PAGE 138. Mouillages, anchoring-places, moorings.

PAGE 139. Ecoutille, hatchway.

PAGE 140. Dumas (Alexandre), one of the most prolific of French writers, son of the General of Division, was born June 24, 1803, at Villers-Cotterets, a small town in Picardy. His mother lived in penury after the death of the General, and was unable to give her son a good education, and sent him, when twenty years old, to Paris, to gain a livelihood. An old companion in arms of his father, General Foy, procured him an appointment of secretary in the household of the duke of Orleans. A few years' residence in the duke's house finished his neglected education, and he began to write, 1826, for the "Journal des Modes," "Psyche," published a small volume of novels, and wrote, with a few others, the vaudeville "La Noce et l'Enterrement." In 1829 he produced the celebrated play "Henri III. et sa Cour," which caused great enthusiasm. The duke of Orleans appointed him his librarian; and Dumas produced in the next few years a number of plays, none of which had the success which he achieved with his "Henri III." His later pieces belong more or less all to the melodramatic class, are thoroughly sensational, and of small artistic merit. Among his novels, "Le Comte de Monte-Christo" (1844), “Mémoires d'un Médecin" (1848), and others, had a decided success, and enjoy an almost European reputation.

PAGE 141. Donner en, to run into.

Tertre, hillock.

Souche, trunk, stem, stock.

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Abri, shelter. Etymologists are divided as to the derivation of this word. Some derive it from the Lat. 'apricus,' others from operire,' others from 'arbre,' and others from O. H. Germ. ' bergen.'

PAGE 145. Grappe, bunch, grape; from a very extensive stock. Comp. Eng. ' grapple,' ' crab;' Welsh crap;' Germ. ' greifen.'

PAGE 146. Portez armes ! shoulder arms!

Cohue, noisy crowd; derived from 'hue,' cry, shout, noise.

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PAGE 147. Joyau, with Ital. 'giogello;' Germ. "juwel;" Eng. 'jewel;' from Lat. gaudiale,' from 'gaudium.'

Arène, Lat. ‘arena,' from 'arere.' to be dry.

PAGE 149. Dresser (se), with Eng.

'directus.'

dress;' Ital. 'dirizzare ;' from Lat.

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PAGE 150. Repaire, lair; from post-class. Lat. ' repatriare.'

PAGE 152. Guide, with Ital. guidare;' evidently of German origin, though not clear from what root. Compare Germ. 'weisen,' from Gothic wisa,' or Anglo-Sax.wisian.'

Talus, slope.

Grief, with Eng., from Lat. 'gravis.'
Lentisque, mastic-tree.

PAGE 153. Massif, thicket.

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PAGE 154. Carambolage, cannon; from Sp. carambola.'

PAGE 155. Etre sur les dents, to be exhausted.

Bredouille, without anything, lit. lurched; a term translating the Eng. 'lurch' in backgammon. The verb 'bredouiller,' to stutter, stammer.

Echouer, to run aground, fail.

PAGE 156. Glaise, clay, from Lat. 'glis;' Gr. yλía; Anglo-Sax. 'claeg.'

PAGE 160. Fausser, to break, bend.

Bagarre, disturbance. Diez derives from O. H. Germ, bâga,' quarrel.

PAGE 161. Eparpiller, to scatter; with the Ital.sparpagliare,' from Lat. papilio,' or 'spargere.'

Queue, with Ital. 'coda,' from Lat. ' cauda.'

PAGE 162. Epine, from Lat. ' spiculum.'

Les quatre fers en l'air, headlong.

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PAGE 163. Basanés, tawny; from an Arabic root signifying 'leather.'

PAGE 164. Echarpe, with Eng. scarf,' from O. H. Germ. ‘scharpe,' mod. 'schärpe.'

PAGE 166. Arquebuse, corrupted from the Germ. hakenbüchse.'

Hausse-col, gorget (worn by officers when on duty).

PAGE 171. Aubépine, hawthorn; from Lat. 'alba spina.'

PAGE 172. Boulevard: from Germ. bollwerk;' Eng. bulwark,' an outwork, rampart, shelter.

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Tançant, old verb, to rebuke; from Med. Lat. 'tentio,' from 'tenere.' Ramentevoir, to remember, bear in mind; corrupted from 'reminiscor.' Appoltroni (obs.), poltroon, coward, spiritless; from 'pollex' and 'truncus,' maimed in the thumb to avoid military service.

Sebastian, born at Lisbon 1554; succeeded his grandfather, John III. 1557, His zeal for the religion he professed induced him to undertake a war against the Moors, and he invaded Africa 1578, with the intention of conquering it; he was however beaten by the king of Morocco in the first battle, and disappeared. There were several pretenders of that name during the reigns of Philip II. and III.

Empirer, to grow worse; from 'pire.'

PAGE 173. Poiser (obs.), i. q. ‘fâcher,' incommoder.'

Ost (obs.), i. q. Eng. host,' armies; from Lat. 'hostis.'

Tracasser, to move about. The usual modern meaning is, to fidget, worry. Pâmoison; i. q. défaillance;' Eng. swoon;' from Gr. στаoμós.

Oncques (obs.), sometimes spelt 'onc' and 'onq;' from Lat. ' unquam.'

Montaigne (Michel), the celebrated moralist, was born 1553 at the castle of that name in Perigord. His father watched carefully over his education, and sent him at an early age to the college of Guienne, at Bordeaux, where he studied under Grouchy, Buchanan, Muret, and became, 1554, councillor of the parliament of Bordeaux. He began to write his Essays at the age of thirty-nine, the first two books of which appeared 1580. A complete edition appeared 1588. He died 1592.

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PAGE 174. Laurent de Médicis, son of Pietro dei Medici, was born 1492, and died 1519.

Fugger. This princely house is descended from the weaver, John Fugger, citizen of Augsburg, whose second son Jacob (died 1469) extended his father's business. His sons married ladies of rank, and were ennobled by the emperor Maximilian, to whom they lent a sum of 70,000 florins, and a further sum of 170,000 ducats. The grandson of Jacob, Antonius, is the one in whose house Charles V. lodged during the session of the diet of Augsburg, 1530.

Paracelse, called Bombastus, born 1493 in Schwyz, was educated in the first instance by his father, a celebrated physician, and afterwards by the more famous alchemist Trithemius, abbot of Sponheim. When here, he made the acquaintance of Sigismund Fugger, Died 1541.

PAGE 175. Henri IV. (1589-1610), third son of Anton de Bourbon and Jeanne d'Albret, daughter of Henry king of Navarre and Béarn, was born Dec. 4, 1553, at Pau, in Béarn. After the peace of St. Germain en-Laye, it was proposed that the Protestant Henri of Navarre should marry Margaret of Valois, sister of Charles IX. The marriage took place Aug. 18, and saved Henri IV's life, since the massacre of St. Bartholomew took place on the 24. After the death of the duke of Alençon and of Henry III, Aug. 2, 1589, he succeeded to the crown. He was murdered by Ravaillac, May 13, 1610.

PAGE 176. Bateleur, juggler, mountebank; from bateau.' Comp. Welsh 'bâd;' Anglo-Sax. ' bât;' Eng. 'boat.'

'

Charles IX. king of France, 1560-74, second son of Henri II. and of Catherine de Médicis, was born June 27, 1550, at St. Germain-en-Laye, and succeeded his brother Francis II, Dec. 5, 1560. He died two years after the massacre of the Protestants, (probably poisoned,) May 30, 1574.

PAGE 177. Balzac (Honoré de), one of the best modern writers; born, May 20, 1799, at Tours; was sent early to the college at Vendôme; and, as his parents were too poor to educate him further, he became amanuensis at the office of a notary in Paris. He wrote for some time without achieving anything very remarkable; but his work, "Les Derniers Chouans, ou la Bretagne en 1800," had a decided success. It was followed by "Physiologie du Mariage," "Scènes de la Vie Privée," "Scènes de la Vie de Province," "Le Père Goriot," As a dramatist he ranks lower. He died Aug. 18, 1850.

a. 0.

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PAGE 178. La Bruyè.e (Jean de la), born at Dourdan in Normandy, 1639;

became early attached to the household of the duke of Burgundy. He published his "Caractères" in 1687; became academician 1693; and died three years later, 1696.

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PAGE 179. La Rochefoucauld (François, duc de), born 1613; died 1680; author of " Maximes," which Voltaire ranks among the most remarkable works written in the 17th century.

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PAGE 180. Mignet (François A. de), born May 6th, 1796, at Aix; educated at Avignon; studied law at the same time as Thiers, and accompanied him, 1821, to Paris, where he wrote for the Courrier Français until 1830, when he joined the staff of the National, founded by Thiers. A course of lectures held at the Athenæum laid the foundation of his "Histoire de la Révolution Française," 1824. After the revolution of July, 1830, he became a councillor of state, and sat in the Chamber of Deputies; in 1837 a member of the Academy. Other works of his deserving favourable mention are the "Histoire de Marie Stuart,” and "Notices et Mémoires Historiques."

PAGE 189. Baleine, whale. The fisheries were carried on as early as the 12th century by the Biscayans; the fishery in the Northern Seas, however, not before the end of the 16th century, that is, about a century after the discovery of America had taken place.

The first discovery of Greenland was made by Norsemen, not by whale-fishers. The northern portion of Europe did not engage in this trade until two hundred years after.

PAGE 190. Utopie. Name given by Sir Thomas More to an imaginary island described by him in his Latin work "Utopia."

Chimérique, from xíuaipa, the daughter of Typhaion and Echidna, the mythical fire-spouting monster, with lion's head, serpent's tail, and goat's body, killed by Bellerophon.

PAGE 192. Michelet (Jules): born in Paris 1798; was Professor of Classics, History, and Philosophy at the Collège Rollin 1821-26. From 1827 until 1837 he was at the Ecole Normale; 1838 he became Professor of History and Moral Philosophy at the Collège de France. He was suspended 1850, and has lived since in Brittany, engaged on his "Histoire de France." Among other works we notice specially his "Philosophie de l'Histoire;" "Histoire de la République Romaine;""Prècis de l'Histoire de France."

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PAGE 194. Newcastle, long. 152°, lat. 33°

PAGE 196. Des chiens pelés, mangy curs.

Y

PAGE 197. Hangar, shed; sometimes spelt 'angar.'

Ecureuil, with Eng. equivalent, from Gr. σkloupos, through the Lat. dim. sciuriolus.'

PAGE 203. Traité de Campo-Formio, October 17, 1797. By this treaty, signed by Napoleon on behalf of France, and Count Cobentzel on the part of Austria, the French Republic secured as boundary lines, the Rhine, the Alps, the Pyrenees, and the sea; the Cisalpine Republic, consisting of Lombardy, Modena, Bologna, Ferrara to the Romagna, Mantua, the Venetian provinces on the right bank of the Adige, and the Valteline, was recognised; France acquired the fortress of Mayence and the Ionian Islands. In return for her losses Austria took possession of the Venetian territory on the left bank of the Adige. PAGE 208. Escarmouches. Comp. the equivalents' skirmish ;' Germ. 'scharmützel;' Ital.' scaramuccia;' Welsh ' ysgarm.'

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PAGE 210. Paroisse, with the equivalents, parish ; Ital. 'parrócchia,' from the Gr. #apoikia; through the Lat. 'parochia.'

PAGE 211. Piége, from Lat. ' pedica."

PAGE 213. Bembo (Pietro), a afterwards secretary of Leo. X. literary and political subjects.

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noble Venetian, born in the sixteenth century, He is known as historian and writer on various

Le Pogge. Poggio Bracciolini, commonly called le Pogge, was born at Terranova 1380, and died at Florence 1459. He is most famous for his discoveries of ancient classics in Switzerland.

Arioste, born at Reggio 1474; wrote in his earliest youth tragedies which he acted with his younger brothers. He received a very careful education from Gregorio of Spoleto, and was early brought into contact with Cardinal Hippolytus of Este, the son of Hercules I. He was by him employed in various important affairs of state, and eventually resided at the court of Alfonso, the Cardinal's brother, at Ferrara. In 1516 his great work, “Orlando Furioso," appeared, which, on account of its marvellous beauty, gained for the author the surname " Divino.” He wrote besides some comedies, of which the "Cassandra" and the "Supposti” are worthy of being remembered.

Pérugin (Pietro Vanucci), commonly called Perugino, because he lived chiefly at Perugia, was born at Citta Della Pieve 1446; others say that he was born at Perugia, but he would not have acquired the citizenship of that town had he been born there. He studied under a not very skilful painter, and afterwards at Florence, some say under Verocchio, where he would have been the fellowstudent of Leonardo da Vinci. After a lengthened sojourn he returned to