I. COINS.-The coins consist of silver and copper. The silver coins are the 50-cent piece, the 25-cent piece, the shilling or 20-cent piece, the dime, the half-dime. The copper coin is the cent. IV. VALUE.-The coins are nominally equal to the corresponding coins of United States money, but the intrinsic value is a little less. The eagle of the United States is the legal tender for sums of $10 and upwards. III. COMPOSITION.-The silver coins consist of 925 parts silver and 75 parts copper; or 37 parts silver to 3 parts copper, the same as the English silver coins. FRENCH MONEY. 254. French Money is the legal currency of France. The unit is the franc, whose value is 19.3 cents. 255. The Franc is divided into tenths and hundredths, called respectively decimes and centimes. The decime, like our dime, is not used in business calculations, but is expressed by centimes; thus, instead of 5 decimes we say 50 céntimes. GERMAN MONEY. 256. The German Empire has adopted a new and uniform system of coinage. 257. The Unit is the mark (Reichsmark) worth 23.85 cents, and this is divided into 100 pfennige. EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE. 1. How many doilars in 25.50 francs? 2. How many francs in $256 ? 3. How many dollars in 753 marks 15 pfennige? Ans. $4.9215. Ans. 1326.42+ fr. Ans. $179.626+. 4. How many marks in $456.25? Ans. 1913- marks. 5. Bought an opera-glass for 20 francs; what did it cost. in United States money? MEASURES OF WEIGHT. Ans. $3.86. 258. Weight is the measure of the force by which bodies are naturally drawn towards the earth. 259. There are three kinds of weight in common use: Troy Weight, Apothecaries' Weight, and Avoirdupois Weight. TROY WEIGHT. 260. Troy Weight is used in weighing gold, silver jewels, liquors in philosophical experiments, etc. I. NAME.-The term Troy is said to be derived from Troyes, the_name of a town in France, where this weight was first used in Europe. It was brought from Cairo in Egypt during the crusades of the 12th century. II. TERMS.-The term pound is from the Latin pendo, to bend or weigh. The term ounce is from the Latin uncia, a twelfth part, the ounce being one-twelfth part of a pound. The pennyweight was the weight of the old English silver penny, The term grain originated in the custom of using a number of grains of wheat for the weight of a penny. These grains were taken from the middle of the ear, and well dried, thirty-two at first, and afterwards twenty-four, being used to make a pennyweight. III SYMBOLS.-The symbol oz. is thought to be from the Spanish word onza, signifying ounce; though Webster derives it from the use of the termination 3 to express abbreviations, which was afterwards changed to z; lb. is from libra, the Latin for pound. Put. is a combination of p. for penny, and wt. for weight. IV. UNIT.-The standard unit of weight is the Troy pound. It is equal to the weight of 22.794377 cubic inches of distilled water, at the temperature of 39.83° Fahrenheit, barometer at 30 inches. How many MENTAL EXERCISES. 1. Grains in 6 pwt.? 5 pwt.? 4. Ounces in 100 pwt.? 60 pwt.? 7. What part of a pound Troy are 4 oz.? 6 oz.? 8 oz.? How many EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE. 1. Grains in 7 pwt. 15 gr.? 2. Grains in 5 oz. 14 pwt. 13 gr.? 3. Lb.. oz., and pwt. in 758 pwt.? Ans. 3lb Ans. 183 gr. Ans. 2749 gr. 4. Oz., pwt., and gr. in 6275 gr.? Ans. 13 oz. 1oz. 18 pwt. 1 pwt. 11gr. 5. Grains in 19 lb. 11 oz. 17 pwt. 19 gr.? Ans. 115147 gr. 6. Pounds, oz., etc., in 18759 gr. ? Ans. 3 lb. 3 oz. 1 pwt. 15 gr APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. 261. Apothecaries' Weight is used in prescribing and mixing dry medicines. Medicines are bought and sold by Avoirdupois Weight. I. NAME. The name arises from the weight being used by apothecaries. II. TERMS.-The term scruple is from the Latin scrupulus, a little stone. The term dram is from the Greek drachma, a piece of money. III. SYMBOLS.-The symbols have been supposed to be modifications of the figure 3, suggested by there being 3 scruples in a dram. Another supposition is that they are from inscriptions upon the ancient monuments of Egypt. IV. UNIT.-The Unit is the pound, and is identical with the Troy pound, as are also the ounce and grain, the ounce being differently divided. V. Physicians use the Roman notation in writing prescriptions, using the small letters, preceded by the symbols, and writing j for i when it terminates a number. Thus, 12 gr. is written gr.xij.; 2 scruples, ij. R is an abbreviation for recipe, take; a or aa (from the Greek ává) means, of each; ss. for semis or half, as Divss. means 41 scruples; P. for particula, or little part; P. aeq. for equal parts; q. p., quantum placet, as much as you please. 7. How many doses of 8 grains each, can be made from an ounce of quinine? 5. Pounds, etc., in 92375gr.? Ans. 16. 33. 19 15gr. 6. How many pills of 4gr. each, can be made from 33 29 of calomel? Ans. 55. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 262. Avoirdupois Weight is used for weigh.ag every thing except jewels, precious metals, etc. I. NAME. The term Avoirdupois is probably from the French avoir du poids, to have weight. II. TERMS.-The term ton is from the Saxon tunne, a cask. The origin of the other terms has already been given. The symbol cut. is from centum, hundred, and weight. The term dram has been used for of an ounce, but is obsolete, fractions of an ounce being used in business transactions. III. UNIT.-The unit is the pound. It is derived from the Troy pound, and contains 7000 grains Troy. It is equal to the weight of 27.7015 cubic inches of water at 39.83° Fah., the barometer being at 30 inches. IV. In Great Britain 28 lb. equal 1 qr., 112 lb. equal 1 cwt., and 2240 lb. equal 1 ton. These are called the long hundred and long ton; they were formerly used in this country, but are now used only at the custom-houses in invoices of English goods, in the wholesale iron and plate trade, and in wholesaling and freighting coal from the coal mines of Pennsylvania. V. The following denominations are frequently used: 25 lb. of powder make 1 barrel. | 100 lb. of raisins make 1 cask. flour 1 barrel. pork, beef, or fish 1 barrel. lime 1 cask. salt at N.Y.S.works1 barrel. rice 1 barrel. 66 66 56 84 butter 100 grain or flour" 100 dry fish 10) 66 nails MENTAL EXERCISES. How many 1. Ounces in 8 lb. ? 12 lb. ? 3. Cwt. in 4800 lb.? 1000 T.? 2. Pounds in 112 oz. ? 9 cwt.? 4. Tons in 2200 cwt.? 2500 cwt. ?. 5. How many cwt. in § of a ton? in of a ton? 6. How many pounds in 50 cwt. ? in 75 cwt. ? in 80 cwt. ? 3. Ounces in 29 cwt. 73 lb. 15 oz.? 4. Ounces in 6 T. 83 lb. 13 oz.? 5. Tons in 117309 ounces? Ans. 3 T. 13 cwt. 31 lb. 13 oz. 6. Which is heavier, and how much, a pound of lead or pound of gold? . 7. Which is heavier, and how much, an ounce of feathers or an ounce of silver? MEASURES OF LENGTH. 263. Measures of Length are used in measuring length, breadth, height, distance, etc. 264. A Line is that which has length without breadth or thickness. It is estimated by ascertaining how many times it contains some definite length, regarded as a unit of measure. 265. An Angle is the opening between two lines which diverge from a common point. Thus ACD and DCB are angles. A C D 266. The Vertex of an angle is the point from which the two lines diverge; thus, C is the vertex of the angle BCD. as 267. A Right Angle is formed by one line perpendicular to another; ABC or CBD. One line is perpendicular to another when it makes the two adjacent angles equal. LONG MEASURE. B 268. Long Measure is used for the general purposes of measuring length and distances. 69.16 miles (691 nearly) =1 degree of latitude, deg. or °, or of longitude at the equator. I. TERMS.-The term inch is from uncia, a twelfth; foot is from the human foot; yard was a rod or shoot; rod is from a measuring stick or rod; furlong, which has now become obsolete, is from fur, furrow, and |