terday a beggar, to-day a Croesus,' § 66, in a few weeks you wasted all that ill-gotten wealth. § 67. There might be seen one incessant debauch, without stint or check. § 68. How can you cross that threshold, XXVIII, or see those trophies at the gate, and not be maddened with remorse? § 69. For me, I pity the very walls and roofs. But you have turned a new leaf. You have solemnly put away the actress; so far well; but what must we think of him, whose life can boast no more virtuous act than such a divorce? § 70. What then can you mean by that favourite phrase, 'both a consul and Antonius,' if not 'both a consul and a debauchee'? But I return to your peculiar work, the civil war*.

Civil war in Africa and Spain. (B.C. 47-45. c. XXIX, XXX.) $71. You hung back, while Cæsar fought in Africa, and were required on his return to pay for the house of Pompeius. § 72. In spite of your outcry, § 73, Cæsar was enforcing payment, when you advertised for sale the plate, furniture, and slaves; all grievously damaged while in your hands. § 74. On Rubrius' heirs ($40) forbidding the sale, you tried to rid yourself of Cæsar by an assassin's knife. On Cæsar's departure for Spain, you again lingered behind; so sturdy a gladiator might surely have been less impatient for discharge. XXX. § 75. You set out at last, but turned back, 'finding the roads dangerous.' Dolabella, however, could make his way to the field of Munda (17 Mar. B.C. 45), though he had not the private quarrel which you have with the heirs of Pompeius.

Antonius' return from Narbo. (B.C. 45. c. XXX, XXXI.) § 76. You asked how I returned the other day (31 Aug. 44). Not in the dark, as you did last year from Narbo; not in easy undress, but in the full Roman costume. XXXI. § 77. Merely for the pleasure of giving Fulvia a surprise, you startled the whole of Italy. § 78. This was one of the 'private affairs' which brought you to Rome; another was to save your securities from distraint.

ANTONIUS CONSUL. (B.C. 44. c. XXXII-end.)

Thwarts Dolabella's election. (c. XXXII, XXXII.) On Cæsar's return (Sept. or Oct. 45) you became reconciled to him. § 79. He made you consul for the next year with himself, breaking his word to Dolabella, who thereupon bitterly denounced you (1 Jan. 44). § 80. On Cæsar's promising to retire, you threaten as augur to vitiate Dolabella's election, § 81, neither knowing that as augur you have less power of obstruction than as consul, nor scrupling to predict an informality long before the day of election. 82. Not to dwell on your slavish deference to Cæsar, XXXIII, I come to the day of Dolabella's election. After the votes had been declared, § 83, you pronounced the proceedings

* § 70: ad ipsas tuas partes redeo, id est, ad civile bellum.

null and void, as you had threatened. § 84. And yet now you allow their validity.

Antonius offers Cæsar a diadem on the Lupercalia. (15 Feb, 44. C. XXXIV.) You change colour at the sound 'Lupercalia. Indeed if your eloquence can remove that slur, your liberality to Sext. Clodius is justified. § 85. When Cæsar pushed back the proferred diadem, § 86, you fell at his feet, entreating him to enslave us. A consul, you harangued the Roman people in the apron of a Lupercus. Your conscience, if not utterly seared, must bleed as I recall that scene; my words must prick you to the quick. § 87. You register in the calendar your offer and Cæsar's refusal. No wonder you hate law and order, which cannot consist with tyranny.

Antonius in Rome on and after the Ides of March. (15 Mar. 44. C. XXXV-XXXIX.) § 88. On the Ides of March Cæsar was to have opened the debate on the election. His death removed all your scruples about its legality.-His death;-after which you were spared, § 89, in spite of my warnings. On the third day (17 Mar.) I attended the meeting of the senate in the temple of Tellus, XXXVI. § 90, and lament your apostasy from the principles you then professed. Yet even then your fair words were belied by your funeral oration on the tyrant, § 91, and by your instigation of rioters; although to please the senate you abolished the dictatorship, and prohibited arbitrary immunities and acts of grace. § 92. Then suddenly your proclamations appear, bestowing immunities and the franchise on whole states. XXXVII. § 93. You embezzle the treasures in the temple of Ops, and in Cæsar's name sell privileges to all comers; even king Deiotarus, § 94, who in Cæsar's lifetime could never obtain common justice, is restored by the dead Cæsar, § 95, 96, for the king's envoys had bribed Fulvia; while their bolder master no sooner heard of the tyrant's death, than he recovered his throne by force of arms. XXXVIII. § 97. Your forged 'notes of Cæsar' were hawked about the streets like playbills. In Cæsar's name you decreed that from and after Brutus' departure Crete should cease to be a province; forgetting that while Cæsar lived Brutus had no connexion with Crete. $98. You recalled the exiled convicts, and yet excepted three or four from pardon, as you had before (§ 56) excepted your uncle. You set up your uncle as a candidate for the censorship, § 99, and then withdrew him. You struck his name out of the commission for dividing lands. You divorced his daughter, after blasting her character by a charge of adultery with Dolabella (1 Jan. 44. cf. § 79). XXXIX. § 100. You neglected to convene the committee appointed to ascertain Cæsar's genuine acts (1 June 44).

Progress of Ant. through Campania. (End of Apr. to middle of May 44. c. XXXIX-XLI.) In the attempt to found a new

colony in Capua, you nearly lost your life. § 101. You assigned to your dissolute retainers Campanian and Leontine lands, so crippling the public revenues. XL. § 102. With much state you planted a colony at Casilinum, though warned that it would confuse auspices to settle two colonies in one place. § 103. You then took up your quarters in Varro's house at Casinum, which not even by right of confiscation could you claim as your own, § 104, as Cæsar had commanded you to restore it. XLI. § 105. That abode of learning you stained with riotous orgies, dismissing unseen the neighbours who came to greet their consul. § 106. With as lordly a disdain you repelled the homage of Aquinum and Anagnia. § 107. You roundly rated the Sidicini and men of Puteoli for choosing the liberators as their patrons. XLII. In your absence, Dolabella had rased the altar and pillar erected in honour of Cæsar. But you found means to curb the dangerous activity of your colleague.

battle.

Return of Ant. to Rome. (c. XLII.) § 108. You enter Rome at the head of your troops in order of On 1 June 44 the senators durst not come together. § 109. Their absence did not prevent you from repealing the law limiting the tenure of proconsulships. You also rifled the 'people's park' beyond the Tiber of the statues and pictures bequeathed with it by Cæsar.

'Consecration' of Cæsar. (c. XLI.) § 110. Divine honours have been voted to Cæsar, and you are his flamen. Why are you not consecrated? Yesterday (18 Sept.) was the 4th day of the ludi Romani in circo, to-day by your law (of 1 Sept.) is a 5th day of festival, in honour of Cæsar. Why is the feast not observed? § III. I wait for your eloquent rejoinder. For even your grandfather, consummate orator as he was, was not so transparently clear as you; he never spoke so lightly clad as you at the Lupercalia.

PERORATION. (c. XLIV-end.)

Force put upon the senate by Antonius; threats of retaliation. (c. XLIV.) § 112. Why is the senate hemmed in with troops as I speak? To guard the consul? Better a thousand deaths than life so secured. § 113. The people will wrest those arms from your hands. Fulvia, your wife, has paid two instalments of her debt-(her former husbands, Clodius and Curio)—the third has long been due. The state can find worthier rulers when you are no more. § 114. Our deliverers may be absent, but their glory remains.

Call to repentance and amendment. (c. XLV, XLVI.) § 115. Remember the glory you won by abolishing the dictatorship. Or if glory cannot, let fear move you. § 116. You cannot trust

your own followers; Cæsar was slain by those who owed him most. Not that you can bear comparison with him, XLVI. § 117, except in ambition. His tyranny at least taught us whom to trust, whom to fear. Now too we know the glory and profit of tyrannicide. § 118. Return then to the paths of honour. Reconcile yourself to your country. In the worst event, I who set at nought the arms of Catiline, will not quail before yours. § 119. Death will always find me prepared; I pray only that I may leave this people free, and that all may be recompensed, as they shall deserve of the commonwealth.]

NOTES.

c. I. § 1. 1. 2. his annis viginti. "Within the last twenty years,' i. e. from Cicero's consulship B. C. 63 to B. C. 44, both years inclusive, according to the Roman reckoning. In § 119, (abhinc annos prope viginti), the difference of months is taken into

account.

1. 3. bellum indixerit: p. Sulla, § 28: cum mihi uni cum omnibus inprobis aeternum videam esse bellum susceptum.

15. vobiscum etc. So without sed p. Caelio, § 43: ex quibus neminem mihi libet nominare: vosmet vobiscum recordamini. Phil. II. § 15: Cui? neminem nominabo: putate etc.

1. 6. illi. Cf. line 11.

[plus etc. de Leg. II. §§ 43, 44: Vidimus illos, qui, nisi odissent patriam, numquam inimici nobis fuissent... plus poenarum habeo quam petivi. MAN. Cf. p. Mil. c. 13. § 33. HEUS.]

optarem, constructed like vellem (p. Sest. § 82: quod ni esset patefactum paulo citius quam vellem): 'than I would wish, if I still had the choice.'

te, Antoni. Intr. § 57. [Cf. Dio XLV. 47. Abr.]

1. 13. ad. Cf. ep. ad Att. VIII. 4. § 1: Cui qui noster honos, quod obsequium, quae etiam ad ceteros contempti cuiusdam hominis commendatio defuit? Liv. II. 10. § 11: rem ausus plus famae habituram ad posteros quam fidei. —inpios § 50. 1. § 30.

§ 2. 1. 14 [Quid putem, etc. Quintil. XL. 1. § 25 seq.: Verum eloquentiae ut indecora iactatio, ita nonnunquam concedenda fiducia est. Nam quis reprehendat haec? Quid putem?... possit Antonius. Et paulo post apertius: An decertare. Antonium dicere.]

...

L 19. uni conservatae. Cf. or. Catil. I. § 15. IV. § 20. Phil. XIV. 24. [infr. § 13. So in a letter to Cato, ad Fam. XV. 4. § 11: Tu idem mihi supplicationem decrevisti togato, non, ut multis, re publica bene gesta, sed ut nemini, re publica conservata. MAN.]

1. 21. hoc q. etc. He could not shew me a greater kind

ness.

1. 22. quid uberius sc. cuiquam.

P. 2. LI. Illud profecto. Certainly that is it; [I assigned the right motive for his conduct (§ 1. 1. 13.)]