Hath he set bounds between their love and me? My duty cannot suffer T' obey in all your daughter's hard commands; When law can ao no right, Let it be lawful, that law bar no wrong. To woo your lady; yet, a barrefull strife, Id. The folded gates would bar my progress now, BAR, in law, is a peremptory exception against a demand or plea brought by the defendant in an Id. action, that destroys the action of the plaintiff for ever. It is divided into a bar to common intent, and a bar special; a bar to common intent is an ordinary or general bar, that disables the declaration or plea of the plaintiff; a bar special, is that which is more than ordinary, and falls out in the case in hand, upon some special circumstance of the fact. Milton. Marvell. Id. Twelfth Night. air. dumb. With emulation fir'd, Addison. They strain to lead the field, top the barr'd gate, Fig. 2. BAR, in heraldry, one of the honorable ordinaries, consisting of two horizontal lines drawn across the escutcheon, as in fig. 1. The bar differs from the fesse in three particulars, namely, that it occupies a fifth part of the field instead of a third; it is not limited to any part of the escutcheon, and is never borne single. It has two diminutives, namely, the closet (fig. 2), which is half the bar, and the barrule (fig. 3), which is in one field; but the barrulet can be borne only half the closet. Of the closet there may be five in couples. Bars-gemelles are so called when they stand in couples, as in fig. 4. The field is argent, a fesse between two bars, gemelles gules, by the name of Badlemere.' Fig. 3. 自白白 BAR, in African traffic, is used for a denomination of price: payment being formerly made by the negroes almost wholly in iron bars. BAR, in courts of justice, is an enclosure made with a strong partition of timber, where the council are placed to plead causes. It is also applied to the benches where the lawyers or advocates are seated, because anciently, there was a bar to separate the pleaders from the attorneys and others. Hence our lawyers, who are called to the bar, or licensed to plead, are termed barristers, an appellation equivalent to licentiate in other countries. BAR of gold or silver, is a lump or wedge from mines, melted down into a sort of mould, and never wrought. BARS of a horse, are the upper part of the gums between the tusks and grinders, which bear no teeth, and to which the bit is applied, and by its friction the horse is governed. BARS, in music, are strokes drawn perpendicularly across the lines of a piece of music; used to regulate the beating or measure of musical time. The use of bars in music is a modern invention. They cannot be traced higher than the year 1574, and seem not to be in general use till about the middle of the seventeenth century. It is not easy to imagine how music in many parts could be composed without bars, or how the Fig. 4. maxima, or large, equal to eight semibreves, BAR, in geography, (Gael. a hill or brae), the name of several places in different parts of Europe: such as, BAR, a ci-devant duchy of France, bounded on the east by Lorraine, on the north by Luxembourg, on the west by Champagne, on the south by part of the same country and by Franche Comté; it is crossed by the Meuse from south to north, and watered by several other rivers, which render it very fertile. It was divided into four bailiages, viz. Bassigni, Bar, St. Michael, and Clermont. The chief towns are Bar-le-Duc, Clermont, St. Michael, Longwy, Pont-a-Mousson, and Stenay. In 1736 it was given to Stanislaus, then king of Poland. BAR, a city of Poland, in Podolia, seated on the river Kiov, and strongly fortified; forty-eight miles north-west of Braclaw, and sixty-five north-east of Kaminieck. BAR, a town in the province of Bahar, in the district of the same name, thirty-five miles E.S. E. of Patna. Long. 86° 46′ E., lat. 25° 28′ N. BAR, a hill of Scotland, in Renfrewshire, in the parish of Kilbarchan, on the top of which are the remains of an old encampment, consisting of a semicircular parapet of loose stones towards the south, and defended on the north by perpendicular basaltic rocks. Tradition says it was an encampment of the celebrated Sir William Wallace; and the people show a pinnacle of rock where they say he sat, while he enticed the English forces into a bog at the bottom of it, where they perished. But Mr. Maxwell, the minister of the parish, concludes it to be Danish from its form, and from the silence of historians respecting this anecdote of the Scots patriot. Mr. Maxwell also mentions it as a singular fact in natural history, by no means consonant to the prevailing theories, that these perpendicular basaltes are incumbent upon coal, formerly wrought to a great extent. BAR, or BARR, a small but thriving town of France, in the department of the Lower Rhine, sixteen miles south-west from Strasburg. It has a population of 4100 souls. BAR-LE-MONT, a town of France, in the cidevant French Netherlands, now in the department of the North; fifteen miles south of Mons, situated on the Sambre. BAR SUR AUBE, an ancient town of France, in the department of Aube, and ci-devant province of Champagne, twenty-six miles east of Troyes, famous for its excellent wines. The manufactures are soap, linen, serge, and leather. Here are also some good iron-works. It is the capital of an arrondissement, containing 44,000 inhabi tants. BAR SUR ORNAIN, or BAR-LE-DUC, a town of France, in the department of Meuse, and the cidevant capital of the duchy of Bar. It is seated on the declivity of a hill, and divided into the higher and lower town; the lower town is watered by the rivulet Ornain, which abounds with excellent trout. The population nearly 10,000. Here are manufactures of calicoes, woollen stuffs, stockings, hats, and leather; also a good trade in grain, wood, brandy, wing, and hemp. Forty-two miles west of Nancy, and 133 east of Paris. Long. 52° 15′ E., lat. 48° 47′ N. BAR-SUR-SEINE, a town of France, in Burgundy, on the Seine; formerly the capital of a county of the same nan.e, now of an arrondissement in the department of the Aube. In it are 460 houses, and 2270 inhabitants, with manufactures of knives, leather, and woollen eaps, and a trade in wine, grain, and paper. Eighteen miles south-east of Troyes, and 110 south-east of Paris. Long. 4° 27′ E., lat. 48° 7' N. BARS-GEMEL, or bars-gemelles, are diminutives of the bar, and are placed in pairs, or two and two on a shield. They derive their name from the Latin gemelli, twins. BARA, a festival celebrated with much magnificence at Messina, and representing the assumption of the Virgin. The bara, though used as the general denomination of this festival, signifies more particularly a vast machine fifty feet high, at the top of which a young girl of four teen, representing the Virgin, stands upon the hand of an image of Jesus Christ. Round him turn vertically, in a circle, twelve little children, which represent the seraphim; below them, in another circle, which turns horizontally, are twelve more representing the cherubim; below these a sun turns vertically, with a child at the extremity of each of the four principal radni or his circle, who ascend and descend with his rotation, yet still stand upright. Below the sun is the lowest circle, about seven feet from the ground, in which twelve boys turn horizontally without interruption: these are intended for the twelve apostles, who are supposed to surround the tomb of the Virgin at the moment when she ascends into heaven. This description of such a complication of superstitious whirligigs may nearly turn the stomachs of our delicate readers; but think of the poor little cherubim, seraphim, and apostles, who are twirled about in this procession! For,' says M. Houel, in his Travels through Sicily, some of them fall asleep, many of them vomit, and several do still worse:' but these unseemly effusions are no drawback upon the edification of the people, and nothing is more common than to see fathers and mothers soliciting with ardor for their boys and girls the pious distinction of puking at the bara. This machine is not drawn by asses or mules, but by a multitude of robust monks! 6 BARA, in ancient geography, 1. a small island in the Adriatic, opposite to Brundusium; the Pharos of Mela: 2. A Frith, or arm of the sea of Britannia, supposed to be the Murray frith. BARA, or BARRAY, one of the Western Islands of Scotland, eight computed miles in length, and from two to four in breadth. BARABAIAN DESERT. See BARABINZIANS. BARABBAS, from 1, a son, and 828, a father, a notorious robber and murderer, whom Pilate, wishing to save Jesus, offered for execu tion to the Jews; but they, instigated by their rulers, saved the murderer, and murdered the Saviour of mankind. BARABINZIANS, a tribe of Tartars, who live on both sides the river Irtisch. They seem to derive their name from the Barabaian desert, whose lakes supply them abundantly with fish, on which, and their cattle, they chiefly subsist. BARABRAS, a people of Lower Nubia, contiguous to Egypt. They are a distinct race from their neighbours, and of unknown origin. BARACHAN, a creek on the western coast of Scotland, on the Ross side of the Sound of Eye, where vessels of considerable burden may anchor in safety. BARACOA, a sea-port on the north-east coast of the island of Cuba, fifty miles north-east of St. Jago. BARADÆUS, JACOB, or JACOB ZANZALUS, & monk of the sixth century. He was a Syrian by birth, and a disciple of Eutyches and Dioscores. He maintained that there is but one nature i Christ; and his doctrines spread so much in Asia and Africa that the Eutychians were swillowed up by that of the Jacobites, which also comprehended all the Monophysites of the st His party made him bishop of Edessa. He died in 598. BARAK, p, i. e. lightning; the son of Abinoam, of Kedesh Napthali, one of the deliverers of Israel from the oppression of the Canaanites. See Judges iv. BARAKAN, or PARKAN, a town of Hungary, formerly fortified, in the farther circle of the Danube, where the Turks were defeated, and the town recovered by the Imperialists, who took it by storm in 1684. It is opposite to Gran, of which it is reckoned a part. BARALIPTON, among logicians, a term denoting the first indirect mode of the first figure of syllogism. A syllogism in baralipton, is when the two first propositions are general, and the third particular, the middle term being the subject in the first proposition, and the predicate in the second. The following is of this kind: BA. Every evil ought to be feared; BARALLOTS, in church history, a sect of heretics at Bologna, in Italy, who had all things in common, even their wives and children! Their facility in complying with all manner of debauchery made them get the name of obedientes, or compliers. BARAN, a river rising in the Hindoo Kho mountains, and flowing through the north-east of Cabul. BARANCA DE MALAMBO, a town of Terra Firma in America, with a bishop's see and a good haven. It is a place of great trade, seated on the river Magdalena, seventy-five miles north of Carthagena. BARANGI, officers among the Greeks of the lower empire, who kept the keys of the city gates where the emperor resided. Codiuus says, they stood guard at the door of the emperor's bed-chamber and dining-room. Codinus and Curopalata observe, that the name is English, formed from bar, to shut; and that the barangi were Englishmen by country; Anglo-Danes, who, being driven out of England, were received into the service of the emperor of Constantinople, and made guards or protectors of his person. Whence they are called in Latin (Cujaccius), protectores; by others, securigeri, as being armed with securis, a battle-axe. Codinus adds, that they still spoke the English tongue. Anna Comnena says, the barangi came from the island Thule; by which is doubtless meant our island. Yet Nicetas makes them Germans; a mistake easy to be made at that distance, considering the relation the Anglo-Saxons bore to Germany. There were barangi as early as the emperor Michael Paphlagonius, in 1035, as appears from Cedrenus; but they were then only common soldiers, not a life-guard. Their commander was called axololos, importing a person who always followed the emperor. BARANTA, à West Indian balsam. BARANYAT, a county of Lower Hungary, bounded by the Danube, Sclavonia, and the counties of Tolna and Schumeg. It abounds in grain, fruit, wine, cattle, and gama. Its capital is Funfkirchen, and it has a population of 140,000 persons. BARANZANO (Redemptus), a Barnabite monk, born in Piedmont in 1590. He became professor of philosophy and mathematics at Anneci, and was highly esteemed by lord Bacon, who corresponded with him. He died at Montargis in 1622. He wrote, 1, Uranoscopia, seu Universa Doctrina de Cœlo, fol. 1617; 2. Campus Philosophicus, 8vo. 1620; 3. De Novis Opinionibus Physicis, 8vo. 1617. BARA-PICKLET, bread made of fine flour kneaded with barm, which makes it very light and spongy: bara being the Welch for bread. BARATHIER (Barthelemy), an Italian lawyer of the fifteenth century. He was born at Placentia, and became professor at Pavia and Ferrara. He published a New Digest of the Feudal Law, at Paris, in 1611. BARATHRA, a name of the Serbonian bog. protia. BARATHRUM, Bapaopov, in antiquity, a deep dark pit at Athens, into which condemned persons were cast headlong. It had sharp spikes at the top that no man might escape out; and others at the bottom, to pierce and torment such as were cast in. Its depth and capaciousness made it to be applied proverbially to a covetous perand a common prostitute. son, a glutton, called barathro by the Romans, BARATHRUM, in physiology, a baleful cavern, inaccessible on account of its fœtid, or poisonous fumes; styled by others fossa charonia. BARATIER (Philip), a most extraordinary instance of early and rapid exertion of mental faculties. This surprising genius was the son of Francis Baratier, minister of the French church at Schwabach, near Nuremberg, where he was born January 10, 1721. The French was his mother-tongue, and High Dutch the language of the place; but his father talking Latin to him, that language became as familiar to him as the rest: so that without knowing the rules of grammar, he, at four years of age, talked French to his mother, Latin to his father, and High Dutch to the maid, or neighbouring children; and all this without mixing or confounding the respective languages. About the middle of his fifth year he acquired Greek in like manner; so that in fifteen months he perfectly understood all the Greek books in the Old and New Testament, which he readily translated into Latin. When he was five years and eight months old, he entered upon Hebrew; and in three years was so expert in the Hebrew text, that from a bible without points, he could give the sense of the original in Latin or French; or translate extempore the Latin or French versions into Hebrew, almost word for word; and had all the Hebrew psalms by heart. He composed, at this time, a dictionary of rare and difficult Hebrew words, with critical remarks and philosophical observations, in about 400 pages in 4to; and, about his tenth year, amused himself for twelve months with the rabbinical writers. With these he intermixed a knowledge of the Chaldaic, Syriac, and Arabic; and acquired a taste for divinity and ecclesiastical antiquity, by studying the Greek fathers and councils of the first four ages of the church. I ne midst of these occupations, a pair of glo coming into his possession, he could, in ten days time, resolve all the problems on them; and in about three months (in January, 1735), devised his project for the discovery of the longitude, which he communicated to the Royal Society at London and the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin. In June, 1731, he was matriculated in the university of Altorf; and at the close of 1732, he was presented by his father at the meetng of the reformed churches of the circle of Franconia; who, astonished at his wonderful Lalents, admitted him to assist in the deliberations of the synod; and to preserve the memory of so singular an event, it was ordered to be registered in their acts. In 1734 the margrave of Brandenburgh Anspach granted this young scholar the use of whatever books he wanted from the Anspach library, together with a pension of fifty florins, which he enjoyed three years; and his father receiving a call to the French church at Stettin, in Pomerania, young Baratier was, on the journey, admitted M. A. with universal applause at the university of Halle; at Berlin he was honored with several conversations with the king of Prussia, and was received into the royal academy. Towards the close of his life he acquired a taste for medals, inscriptions, and antiquities: metaphysical enquiries, and experimental philosophy, intervening occasionally between these studies. He wrote several essays and dissertations; made astronomical remarks and laborious calculations; and took great pains towards a history of the heresies of the anti-trinitarians, and of the thirty years' war in Germany. His last publication, which appeared in 1740, was on the succession of the bishops of Rome. The final work he was engaged in, and for which he had collected many materials, was Enquiries concerning the Egyptian Antiquities. But the substance of this blazing meteor was now nearly exhausted; he was always weak and sickly, and died October 5, 1740, aged nineteen years, eight months, and sixteen days. He published eleven different pieces, and left twenty-six MSS. on various subjects, the contents of which may be seen in his life, written by M. Formey, professor of philosophy at Berlin. BARATOR, or BARRETOR, in law. Lambert derives the word from the Latin balatro, a vile knave; but the proper derivation is from the French barrateur, i. e. a deceiver; and this agrees with the description of a common barretor in lord Coke's report, viz. that he is a common mover and maintainer of suits in disturbance of the peace, and in taking and detaining the possession of houses and lands, or goods, by false inventions, &c. And, therefore, it was adjudged that the indictment against him ought to be in these words, viz. that he is communis malefactor, calumniator et seminator litium et discordiarum inter vicinos suos, et pacis regis perturbator, &c. It is said that a common barretor is the most dangerous oppressor in the law, for he oppresseth the innocent by color of law, which was made to protect them from oppression. BARATRY, OF BARRATRY, in a shipmaster, is his cheating the owners. If goods delivered on ship-board are embezzled, all the mariners ought by the maritime law, to contribute to the sa tisfaction of the party that lost his goods, and the cause is to be tried in the admiralty. In a case where a ship was insured against the baratry of the master, &c. and the jury found that the ship was lost by the fraud and negligence of the master, the court agreed, that the fraud was baratry, though not named in the covenant; but that negligence was not. BARATRY, OF BARRETRY, from baraterie, Fr. fraud; in law, is the offence of frequently stirring up suits and quarrels between his majesty's subjects, either at law or otherwise. The punish ment for this offence, in a common person, is by fine and imprisonment: but if the offender, as is too frequently the case, belongs to the profession of the law, the barator who is thus able as well as willing to do mischief, ought always to be disabled for practising for the future. And, indeed, it is enacted by statute 12 Geo. I. c. 23, that if any one having been convicted of forgery, perjury, subornation of perjury, or common barretry, shall practice as an attorney, solicitor, or agent in any suit, the court, upon complaint, shall examine it in a summary way; and if proved, shall direct the offender to be transported for seven years. Hereunto also may be referred another offence of equal malignity and audaciousness, that of suing another in the name of a fictitious plaintiff, either one not in being at all, or one who is ignorant of the suit. This offence, if committed in any of the king's superior cours, is left, as a high contempt, to be punished at their discretion: but in courts of a lower degree, where the crime is equally pernicious, but the authority of the judges not equally extensive, it is directed by statute 8 Eliz. c. 2, to be punished by six months imprisonment, and treble damages to the party injured. BARATRY is also used for bribery or corrup tion in a judge, giving a false sentence for money, BARATRY is also used, in middle age writers, for fraud or deceit in making of contracts, sales, or the like. BARATZ, Turkish, letters-patent granted by the Turkish emperors to the Greek patriarchs, bishops, &c. for the exercise of their ecclestastical functions. This baratz gives the bishops full power and authority to establish and depose the inferior clergy, and all other religious per sons; to grant licenses for marriages, and issue out divorces; to collect the revenues belong to the churches; to receive the pious legacies bequeathed to them; in short, to enjoy all the privileges and advantages belonging to their high station: and all this (as it is expressed the baratz itself), according to the vain and idle ceremonies of the Christians.' BARB', v. & n. Fr. barbier, Dut. barbeeren, BARB'ATED, Lat. barba. The etymology BARBED, doubtful. It signifies a BARBER, v. & n. beard; hence it has grown BARB'ET. to mean a covering and protection; as armour and trappings for horses, a hood or muffler for the head and lower part of the face and shoulders. It has also been extended in its application to the jags or revered points of an arrow or hook. To barb, is to cut, to shave, or to dress out the beard. Barb, contracted from Barbary, signifies a Barbary hoose For of a suertio the duke strake the kyng on the brow, right under the defence of the hedpece, on the very coyffe scull or bassenet pece, whereunto the barbet for power and defence is charneld. Hall. King Henry VIII. fol. 133. tayle. Chaucer. Troilus and Creseide. Two manner of arrows heades sayth Pollux, was And now-instead of mounting barbed steeds, on. Id. Their horses were naked, without any barbs; for No drizzling show'r, Thy boisterous looks No worthy match for valour to assail, That like a deluge pour'd upon the plain; BARB is also used for the Barbary pigeon, called by Moore the columba numidica. This bird is but a small pigeon, and has a very short beak like a bullfinch, with a small water, and a naked circle of tuberose red flesh round the eyes; the iris of the eye is of a pearl color, and the broader and redder this circle round them is, the more the pigeon is valued; but this is always narrow while they are young, and does not arrive at its full breadth till they are four years old. Soma of this species have a tuft of feathers behind their head, and others not. The red circle round their eyes grows pale and whitish if they become sick, but always recovers its redness as they grow well. Their proper color is black or dun. There are likewise pied ones; but they are of a mixed breed and not so valuable. BARBA, in botany, a species of pubes, or down, with which the surface of some plants is covered. The term was invented by Linnæus, and by its application in the Species Plantarum, seems to signify a tuft or bunch of strong hairs terminating the leaves. The mesembryanthemum barbatum, a species of marygold, furnishes an example. The word is also often used in composition to form the trivial names of several plants. BARBA ARON, in botany, a name given by some authors to the common great house-leek. BARBA CAPRE, in botany. See SPIREA. Of Id. this genus Mr. Tournefort allows only one species, the common barba capræ, or, as it is called by some, drymopogon. Dryden's Fables, Nor less the Spartan fear'd before he found The shining barb appear above the wound. Pope. Watermen brawl, coblers sing; but why must a barber be for ever a politician, a musician, an anatomist, a poet, and a physician? Talter, No. 34. I cannot lay so much stress on a plate and description, given by Plot, of a dart uncommonly barbated. Warton. To make a fine gentlemen several trades are required, but chiefly a barber. You have undoubtedly heard of the Jewish champion, whose strength lay in his hair; one would think the English were for placing all wisdom there; to appear wise nothing is more requisite here than for a man to borrow hair from the heads of all his neighbours, and clap it like a bush on his own. Goldsmith. Citizen of the World. Thomson. Horses brought from Barbary are commonly of a light slender size, and very dear, usually chosen from stallions. Barbs, it is said, may die, but never grow old; the vigour and mettle of barbs never cease but with their life. Farrier's Dictionary. BARBA JOVIS, in botany, a species of anthyllis. BARBA (Alvarez Alonzo), curate of St. Bernard de Potosi, in the seventeenth century. He was author of a curious book on metallurgy, published at Madrid in 1620, quarto, and again in 1730, abridged in French, 12mo. BAR'BACAN, n. s. Fr. barbacane, Span. barbacana. A fortification placed before the walls of a town. A fortress at the end of a bridge. An opening in the wall through which the guns are levelled. Within the barbacan a porter sate, Day and night duly keeping watch and ward: Nor wight nor word mote pass out of the gate, But in good order, and with due regard. Faerie Queene. BARBACAN, or BARBICAN. See CASTLE. BARBADENSIS, in conchology, a species of voluta, inhabiting the American seas. The shell is an inch and a half long, tapering; color reddish, with very fine transverse striæ. BARBADENSIS, in ornithology, a species of psittacus, the ash-fronted parrot of Latham. This bird is green; about the size of a pigeon, and inhabits Barbadoes. BARBADILLO (Alphonsus Jerom de Salas), a Spanish dramatic writer, born at Madrid. He |