τοσούτου, τοσαύτης, &c. ΡΙ. τοσούτοι, τοσαῦται, τοσαῦτα, &c. 5. The following are accordingly the three most entire series NOTE. For the Ionic forms κόσος, κοῖος, ὁκόσος, &c. see 16. 3. c. REM. 1. There are still other imperfect correlatives, which in addition to the interrogative form have only the compound relative, as particularly ποδαπός, ὁποδαπός, where born and the derivatives from πόσος and ποστός (for which we have no corresponding English word*); ποσαπλάσιος how many fold? οπό στος, ὁποσαπλάσιος, &c. The same is the case with πότερος and οπότερος mentioned above. REM. 2. As the root of these words acquires its correlative force by virtue of the initial letters, 7 &c. some of them attain ather shades of signification, by composition with the general correlatives, ἕτερος, ἄλλος, πᾶς &c. Thus to the question ποῖος may ** The-how-manyeth ? would represent πολτός in English. In German, der wievielste? be answered έτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος, of another kind, παντοῖος of every kind. In like manner, to ποδαπός corresponds ἀλλοδαπός of another country, παντοδαπός of every country, ημεδαπός of our country, from ἡμεῖς. $80. AFFIXES. 1. All the compounded and strengthened relatives, such as ös- 91 τις, ότου, ὅςπερ, οπόσος, &c. receive upon all their forms the afix ouv, which retains the accent on itself, and in this connexion corresponds precisely with the Latin cunque, and expresses the completeness of the relation, as ὅςτις who, ὁςτιςοῦν quicunque, whoever, whosoever, ἡτιςοῦν, ὁτιοῦν, ὁτῳοῦν, ὁντιναοῦν οἱ ὁντινοῦν,— ὁςπεροῦν, ὁποσοςοῦν, ὁπηλικονοῦν, &c. REM. 1. To strengthen still more this signification, use is made of the form δήποτε, as όςτιςδήποτε ἐστιν whosoever it may be, éбоvdýлотe, &c. which is, however, often written in two separate words. 2. In like manner among the Attics, and in the familiar style, the demonstratives, for the sake of greater strength, append to all their forms what is called the demonstrative í, which in like manner retains the accent, is always long, and absorbs all short vowels at the end of the word to which it is affixed, as ouros ovτosi this here, hicce, αύτηΐ from αὕτη, τουτί from τοῦτο, τουτου, &c. ταυτί from ταῦτα, ὁδί from ὅδε, ἐκεινος! that there, ἐκεινωνί, &c. τοσουτονί, τοσονδί, &c. REM. 2. When the enclitic ye (§ 150. 2) is attached to the demonstrative, this follows it, as τοῦτό γε, τουτογί. 81. THE VErb. 1. The parts of a Greek verb, such as the modes and tenses, may be presumed to be known, from the analogy of other langua ges. The Greek, however, is richer than either the English or Latin, particularly by the distinction of the Middle Voice, of the Optative as a different mode from the Subjunctive, of the Aorist as a separate tense, of the Dual as a separate number, and by a 92 great diversity of modes and participles, in reference to the tenses. Meantime it should here be remarked, that by no means all that can be formed by conjugation and declension is actually found to have been used in every verb, although for convenience, all the parts are exemplified in one verb, in the grammar. 2. In the second place it should be premised, that in the Greek, more than any other language, a certain form endowed by the general analogy with a certain signification, may yet, in single cases, have another and even an opposite signification; as a passive form may have an active meaning. The grammar of course must treat of the forms as they are in themselves, and then attach to them their most usual signification. It is impossible, however, that the significations should be fully known, till they are systematically unfolded in the syntax. 3. All that is necessary to the understanding of the formation of the verb is here for the most part supposed to be known from other languages, such as the general idea of the various voices, modes, and principal tenses. With respect to the optative mode and middle voice, sufficient preliminary information will presently be given. The tenses alone of the Greek verb require a more detailed previous description. 4. The most obvious distinction of the tenses is into present, past, and future. The past time, however, in common language admits of more subdivisions than the others. Among the tenses which fall under this head, (and which bear in Latin the common name of præterita,) is this difference to be observed, that in one of them the mind of the speaker remains in the present time, and makes mention of a thing past or happened. This is the perfect tense. In the other preterite tenses, the mind transports itself to the past time, and narrates what then happened.* This narrative tense has in the Greek the subdivisions of imperfect, pluperfect, and aorist, whose signification will be unfolded in the syntax. 5. Hereupon is founded the division of the tenses into the * In a lively narration this is therefore often done by the present itself. LEADING TENSES, viz. present, perfect, and future, and HISTORICAL TEN- 6. All the tenses are distinguished from each other in a twofold manner; (1) all of them by their respective terminations, and (2) the past tenses by a prefix, called the augment. The historical tenses are farther distinguished from all the others, and among them from the perfect, by an augment appropriated to themselves, and by a peculiar manner of declension. Of each of these, in order, an account will be given. $82. THE SYLLABIC AUGMENT. 1. The augment is of two kinds, according as the verb begins 93 with a vowel or a consonant. If the verb begin with a consonant, the augment makes a syllable of itself, and is therefore called the Syllabic Augment. 2. The augment of the perfect tense is formed by prefixing the first letter of the verb with an &, as túnτw, perf. té-tvqœ, and therefore the augment of the perfect is also called a reduplicative augment, or simply a reduplication. If the first letter is an aspirate, it follows from what was said in § 18, that instead of the aspirate, the corresponding smooth is used, as "φιλέω I love, πε-φίλημα θεω I sacrifice, té-duna. The third future, which is derived from the perfect (§ 99), retains this augment. 3. The historical tenses, on the other hand, simply prefix an ε, as τύπτω, imperf. ἔ-τυπτον, aor. ἔτυψα,—and the pluperfect, which according to its form and signification is derived from the perfect, prefixes this & to the reduplication of the perfect, as rúπτω, perf. τέτυφα, plup. ἐ-τετύφειν. 4. If the verb begin with ọ, this letter is doubled after the ‹, as dάлτw I sew, imperf. géantov (§ 21. 2); and in this case the perfect and pluperfect take no other augment than this, instead of the usual reduplication, as perf. "goaga, plup. ¿o¿ágeı. 5. When a verb begins with a double consonant, instead of the reduplication, & alone is used, which remains without change 94 in the pluperfect ; as ψάλλω I play, perf. ἔψαλκα, plup. ἐψάλκειν· ζητέω I seek, ζέω 1 abrade, perf. pass. ἐζήτημαι, ἔξεσμαι. The same takes place in most cases where two consonants begin a word; as perf. ἔφθορα from φθείρω, perf. pass. ἐσπαρμαι from σπείρω I sow, ἔκτισμαι from κτίζω I create, ἔπτυγμαι from πτύσσω I fold. Remarks. 1. From this last rule the following are excepted, and, of course, are subject to the general rule, viz. a) Two consonants, of which the first is a mute and the second a liquid, as γράφω I write, γέγραφα. So too κέκλιμαι, κέπνευκα, &c. But yv and often yλ assume only a simple &, as yvwçišo, ¿yνώρισμαι κατεγλωττισμένος, δι-έγλυπται and δια- γέγλυπται. b) The perfects μέμνημαι and κέκτημαι, frcm μνάω I remember, and κτάομαι I acquire. c) Some anomalous perfects, as πέπταμαι and πέπτηκα, in which, however, the лr is formed by syncope from лετ. See in the list of anomalous verbs πετάννυμι, πέτομαι, πίπτω. 2. A few verbs beginning with liquids, instead of the reduplication, take the syllable ed or εἱ, as ΛΗΒΩ εἴληφα. See in the anomalous verbs λαμβάνω, λέγω, μείρομαι, and ΡΕΩ under εἰπεῖν. 3. In the three verbs βούλομαι I will, δύναμαι I can, μέλλω Ι shall, the Attics often add the temporal to the syllabic augment, as ἠδυνάμην for ἐδυνάμην. For the syllabic augment before a vowel, directions will presently be given. 4. The augment of the historical tenses is often omitted by the Ionics and all the poets, except the Attics; as βάλε for ἔβαλε, βῆ for ἔβη, γένοντο for ἐγένοντο &c. In the pluperfect this omis sion prevails even in prose; as τετύφεισαν, τέτυπτο, for ἐτετύφεισαν, ἐτέτυπτο· δεδίει for ἐδεδίει, &c. 5. In the epic writers the second aorist active and middle often takes the reduplication, which in this case is retained through all the modes (§ 85); as πέπιθον, πεπιθεῖν, for ἔπιθον, πιθεῖν, from πείθω. § 83. TEMPORAL AUGMENT. 1. When the verb begins with a vowel, aspirated or not, the augment, with that vowel, is converted into one long vowel; and this kind of augment, which is called the Temporal, remains unchanged through all the preterite tenses. In general in this augment, α and ɛ are changed into, and o into w; as άvów I fulfil, |