(1) to gallons, 75 tuns of wine; 196 ankers of brandy; 2 tierces of wine. (2) to gallons, 354 pipes of wine; 367 puncheons; 581 hogsheads of wine, (3) to gallons, 554 hogsheads of wine; 369 tuns; 2180 pipes. (4) to quarts, 168 gallons; 318 hogsheads of wine; 7136 pipes. (5) to pints, 98 gallons; 354 quarts; 3854 tuns. (6) to pipes, 34 tuns; 12600 gallons; 1493604 pints. (7) to puncheons, 98 tuns; 7715400 gallons; 87 tierces. (8) 35 gals. 2 pts. +42 gals. 2 qts. 2 gills+11 gals, 1 pt. 2 gills+5 gals. 5 qts. (9) Give in gallons 5 tuns+6 pipes +7 hhd. +8 pun. + 9 tier.+10 gals.+12 qts. (10) 1 tun 3 gals. +5 tierce 8 gals. +11 pipes 7 gals. +8 puns. 13 gals. (11) 5 tuns-3 pipes 18 gals.; 6 pipes 11 gals-2 puns. 23 gals.; 7 hhds. 11 gals.-7 anks. 1 gal. (12) 7 tuns 29 gals. ×8; 7 tierces 41 gals. ×25; 5 puns. 29 gals. × 31. (13) 876 pipes 86 gals.÷9; 275 hhd. 27 gals.÷12; 2186 tuns 98 gals.÷273. (14) How many bottles each containing 3 qts. 1 pt. 2 gills can be filled out of a vat with 1 tierce 25 gals. 2 qts. of wine ? (15) How often is 2 pipes 1 hhd. 54 gallons 3 qts. contained in 252 pipes 1 tier. 4 gals. 2 qts. ? ALE AND BEER MEASURE. 113. By this measure all malt liquors and water are measured. 2 Butts 1 Butt ... 1 Tun 1 butt. ... 1 tun. 1 Gallon of distilled water weighs 10 lbs. Avoir. Ex. 31. Reduce (1) to gallons, 378 firs. ; 416 kils. ; 396 bars. ; 8163 hhds. ; 761 tuns. (2) to gallons, 368 butts; 58464 pts.; 3817 qts.; 3686 tuns; 68 hhds. (3) to pints, 74 gals. ; 7415 qts.; 3168 gals.; 715 bars.; 821 butts. (4) to quarts, 728 hhds.; 547 firs. ; 382 tuns.; 915 butts; 820 pts. (5) to firkins, 168 tuns; 738 qts.; 7151 pts.; 2734 gals. ; 1000 pts. (6) to kilderkins, 934 firs. ; 264 pts. ; 754 qts.; 1543 pts.; 7206 qts. (7) to barrels, 276 firs. ; 375 butts; 236 pts.; 386 qts. ; 2103 pts. (8) to hogsheads, 936 tuns; 746 pts.; 1724 qts.; 1006 gals.; 366 qts. (9) to butts, 9999 gals.; 2642 qts.; 738 tuns; 2214 pts.; 246 qts. (10) to tuns, 7245 bars.; 1736 hhds.; 867 firs. ; 343 pts. ; 7638 pts. (11) 2 gals. 3 qts. 1 pt.+5 gals. 2 qts. 1 pt. +7 gals. 1 qt. 1 pt. +5 gals. 2 qt. 1 pt. (12) Give in gallons, 7 tuns+11 butts+14 hhds.+34 bars. +21 kils. +19 firs. +25 gals. (13) How many gals. in 1 tun 11 gals.+2 butts 5 gals. +3 hhds. 42 gals,+7 kils. 5 gals.? (14) 2 butts-3 bars, ; 3 butts 24 gals.—3 bars, 11 gals. 7 bars-3 kils. 7 gals. (15) 7 gals. 3 qts. 1 pt. x9; 2 tuns 3 kils. x16; 5 bars. 3 gals. 2 pts. x 72. (16) 7568 gals. 1 pt.÷7; 864 bars. 3 pts.÷42; 17 butts 8 gals.÷54. (17) How often is 28 tuns 1 butt 94 gals, of ale contained in 23032 tuns 88 gals. ? (18) How many times is 2 firs. 8 gals. 6 pts. contained in 53 firkins? (19) How many times is 114 hhds. 10 firs, 4 gals, contained in 2690 tuns 1 butt. 102 gals. ? CORN OR DRY MEASURE. 114. By this measure all dry commodities, as grain, meal, etc., are measured: 1 pot. 1 gal. 1 pk. 1 bus. ... (1) to gallons, 86 pks.; 38 bus.; 786 qrs.; 668 loads 963 str. (2) to pecks, 71 bus.; 384 qrs,; 718 coombs; 168 loads; 715 lasts. (3) to bushels, 3864 gals.; 7154 qrs.; 3156 qrs.; 9514 gals.; 236 lasts. (4) to quarters, 756 bus.; 3712 bus.; 6154 gals.; 7264 pks.; 666 coombs. (5) to loads, 7155 qrs.; 1070 bus.; 2400 bus. ; 3186 qts. 8564 strs. (6) 3 qrs. 5 bus. 7 gals.+8 qrs. 3 bus. 2 gals. +9 qrs. 5 bus. 6 gals.+8 qrs. 7 bus. 7 gals. (7) 1 ld. 3 qrs. 1 coomb 1 bus. 2 pks.+3 Ids. 4 qrs. 1 bu. 3 pks. +7 lds. 3 qrs. 3 bus, 3 pks. (8) 5 qrs. 2 bus. 1 gal.-3 qrs. 3 bus. 7 gals.; 7 qrs. 3 bus. 5 gals.-5 qrs. 2 bus. 6 gals. (9) 5 str. 1 bus. 1 pk. 1 gal. x9; 2 lds. 3 qrs. 3 bus. 1 pk. x12; 2 qrs. 7 bus. 3 gals. x 73. (10) 786 lds. 2 qrs, 3 gals.÷5; 716 qrs. 3 str. 8 gals.÷9; 1754 bus. 7 gals.÷25. (11) How many times is 8 qrs. 3 bus. 2 pks, contained in 750 qrs. 7 bus. 2 pks.? (12) What must we multiply 2 lds. 3 qrs. 1 bus. by, to produce 154 lds. 4 qrs. 3 bus, ? (13) Divide 607 lasts 8 qrs. 6 bus. 2 pks. into parts containing each 15 lds. 4 qrs, 7 bus. 3 pks. 1 gal. (14) How often is 79 qrs. 7 bus. 3 pks. contained in 671 lasts 1 ld. 3 qrs. 5 bus. 2 pks.? Miscellaneous Questions on the Measures of Capacity. (1) Taking the weight of a cubic foot of water as 1000 oz., and the contents of a gallon as 2774 cubic inches, find the weight of 3456 gallons. (2) Find how many gallons of water will fill a cistern 75 ft. long, 38 ft. broad, and 23 ft. 14 in. deep. (3) How many tuns of wine will occupy the same space as 1512 tuns of beer? (4) How many tuns of ale will occupy the same space as 1512 tuns of wine? (5) How many hogsheads of ale will occupy the same space as 1890 hogsheads of wine? (6) The weight of a gallon of water is 10 lbs., what is the weight in tons of 277274 cubic feet of water? (7) By how much does the number of gallons in 3150000 pints, exceed the number of hogsheads in 3150000 gallons of wine? (8) What quantity of water must I add to a pipe of wine which cost £45, that its price may be reduced to 5s. a gallon? Time. 115. Of all the magnitudes we have to consider, time is the most easily measured. Different nations select different standards of weight, length, surface, volume, and value; but nature has provided all men alike with three natural units for the measurement of time. (a) The period of the earth's rotation about its axis, (b) The period of the moon's revolution round the earth, and (c) The period of the earth's revolution round the sun, termed respectively, (a) The Day, (b) the Lunar Month, and (c) the Year. These are invariable units, as far as we know. In all the countries of the world the day is the principal unit of time, and this common standard makes it an easy matter to compare foreign methods of computing time with our own. The chief difficulty encountered in forming a table of the units of time arises from the fact that the three natural units are incommensurable-no number of times one being an exact number of times another. We can neither express a year nor a lunar month exactly by days and parts of a day. The solar year is nearly 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 49 seconds; and the time between the two new moons nearly 29 days.† 116. Previous to 1752 the civil year in England was that introduced by Julius Cæsar. The years that were divisible by 4 were made to consist of 366 days-other years of 365 days only; so that the average length of the civil year was 365 days 6 hours. This differed from the actual duration of the year by an excess of 11 minutes. These excesses had throughout the lapse of eighteen centuries accumulated to eleven days. In the above-named year the method was adopted in England, which Pope Gregory XIII., with a view to correct the defects of the Julian year, had established on the continent in the sixteenth century. According to this plan the leap year is omitted every hundredth year, except the four hundredth. The years 1700, 1800, 1900, &c., not being multiples of 400, have 365 days; but 2000, 2400, 2800, &c., being multiples of 400, have 366 days. It is calculated that this arrangement reduces the error to less than one day in 6000 years. The rule for finding leap year, therefore, is as follows:-if the year be divisible by 4, it is leap year, except when it is an exact number of hundreds, and then only when the number of hundreds is divisible by 4. 117. The year is divided into 12 months, called calendar months; the number of days in a calendar month varies with the month. The following doggerel will make them easily remembered : Thirty days are in September. April, June, and dull November: Write out all the leap years from 1867 to 2010. More nearly 365-2422414 days. More nearly 29.5305887. H |