11,377,752 6,545,811 VALUE OF PRODUCTS FROM Agriculture. Manufactures. Commerce. Mining. Forest. Fisheries. $15,856,270 $5,615,303 $1,506,380 $327,376 $1,877,663 $1,280,713 Ans. 52 1,001,533 88,373 449,861 92,811 Ans. 68 Vermont, 17,879,155 5,685,425 758,899 389,488 43,518,057 7,004,691 2,020,572 377,354 6,483,996 Ans. 103 Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, 24,311,715 New Jersey, 16,209,853 10,496,257 1,206.929 1.073,921 361,326 124,140 Ans. 79 Pennsylvania, 68,180,924 33,354,279 10,593,368 17,666,146 1,203,578 35,360 Ans. 76 Delaware, 181,285 Ans. 67 Maryland, Dist. of Columbia, 87,400 Ans. 45 Virginia, 95,173 Ans. 62 North Carolina, 251,792 Ans. 44 South Carolina, 21,553,691 2,248,915 2,632,421 187,608 549,626 Georgia, 31,468,271 Florida, 1,834,237 434,544 1,275 Ans. 45 584 Ans. 52 213,219 Ans. 54 Ans. 49 Mississippi, • 26,494,565 1,585,790 1,453,686 205,297 Ans. 79 Louisiana, 7,868,898 Arkansas, 5,086,757 1,145,309 420,635 18,225 217,469 Ans. 70 Tennessee, 31,660,180 2,477,193 2,239,478 1,371,331 225,179 Ans. 45 Mobile, 10,484,263 2,360,708 2,349,245 Kentucky, 29,226,545 5,092,353 2,580,575 1,539,919 184,799 Ans. 49 Ohio, 10,525 Ans. 42 1,192 Ans. 34 Illinois, 13,701,466 3,243,981 1,493,425 Ans. 39 Michigan, 4,502,889 1,376,249 Ans. 33 Wisconsin, 568,105 769,295 179,087 136,525 13,250 Iowa, Note.-The population of the District of Columbia in 1840 was 43,712; of Florida, 54,477; Wisconsin, 30,945; and Iowa, 43,112. Q. Which State produces the most in agriculture? In manufactures? From the forest? Fisheries? Mining? Commerce? Which State produces least from agriculture? Manufactures? Commerce? Mining? Forest? Fisheries? In which State is the total proportional production to each individual the greatest? Which the least? How is it in your State? Name the principal agricultural States. The principal manufacturing States. Commercial States. Mining, &c. &c. REDUCTION OF CURRENCIES. 188. FROM the want of a uniform system of currency of equal value in all parts of the world, it is necessary to explain the methods by which the reduction of currencies is effected between this and foreign countries. REDUCTION OF CURRENCIES consists of two kinds, viz. 1st. To reduce a sum in the currency of a foreign country to United States or Federal Currency. 2d. To reduce a sum in Federal currency to the currency of any foreign country. Q. Do all countries have the same currency? What reduction is necessary in consequence? How many kinds of reduction of currencies are there? What are they? CASE I. 189. To reduce a sum in the currency of a foreign country to United States or Federal Currency. Let us take for example the English currency. The value of foreign coin is regulated by Congress. By a law of 1832, the English pound was fixed at $4.80. Hence, $1-18 of £1=2480 pence =50 pence. Hence, knowing the value of £1 to be $24, we may reduce any number of pounds to dollars and cents, &c., by multiplying the given pounds by 24 and dividing by 5. Thus, to reduce £175 to federal currency, Q. How is the value of foreign coin regulated? of the English pound? What fraction of $1 is £1? be reduced to dollars and cents? In what other way be effected? 840 dollars. What is the value How may pounds may the reduction 190. Should the given amount be expressed in pounds, shillings and pence, the shillings and pence are brought to the decimal of a pound, and we then multiply as before. Thus, Reduce £14 48. 6d. to federal currency. Q. If the sum contains pounds, shillings and pence, how do you proceed? 191. In like manner, when we know the value of the standard foreign unit, we may readily find what part of $1 this unit is, and then reducing the given sum to the decimal of this unit, we multiply the result by the known fraction of $1, and we shall have the value of the given sum in dollars, cents, &c. In the Canada currency, $1=60d. Hence, £1: $1 :: 240d.: 60d. Hence Canada money is reduced to federal money by multiplying the given pounds and decimals of a pound by 4. Thus, reduce £30 10s. 4d. Canada currency to federal Q. How may any foreign currency be brought to federal money? What is the value of $1 in Canada currency? What fraction of a dollar is £1 in this currency? How is Canada currency brought to federal money? 192. Before a uniform currency was established in the United States, each State had its own currency. These currencies are rapidly passing into disuse, but it may be proper to notice how the dollar was reckoned in each. New York, N. England States, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, South Carolina, Georgia, North Carolina, 8s.=96d.=$1; hence £1=$240= $10. 68.=72d. $1; hence £1-$240= $10. 7s. 6d. 90d. = $1; hence £1 = $240=88. 4s. 8d. =56d.= $1; hence £1 $240-$30. 56 = 10s. 120d. $1; hence £1-8248 =$2. To reduce any of the above currencies to federal money, we have only to multiply the pounds and the decimal of a pound, by the value of £1 in the fraction of $1. Thus, New York currency is brought to federal money, by multiplying by 10; Virginia, by multiplying by 10; Pennsylvania, by; South Carolina, by 30; and North Carolina by 2. Q. Did the States have originally the same currency? What was the value of $1 in New York? In Ohio? In Pennsylvania? Maryland? Delaware? New Jersey? The New England States? Virginia? Kentucky? Tennessee? Georgia? South Carolina? North Carolina? What fraction of $1 was £1 in each of these States? How may you reduce the currency of each of these States to federal money? Are these currencies much used? 193. The following table exhibits the value of foreign coin as fixed by Congress: English pound, $4.80 Livre of France, $0.18 Franc of France, $0.18 Silver rouble of Russia, $0.75 Florin or guilder of United Netherlands, $0.40 Marc banco of Hamburg, $0.33 Real plate of Spain, $0.10 1. Reduce £100 14s. 4d. English currency to federal money. Ans. $483.43.6+. 2. Reduce £1754 3s. 2 d. English currency, to federal money. Ans. $8419.96.8+. 3. Reduce £200 12s. 9d. English currency, to federal money. Ans. $963.05.7+. 4. Reduce £200 12s. 9d. Canada currency, to federal money. Ans. $802.54.8+. 5. Reduce £200 12s. 9d. New England currency, to federal money. Ans. $668.79+. 6. Reduce £200 12s. 9d. New York currency, to federal money. Ans. $501.59.2+. 7. Reduce £200 12s. 9d. Pennsylvania currency, to federal money. Ans. $535.03.2+. 8. Reduce £200 12s. 9d. Georgia currency, to federal money. Ans. $859.87.2+. 9. Reduce £200 128. 9d. North Carolina currency, to federal money. Ans. $401.27.4. CASE II. 194. To reduce a sum in United States or federal money to the currency of any other country. For example, to reduce federal money to English cur rency £1 being equal to $4.80, $1=240 pence 48 50 pence. |