of four inches, that the valve may play easily. There should likewise be a valve at the nose of the bellows, that the one may not take the air from the other. To blow an organ of sixteen feet, there are required four pairs ofthese bellows. They are wrought by a man called the blower; and, in small organs, by the foot of the player. BELLOWS, WATER, a contrivance to save expense in the fusion of metals, wherein water, falling through a funnel into a close vessel, sends from it so much air as blows the fire. See FUR

NACE.

BELL-PEPPER, in botany. See CAPSI

CUM.

BELL-ROCK, or CAPE, a dangerous ridge of sunken rocks, lying about twelve miles east from the point of Fife-ness, and an equal distance south from Arbroath harbour, between the openings of the Friths of Tay and Forth. The ridge extends about a mile in length, and half a mile in breadth; the top of the rock only being seen a few hours at low water in spring tides. This rock not only renders the navigation of the Tay and Forth very hazardous, but is also highly dangerous to all vessels navigating coast-wise. Every year, formerly, vessels of great value were wrecked upon it, and there is reason to suspect that many which were supposed to have foundered at sea, have suffered on this dangerous reef. It is a remarkable fact that hardly a single instance has been known of a vessel being saved which had the misfortune to strike upon this rock. Captain Brodie of the royal navy placed a beacon on it some years ago, but though the greatest care was taken to have it properly secured, the first storm broke the chains, and the beacon was driven ashore. Previous to the erection of the new and noble light-house now placed here, it was commonly remarked that even if it were practicable to erect it upon such a sunken rock, no one would be found hardy enough to live in an abode so dread and dreary, and that it would fall to the lot of the projectors themselves to possess it for the first winter. The bill appointing commissioners for this great undertaking, however, passed both houses of parliament ate in the session of 1806. In the following summer, a vessel was fitted out as a floating-light, and moored off the Bell-rock. Captain Brodie had previously constructed a very ingenious model of a cast-iron light-house standing on pillars; and Mr. Murdoch Downie, author of several marine surveys, brought forward a plan of a light-house, to stand upon pillars of stone. Mr. Telford, the engineer, was also employed in some preliminary steps, connected with Mr. Downie's enquiries. But Mr. Stevenson, engineer for the commissioners of the northern lighthouses, modelled the first design, which was submitted to the opinion and advice of Mr. Rennie. This distinguished engineer coincided with Mr. Stevenson in preferring a building of stone, upon the principles of the Eddystone light-house.

The BELL-ROCK LIGHT-HOUSE is a circular building, the foundation-stone of which is nearly on a level with the surface of the sea at low-water of ordinary spring-tides; and consequently at high-water of these tides, the building is immersed to the height of about fifteen feet. The two first or lower courses of the masonry are imbed

rises

ded into the rock, and the stones of all the courses are dovetailed and joined with each other. forming one connected mass from centre to circumference. The successive courses of the work are also connected by joggles of stone; and to prevent the stones from being lifted up by the force of the sea, while the work was in progress, each stone of the solid part of the building had two holes bored through it, entering six inches into the course immediately below, into which oaken tree nails, two inches in diameter, were driven, after Mr. Smeaton's plan at the Eddystone. The cement used at the bell-rock, like that of the Eddystone, was a mixture of pozzolano, earth, lime, and sand, in equal parts, by measure. The building is of a circular form, composed of stones of the weight of from two tons to half a ton each. The ground course measures 42 feet in diameter, and the building diminishes, as it to the top, where the parapet-wall of the lightroom measures only 13 feet in diameter. The height of the masonry is 100 feet, but including the light-room, the total height is 115 feet. The building is solid from the ground course to the height of 30 feet, where the entry-door is situate, to which the ascent is by a kind of rope-ladder with wooden steps, hung out at ebb tide, and taken into the building again when the water covers the rock; but strangers to this sort of climbing are taken up in a chair, by a movable crane projected from the door, from which a narrow passage leads to a stone stair-case 13 feet in height. Here the walls are seven feet in thickness, but they generally diminish from the top of the stair-case to the parapet-wall of the light room, where they measure one foot in thickness. The upper half of the building may be described as divided into six apartments for the use of the light-keepers, and for containing lighthouse stores. The lower or first, formed by an inside scarfement of the walls at the top of the stair-case is chiefly occupied with water tanks, fuel, and the other bulky articles; the second floor is for the oil, cisterns, glass, and other light-room stores; the third is occupied as a kitchen; the fourth is the bed-room, the fifth the library or strangers' room, and the upper apartment forms thelight-room. The floors of the apartments are of stone, and the communication is made by means of wooden ladders, excepting in the lightroom, where every article being fire proof, the steps are made of iron. There are two windows in each of the three lower apartments, but the upper have each four windows. The casements are all double, and are glazed with plate-glass, having besides an outer storm-shutter, or dead light of timber, to defend the glass from the waves and spray. The parapet wall of the lightroom is six feet in height, and has a door which leads out to the balcony or walk formed by the cornice round the upper part of the building; which is surrounded by a cast-iron rail, wrought like net-work. This rail rests upon batts of brass and has a massive coping, or top rail, of the same metal. In the kitchen, there is a grate or open fire-place of cast iron, with a smoke tube of the same metal, which passes through the several apartments of the light-room, and heats them in its passage upwards. This grate and

chimney merely touch the building, without being included or built into the walls, which, by this means, are neither weakened, nor liable to be injured by it. The timber of the doors, the pannelled partitioning of the rooms from the stairs, and the bed frames and furniture in general, are of wainscot.

The light-room, and its apparatus was entirely prepared at Edinburgh. It is of an octagonal figure, 12 feet across, and 15 in height, formed with cast-iron sashes, glazed with large plates of polished glass, measuring about 2 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 3 inches, each plate being a quarter of an inch thick. The light-room is covered with a dome roof of copper, terminating in a large gilded ball, with a vent-hole in the top. The light of the Bell-rock is very powerful, and is readily seen at the distance of six or seven leagues, when the atmosphere is clear. The light is from oil, with Argand burners placed in the focus of silver plated reflectors, measuring 24 inches over the lips; the silvered surface or face being hollowed or wrought to the parabolic curve. That the Bell-rock light may be easily distinguished from all other lights upon the coast, the reflectors are ranged upon a frame with four faces or sides, which, by a train of machinery, is made to revolve upon a perpendicular axis once in six minutes. Between the observer and the reflectors, on two opposite sides of the revolving frame, shades of red glass are interposed, in such a manner, that during each entire revolution of the reflectors, two appearances, distinctly differ ing from each other, are produced; one is the common bright light familiar to every one, but, on the other, or shaded sides, the rays are tinged of a red color. These red and bright lights, in the course of each revolution, alternate with intervals of darkness, which, in a very beautiful and simple manner, characterise this light.

In foggy weather two large bells of about 12 cwt. each, are tolled day and night by machinery. Vessels who cannot see the lights, thus get warning to put about. The establishment at the Bell-rock, consists of a principal lightkeeper, who has 60 guineas per annum, paid quarterly, a principal assistant, who has 55 guineas; and two other assistants at 50 guineas each, besides a suit of uniform clothes, in common with the other light-keepers of the northern lighthouses, every three years. While at the rock, these men get a stated allowance of bread, beef, butter, oat-meal, pot-barley, and vegetables, besides small beer, and an allowance of fourpence per day each for the purchase of tea and other necessaries. At Arbroath, the most contiguous town on the opposite coast, a suite of buildings has been erected, where each light-keeper has three apartments for his family. Here the master and mate of the light-house tender, have also accommodation for their families; a plot or piece of an enclosed garden ground is attached to each house, and likewise a seat in one of the pews in the parish church of Arbroath. Connected with these buildings there is a signal tower erected, which is about 50 feet in height. At the top of it, there is a room with an excellent five feet achromatic telescope, placed upon a stand. From this tower, a set of corresponding signals is

arranged, and kept up with the light-keepers at the rock. Three of the light-keepers are always at the light-house, while one is ashore on liberty, whose duty it is for the time to attend the signal room; and when the weather will admit of the regular removal of the light-keepers they are six weeks at the rock, and a fortnight ashore with their families.

The attending vessel for the Bell-rock, and the light-houses at the isle of May and Inchkeith, in the Firth of Forth, is a very handsome little cutter of about 50 tons register, carrying upon her prow a model of the light-house, and is appropriately named the Pharos. She is stationed at Arbroath, and is in readiness to proceed for the rock at new and full moon, or at spring-tides, carrying necessaries, and the light-keeper on leave, to the rock, and returning with another. This vessel is navigated by four men, including the master, and is calculated for carrying a boat of 16 feet keel, or of sufficient dimensions for landing at the rock in moderate weather. The master and mate are kept in constant pay, and have apartments in the establishment ashore; the former, acting as a superintendent, has the charge of the buildings and stores kept at Arbroath.

BELLULÆ, in zoology, the sixth order of the mammalia; the character of which is, that their fore teeth are obtusely truncated, their feet hoofed their walk heavy, and their food vegetables. See ZOOLOGY.

BELLUGA, in ichthyology, a large fish, accounted a species of sturgeon, and called by Artedi, accipenser tuberculis carens It is like the sturgeon in shape, but its snout is shorter and thicker. Of its row or spawn is made cavear, and some of them are so large as to yield 200 weight of it. The fish is very common and very large in the Volga, near the city of Astracan. It has been caught there thirty-six feet long, and eighteen thick. It is also found in the Don, and other rivers, and in the Baltic and Caspian seas. See ACCIPEnser.

BELLULA Bos, in icthyology, a name given by Paulus Jovius to that species of the ray fish which was called by the old Greek and Latin writers bos marinus, and by the late authors raja oxyrynchus. It is distinguished by Artedi, by the name of the variegated ray, with ten prickly tubercles on the middle of the back.

BELLUM, Lat. war; in old law, trial by combat.

BELLUNESE, a territory of Italy, which belonged to the Venetians, till ceded to Austria, by the treaty of Campo Formio. It now forms a part of the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, and lies between Friuli, Cadorino, Feltrino the bishopric of Trent and Tyrol. It is thirty miles long, and twenty-two broad, and produces plenty of corn, wine, fruits, &c. besides rearing great numbers of cattle. It contains besides the capital, Belluno, 200 towns, villages, and ferts, with 40,000 inhabitants.

BELLUNO, a town of Italy, and a bishop's see; is situated among the Alps, on the river Piave.

BELLUTUS (Sicinius), a plebeian Roman, who, about the year of Rome 256, headed the people in their opposition to the exorbitant power

of the Senate and Patricians; and under whom they retired to the Mons Sacer, about three miles from Rome, intending to form a new establishment for themselves, till, after repeated messages sent in vain by the senate, Menenius Agrippa persuaded them to return, by the well known fable of the belly and the other members. On this occasion the tribune-ship being first instituted, Bellutus was appointed the first of the five Tribunes, A. U. C. 560. See ROME BELLY, v. &. n. BELLY'ACHE, BELLY BOUND, BELLY CHEER, BELLY FULL, BELLY FARE, BELLY'SLAVE, BELLY GOD, BELLY PINCHED, BELLY TIMBER, BELLY WORM.

tend.

Gothic, balgs; Ang.Sax. balg; Lat. bulga; that part of the human body which reaches from the head to the thighs, containing the bowels; the womb; any thing that swells out to a large capacity. To belly out, is to swell out; to inflate; to sketch; to dis

Creech's Munilius. Loud rattling shakes the mountains and the plain, Heav'n bellies downwards, and descends in rain. Dryden,

'Midst these disports, forget they not to drench Themselves with bellying goblets.

The strength of every other member Is founded on your belly-timber.

Philips.

Prior.

BELLY in anatomy, the abdomen. See ANATOMY, Index.

BELLY, DRAGON's, venter draconis, is used by some astronomers to denote the point in a planet's orbit, wherein it has its greatest latitude, or is farther distant from the ecliptic, more frequently called its limit.

BELMONTE, a town of Italy, in the hither Calabria and kingdom of Naples. It is situated on the coast of the Tuscan sea. It is celebrated for its fine marbles.

BELOCK, be and lock. See Lock.

BELOE (William), a native of Norwich, educated at Cambridge. About 1773 he became assistant to Dr. Parr, who was then head master of the Norwich grammar school. He shortly after obtained the vicarage of Earlham. Removing to the metropolis, he was made master of Emanuel College, Westminster, and he joined with Archdeacon Nares in establishing and editing the British Critic. His connexion with this work continued till the close of the forty-second volume. He also obtained the living of Allhallows, London-wall, a prebend in St. Paul's, and the desirable post of a librarian to the British Museum. Of the last situation, however, he was deprived, in consequence of the loss of some valuable prints, which were stolen by a dishonest artist. He died at Kensington in 1817. He translated Herodotus, and Aullus Gellus, and was the author of Miscellanies, 3 vols. Anecdotes of Literature and Scarce books, 6 vols. 8vo. The Sexagenarian (his own memoirs), 2 vols. 8vo.and some works of minor importance.

BE'LOMANCY, n. s. From Beλog and μαν

Γεια.

Belomancy, or divination by arrows, hath been in request with Scythians, Alans, Germans, with the Africans and Turks of Algiers. Brown's Vulgar Errours. BELOMANCY, BELOMANTIA, was practised in the east, but chiefly among the Arabians, and in different ways. One was to mark a parcel of arrows, and put eleven or more of them into a bag: these were drawn out; and according as they were marked or not, they judged of future events. Another way was to have three arrows, upon one of which was written, 'God orders it me:' upon another, God forbids it me;' and upon the third nothing. These were put into a quiver, out of which one was drawn at random; if it happened to be that with the first inscription, the thing was to be done if it chanced to be that with the second, it was let alone; but if it it proved that without inscription, they drew over again. Belomancy is an ancient practice, and probably that which Ezekiel mentions, chap. xxi. 21. At least St. Jerome understands it so, and observes that the practice was frequent among the Assyrians, and Babylonians. Something like it is also mentioned in Hosea, chap. iv. only that slaves are mentioned instead of arrows, which is rather that of demancy than belomancy. Grotius, as well as Jerome, confounds the two together, and shows that it prevailed among the Magi, Chaldeans, and Scythians; whence it passed to the Sclavonians, and thence to the Germans, who, as Tacitus observes, made use of it.

BELON (Peter), born at Mans, in France, flourished about the middle of the sixteenth century. He was murdered near Paris by one of his enemies, in 1565. His principal works are, 1. De Arboribus Coniferis, 4to. Paris, 1553. 2. Histoire de la Nature des Oiseaux, fol. 1555. 3. Portraits d'Oiseaux, 4to. 1557. 4. Histoire des Poissons, 4to. 1551, with plates. 5. De la Nature et Diversité des Poissons, 8vo. 1555.

BELONE, in ichthyology, the trivial name of a species of esox. See Esox.

BE'LONG, v. n. Dutch belangen. To be the property, province, or business of; to adhere, appertain, or have relation to.

To light on a part of a field belonging to Boaz. Ruth. There is no need of such redress;

Or if there were it not belongs to you.

Shakspeare.

The declaration of these latent philosophers belongs to another paper. Boyle. To Jove the care of heav'n and earth belongs

He went into a desart belonging to Bethsaida.

Dryden. Luke. 1 Samuel. The faculties belonging to the supreme spirit, are unlimited and boundless, fitted and designed for infinite objects. Cheyne.

To whom belongest thou? whence art thou?

He careth for things that belong to the Lord.
1 Corinth.

BELOSTOMA, in zoology, a genus of insects of the order hemiptera, family hydrocorisa. Its generic character is, fore feet terminated by a single hook; antennæ semi-pectinated. There is no European species.

BELOVED, part. From belove, derived of love. It is observable, that though the participle be of very frequent use, the verb is seldom or never admitted; as we say 'you are much beloved by me,' but not I belove you.' Loved; dear.

1 think it is not meet, Mark Antony, so well beloved of Cæsar, Should outlive Cæsar.

Shakspeare.

In likeness of a dove The Spirit descended, while the Father's voice From heav'n pronounc'd him his beloved Son.

For all below the moon I would not leap. Shakspeare. He'll beat Aufidius' head below his knee, And tread upon his neck.

Id. To men standing below on the ground, those that be on the top of Paul's seem much less than they are, and cannot be known; but, to men above, those below seem nothing so much lessened, and may be known. Bacon. The upper regions of the air perceive the collection of the matter of the tempests and winds before the air here below; and therefore the obscuring of the smaller stars, is a sign of tempest following.

His sultry heat infects the sky;

Id.

The noble Venetians think themselves equal at least to the electors of the empire, and but one de, ree below kings. Addin

His Idylliums of Theocritus are as much below his Manilius, as the fields are below the stars. Felton.

Sieur Gaulard, when he heard a gentleman report, that at supper they had not only good cheer, but also savoury epigrams and fine anagrams, returning hom, rated and belowted his cook as an ignorant scullion, that never dressed him either epigrams or anagrams. Camden. Father of all above and all below,

O great! and far beyond expression so,
No bounds thy knowledge, none thy power contine,
For power and knowledge in their source are thine.
Parnell.

BELPECH, a town of France, in Languedoc, department of the Aude. In 1369 this place was taken by the English, and among the prisoners was Isabella, mother of the queen of France. It is seven miles north-west of Mirepoix, and twelve south-west of Castelnaudary. Long. 150° E., lat. 43° 12′ N.

BELSHAZZAR, NABONADIUS, or LABYNITUS, the last king of Babylon, is generally agreed to have been the son of Evil-Merodach, by the celebrated Nitocris, and grandson of Nebuchadnezzar the Great. He succeeded upon the deaths of his uncle-in-law Neriglissar, and his infant cousin Laborosoarchod (with whom some authors confound him), about A. M. 3393, or, according to others, 3449. He is said to have reigned seventeen years, but was so devoted to pleasure, that nothing is recorded of him, excepting his folly, dissipation, and impiety, till the last day of his reign and life: when the miraculous vision of the hand-writing on the wall, denouncing the immediate overthrow of his empire, alarmed him and his impious nobles, in the midst of their guilty festival; and led him to apply for advice, when too late, to the long neglected prim minister and prophetic instructor of his grandfather. See Daniel, chap. v. Babylon was taken by Cyrus, Belshazzar slain, and the kin dom transferred to the Medes and Persians; A. M. 3410, or 3466, and about A. A. C. 538. See BABYLONIA.

BEL'SWAGGER, n. s. A cant word for a

whoremaster.

Dryden.