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318. The sq. meter is used in measuring ordinary surfaces, as floors, ceilings, etc.; the ar and hektar in measuring land; and the sq. kilometer in measuring States and Territories.

NOTE. The term ar is from the Latin area, a surface.

319. The approximate area of a sq. meter is 10 sq. ft., or 1 sq. yd., and of the hektar about 24 acres.

320. The scale of surface measure is 100 (10 × 10). That is, 100 units of a lower denomination make a unit of the next higher; hence, each denomination. must have two places of figures.

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Sq. Contim.

Thus, 23 Ha. 19 a. 25 ca., written as ars, is 2319.25 a., and may be read '2319 ars and 25 centars." If written as hektars, it is 23.1925 Ha., and may be read "23 hektars and 1925 centars."

1. Write 78.29 a. as centars, also as hektars.

2. Write 9 sq. m. as sq. dm. Write 7 sq. cm. as sq. mm. 3. In 3246 ca., how many ars? In 63.42 ars, how many Ha.?

MEASURES OF SOLIDS.

321. A Solid is that which has length, breadth, and thickness.

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NOTE. The ster = .2759 cord is seldom used.

322. The Measuring Unit of solids is a Cube, the edge of

which is a Linear Unit.

323. A Cube is a regular solid bounded by six equal squares called its faces.

Hence, its

length, breadth, and thickness are equal.

A Cubic Centimeter is a cube, each side of which is a square centimeter.

Cu. Cm.

324. The cubic meter is used in measuring ordinary solids, as timber, excavations, embankments, etc.

When applied to fire-wood, it is sometimes called a Ster, and is equal to about 35 cubic feet.

NOTE. The cubic decimeter when used as a unit of dry or liquid measure is called a Liter.

325. The units of cubic measure increase by the scale of 1000 (10 × 10 × 10); hence, each denomination must have three places of figures.

1. Express 6000 cu. mm. as cu. centimeters.

2. Express 8000 cu. dm. as cubic meters.

3. Express 86.005 cu. dm. as cu. meters; as cu. cm.

4. Write 0.6235 cu. m. as cu. dm.; as cu. cm.

5. In 862 cu. dm., how many cu. meters? In 250 cu. m. how many cubic decimeters?

MEASURES OF CAPACITY.

326. The Liter is the principal unit of Dry and Liquid Measure, and is equal in volume to a cubic decimeter.

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327. The Centiliter is a little less than gill, and is used for measuring liquids in small quantities.

The Liter is used in measuring milk, wine, and small fruits, and is about equal to a quart.

The Hektoliter is used in measur

ing grain and liquids in casks, and is equal to about 26 gal., or 24 bushels.

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1. Express 8.53 1. as centiliters. As deciliters.

2. Express 4.640 kiloliters as liters. As hektoliters. 3. How many deciliters in 8 liters? In 9.35 liters? 4. How many liters in 6.358 centiliters? In 800 cl.? 5. In 8500 liters how many kiloliters? How many Hl.?

WEIGHT.

328. The Gram is the principal unit of weight, and is equal to a cubic centimeter of distilled water at its greatest density, viz., at 4° Centigrade, or 39.2° Fahrenheit.

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329. The Gram is used in weighing gold, silver, jewels, and

letters, and in mixing medicines.

330. The Kilogram, (often called kilo) is used in weighing common articles; as sugar, tea, butter, etc.

The Metric ton is used in weighing heavy articles; as hay, coal, etc.

NOTES.-1. The kilo is equal to 21 lbs., nearly; the metric ton about 2200 pounds.

2. The nickel 5-cent piece weighs 5 grams. The silver dollar 121

grams. The silver dime weighs 2 grams. The silver dollar 61 grams.

3. The weight of a letter for single postage must not exceed 15 grams, or 3 nickels.

As centigrams.

As grams.

1. Express 6.354 g. as decigrams.
2. Write 5834 mg. as dg. As cg.
3. How many grams in 78.45 Dg.? How many Kg.?
4. How many kilos in 3.54 T.? How many Dg.?
5. Express 1 g. in the decimal part of a kilo.

6. Express a kilo in the decimal part of a ton.
7. Express 2.0005 T. as grams.

331. To Add, Subtract, Multiply, and Divide Metric numbers.

Apply the corresponding rules of decimals or U. S. money. (Art. 279.)

1. What is the sum of 45.68 Dm., 63.4 Hm., and 6845 cm.?

SOLUTION.-Writing the numbers as meters and decimals of a meter, the principal unit of the table, and adding, we have 6865.25 meters.

456.8

6340.0

68.45

Ans. 6865.25 m.

2. Find the sum of 24.35 m., 6.425 m., 32.7 m., and 42.26 m. 3. What is the difference between 8.5 kilograms and 976 grams?

SOLUTION.-8.5 kilos.976 kilos 7.524 kilos, Ans.

4. From 1 hektoliter of oil, 36 liters were drawn out; how many liters remained?

5. How much silk is there in 12 pieces, each containing 48.75 meters ?

SOLUTION.-48.75 m. x 12.5 = 609.375 m,, Ans.

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