T. 39 N., R. 14 E. 3d P. M., describes the township that is in the 39th tier North of the base line, and in the 14th range E. of the 3d principal meridian.

895. A Township is divided into Sections each 1 mile square and containing 640 acres.

A Section

A Half Section

A Quarter Section

A Half-quarter Section

A Quarter-quarter Section

Thus,

The adjoining diagram represents a township divided into sections, which are numbered commencing at the N.E. corner, and running W. in the North tier, E. in the second, etc.

Each section is divided into 4 quarter sections, called N.E., S. E., N. W., and S. W. quarters, each containing 160 acres.

Thus, S.E., sec. 16, T. 39 N., R. 14 E. 3d., P. M., is read, "Southeast quarter of section 16, tier 39 north, range 14 east of third principal meridian."

1. A colony of 224 persons took up a township of land and divided it equally among them; how many acres did each receive?

2. What part of a section did each colonist receive, and what did it cost him, at $1.25 an acre?

3. What will it cost to enclose a quarter section of land with a fence 5 rails high, at $2 for every 3 rods?

4. If you pay $1.75 an acre for a half section of land, and sell a quarter section for $2.50, how much will your remaining quarter cost you?

5. A company of speculators bought a township at $1.50 an acre; they sold 10 sections at $2.25 an acre, 15 sections at $3.50, 8 sections at $4, and the balance at $5 an acre; how much did they sell at $5, and what was the gain on the whole? Explain by diagram.

896. Table of Pounds Avoirdupois in a Bushel, as fixed by Law in the several States named.

It is becoming common in some parts of this country and in England to sell grain and other produce by weight and not by measure, a much more equitable system than that which has long prevailed.

In N. J.,

NOTES.-1. Beans, peas, and potatoes are usually estimated at 60 lb. to the bu., but the laws of N. Y. make 62 lb. of beans to a bushel. In Illinois, 50 lb. of common salt, or 55 lb. fine, are 1 bu. 56 lb. of salt are 1 bu. In Ind., Ky., and Iowa, 50 lb. are 1 bu. 80 lb. coarse, 70 lb. ground, or 62 lb. fine salt are 1 bu.

In Penn.,

In Maine, 30 lb. oats, and 64 lb. of beets or of ruta-baga turnips are 1 bu. In New Hampshire, 30 lb. of oats are 1 bu.

2. Grain, seeds, and small fruit are sold by the bushel, stricken or level

measure.

Large fruit, potatoes, and all coarse vegetables by heaped measure.

APOTHECARIES' FLUID
FLUID MEASURE.

898. Apothecaries' Fluid Measure is used in mixing liquid medicines.

NOTE.-Gtt. for gutta, Latin, signifying drops; 0, for octarius, Latin for one-eighth; and Cong., congiarium, Latin for gallon.

899. The following approximate measures, though not strictly accurate, are often useful in practical life:

A knot, used for measuring distances at sea, is equivalent to a nautical mile.

LEAP YEARS.

901. A Solar Day is the time between the departure of the sun from a given meridian and his return to it.

902. A Mean Solar Day is the average length of all the solar days in the year, and is divided into 24 hours, the first 12 being designated by A. M., the last by P. M.

NOTE.-A. M. is an abbreviation of ante meridies, before midday; P. M., of post meridies, after midday.

903. A Solar Year is the time in which the earth, starting from one of the tropics or equinoctial points, revolves around the sun, and returns to the same point. It is thence called the tropical year, and is equal to 365 da. 5 hr. 48 min. 49.7 sec.

NOTES.-1. The excess of the solar above the common year is 6 hours or of a day, nearly; hence, in 4 years it amounts to about 1 day. To provide for this excess, 1 day is added to the month of February every 4th year, which is called Leap year, because it leaps over the limit, or runs on 1 day more than a common year.

2. Every year that is exactly divisible by 4, except centennial years, is a leap year; the others are common years. Thus, 1876, '80, etc., were leap years'; 1879, '81, were common. Every centennial year exactly divisible by 400 is a leap year; the other centennial years are common. Thus, 1600 and 2000 are leap years; 1700, 1800, and 1900 are common.

ANNUAL INTEREST.

904. Annual Interest is interest that is payable every year.

905. To Compute Annual Interest, when the Principal, Rate, and Time are given.

1. What is the amount due on a note of $500, at 6%, in 3 yr. with interest payable annually?

SOLUTION.

Principal.....

$500.00

Interest for 1 year is $30; for 3 years it is $30 × 3, or.
Interest on 1st annual interest for 2 yr. is..

90.00

3.60

RULE. Find the interest on the principal for the given time and rate; also find the simple legal int. on each annual int. for the time it has remained unpaid.

The sum of the principal and its int., with the int. on the unpaid annual interests, will be the amount.

NOTE.-When notes are made payable "with interest annually," simple interest can be collected, in most of the States, on the annual interest after it becomes due. This is according to the contract, and is an act of justice to the creditor, to compensate him for the damage he suffers by not receiving his money when due.

2. What is the amount of a note of $1500, payable in 4 yr. 3 mo. 10 da., with int. annually at 5% ?

906. Connecticut Rule for Partial Payments.

I. When the first payment is a year or more from the time the interest commenced:

Find the amount of the principal to that time. If the payment equals or exceeds the interest due, subtract it from the amount thus found, and considering the remainder a new principal, proceed as before.

II. When a payment is made before a year's interest has accrued :

Find the amount of the principal for 1 year; also, if the payment equals or exceeds the interest due, find its amount from the time it was made to the end of the year; then subtract this amount from the amount of the principal, and treat the remainder as a new principal.

III. If the payment be less than the interest:

Subtract the payment only from the amount of the principal thus found, and proceed as before.

$650.

NEW HAVEN, April 12, 1878. 1. On demand, I promise to pay to the order of George Selden, six hundred fifty dollars, with interest, value received. THOMAS SAWYER. Indorsements:-May 1, 1879, rec'd $116.20. Feb. 10, 1880, rec'd $61.50. Dec. 12, 1880, rec'd $12.10. June 20, 1881, rec'd $110. What was due Oct. 21, 1881 ?