DISC. XVIII.] SOBRIETY, AND WATCHING UNTO PRAYER, ETC. 593 appropriated to denote temperance in drinking, abstinence from the undue use of intoxicating liquors. That this is a christian duty, there can be no doubt. Drunkenness is enumerated among the works of the flesh, the indulgence in which excludes a man from inheriting the kingdom of God; and the command is most explicit-" Be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess." And there can be as little doubt that this vice is utterly inconsistent with that virtue, which, under the name of sobriety, is in our text, and in so many other passages of Scripture, enjoined.

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It is certain, however, that the word sober had a much more extensive signification at the time our translation of the Scriptures was made than it has at present; a signification more in accordance with the sense of the original word of which it is the rendering. The word here rendered sober (for, as we shall immediately see, the word rendered watchful here is often translated sober), is a term which, in its primary signification, refers rather to a physical than ta a moral state of the faculties of mind. It signifies to be in the full use of the rational faculties, as opposed to mental alienation or derangement. Thus, it is said of the demoniac who was cured by our Lord, that he was found by his countrymen "sitting, clothed, and in his right mind,” 2 sober, the same word as used here. The Apostle Paul, in his noble reply to the unmanly interruption of the Roman governor, "Paul, thou art beside thyself; much learning hath made thee mad,” says—“ I am not mad, most noble Festus; but speak the words of soberness." My words are the words not of a madman, but of one in full possession of his reason. And, speaking of himself and his apostolic brethren, he says, "Whether we be beside ourselves," that is, act like madmen in the world's estimation,' "it is to God," that is, 'from regard to the will of God, from a desire to promote the cause of God; whether we be sober," that is, act cautiously and prudently, like men in the full possession and exercise of all their faculties, "it is for your sakes;" that is, 'in order to promote your welfare.' 3

This is the primary meaning of the word, and it is probably with a direct reference to that, that the drunkard is considered as specially unworthy of the appellation sober, of a sound mind. The man who indulges in the undue use of intoxicating liquors, behaves like an idiot, a person devoid of "discourse of reason;" and, by the continued use of them, he brings himself into a state of madness. Certainly, as Solomon says, the man who allows himself to be deceived by wine, that mocker, "is not wise;" and he who carefully avoids the habit, so far proves himself to be a man in his right senses, a man of sane mind.

The word, however, though originally significant of a physical state of the rational faculties, is usually employed in the New Testament

1 Σωφρονήσατε. Σώφρων Græcis dicitur cui σῶς φρὴν, mens sana est, atque adeo qui mania, ut pote illius contrario, non laborat. Luppwv, nullis in transversum actus affectibus, recte de rebus judicat, justumque singulis pretium statuit, atque adeo, media incedendo via, nec in excessu, nec defectu impingit: omnia præmeditate suscipit et cum animi sani temperie, consequenter illud ipsis Gentibus adeo commendatum: undèv ayav ne quid nimis sedulo observat.--SCHRAMM in Tit. i. 8. * Acts xxvi. 24, 25. 2 Cor. v. 13.

* Mark v. 15.

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as descriptive of a moral state of the mind. What is its precise signification will best appear from looking at the passages in which it, and the words derived from it, are employed by the sacred writers. The Apostle Paul exhorts every man "not to think of himself more highly than he ought to think, but to think soberly;" that is, to think justly, and therefore humbly. The same apostle, in the second chapter of his first Epistle to Timothy, exhorts christian women, instead of decking themselves with broidered hair and gold, or pearls or costly array, to "adorn themselves with shamefacedness," that is, with modesty ; "and with sobriety," 2 that is, with prudence or moderation ; and they are required, verse 15, to "continue in faith, and charity, and holiness, with sobriety," that is, prudence or gravity. In the 3d chapter of the same epistle, he tells us "a christian bishop must be sober," wise, prudent, moderate. In his second Epistle to Timothy, he describes the spirit or disposition which Christians have received from God, as "not the spirit of fear, but of power, of love, and of a sound mind," or sobriety. The spirit of Christianity is not a timid, crouching, time-serving spirit; it is an energetic, benignant, wise, moderate spirit. In the Epistle to Titus, he states, that " a bishop must be sober," that is, wise, prudent, moderate; he requires "the aged men to be sober," which is there plainly something different from temperate; he requires the aged women to teach the young women to be "discreet ;" and he commands Titus to "exhort the young men also to be sober-minded." In all these instances sobriety is plainly wisdom, prudence, moderation. In the same epistle he also states, that "the grace of God, which brings salvation to all, when understood and believed, teaches men to deny ungodliness and worldly lusts, and to live soberly, righteously, and godly;" to live wisely in reference to themselves, righteously in regard to their fellow-men, and piously in reference to God. These are all the passages in the New Testament in which the word before us, or those connected with it, are employed; and, on considering them, there can be no great difficulty in determining the meaning of the exhortation before us, "Be sober.

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Some interpreters consider it an exhortation to prudence, practical wisdom; others to temperance, in the extensive sense in which that word is employed in the New Testament, moderation in all things, the right regulation of our desires and pursuits. I am strongly disposed to think the apostle's exhortation includes both of these things, and perhaps something more. I apprehend it is equivalent to, Exercise a sound mind in reference both to "things seen and temporal," and to "things unseen and eternal." "Be not unwise," be not like children; or, if in malice ye be as children, "in understanding be ye as men. Take heed not to be imposed on. Beware of mistaking shadows for realities, and realities for shadows. Look at things in their comparative importance, and act accordingly. Be sagacious. Be not content with partial views of the subjects in which you have so deep an interest. Look at all sides of a subject. Think before you speak. Reflect before you act. "Walk in wisdom," that is, wisely, both in regard to those who are within, and those who are without; "walk circumspectly, not as fools, but as wise."'

1 Rom, xii. 3.

2 1 Tim. ii. 9.

3 Tit. i. 8; ii. 2, 4, 6, 12, 13.

If Christians are thus morally sound-minded, they will discover this in the way in which they think, and feel, and act, in reference to this present world. They will show that they have formed a just, and therefore a moderate, sober, estimate both of its goods and evils. They will not inordinately love the one, nor fear the other. They will not rate very high its wealth, its honors, or its pleasures. They will be moderate in their desires to possess these, and moderate in their exertions to obtain them; moderate in their attachment to them while they are possessed of them, and moderate in their regrets for them when they are deprived of them. They who have wives will be as if they had none," knowing that earthly relations, the closest and most endearing, must soon be dissolved; "they who weep as though they wept not," knowing that earthly sorrows, however deep, will soon be over forever; "they who rejoice as though they rejoiced not," knowing that earthly delights, however exquisite, are shadowy, uncertain, short-lived; "those who buy as though they possessed not, knowing that human possessions are insecure and unsatisfactory, that, "as we brought nothing into the world, we can carry nothing out of it,” and feeling that " a man's life consists not in the abundance of his possessions;" "they who use this world as not abusing it, knowing that we must give account to the Supreme Judge for the use of our property; and that, unimportant as wealth is in itself, it is awfully important viewed as connected with eternity. The great truths, that "the fashion of the world passeth away," and that "the things which are unseen are eternal," will be allowed the full influence which a sound, prudent, wise mind perceives they ought to have on the whole of the temper and conduct. This is christian sobriety.

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The substance of the apostle's exhortation, then, is, Exercise a sound mind, a mind enlightened and transformed by christian truth, in reference to both worlds; and exhibit its practical conclusions in your wise and prudent conduct, especially in your habitual moderation in thought, feeling, and action with regard to "things seen and temporal," the influence of which intoxicates and infatuates the great body of mankind, and makes them act the part of children and fools.'

The second duty enjoined by the apostle is watching unto prayer. Prayer is well defined in our Shorter Catechism to be, "the offering up of our desires to God for things agreeable to his will, in the name of Christ, with confession of our sins and thankful acknowledgment of his mercies." This is a primary, essential duty of religion. It is the natural expression of that state of mind and heart, of thought and affection, in which religion consists. It is to religion what breath is to life. It betokens its existence, and it is the means of its continuance. It is very clearly enjoined and very strongly enforced, both by our Lord and his apostles: "Ask, and ye shall receive; seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened to you: for every one that asketh, receiveth; and he that seeketh, findeth; and to him that knocketh, it shall be opened.” Men ought always to pray," to continue praying,

1 1 Cor. vii. 29-31.

"and not to faint." "Be careful about nothing: but in everything by prayer and supplication, with thanksgiving, make your request known to God. And the peace of God, which passeth all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus.' Continue instant in prayer.” Pray without ceasing." "The effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man availeth much." "Is any man afflicted? let him pray."1

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This important duty is not, however, that which the apostle here enjoins. His command is not, Pray; but Watch unto prayer. takes it for granted that they did pray, that they could not but pray; but he is anxious that their prayers should be such as to gain in the highest degree the important ends of prayer. It deserves notice that the word prayer is in the plural form. It is watch unto prayers.2 Some have supposed that the apostle refers here to the four species of devotional exercise which Paul mentions in his Epistle to Timothy, "supplications, prayers, intercessions, and giving of thanks." John Huss is probably nearer the truth when he finds emphasis in the mode of expression, and says, "Watch unto prayers, not to one, but many, for 'men ought always to pray, and not to faint." That prayers are to be offered, habitually offered, the apostle counts certain. He is not a Christian at all who does not pray, habitually pray. But the apostle is desirous that they should "watch unto prayer.

The language is peculiar. What is its meaning? what is meant by watching? what is meant by watching unto prayer? First, what is meant by watching? This is not the word which is most frequently used to express the idea of watching, as a shepherd does his flock, or a sentinel that committed to his charge. In the original signification* it refers to a physical state of the body and mind, rather than to a moral state of the mind. It is descriptive of that state in which all the faculties are awake and active, as opposed to the state of delusion and stupor which intoxication induces; and answers nearly to our word sober, in the limited sense in which it is often used. It is always, in the New Testament, employed to express a state of mind. What that state of mind is, will best appear in this, as in the previous case, by attending to the comparatively few instances in which the word, and those connected with it, occur in the New Testament. "Awake to righteousness and sin not; for some have not the knowledge of God: I speak it to your shame;" that is, shake off the mental delusion and stupor in which the intoxication of error has involved you, that, with clear and excited faculties, you may attend to this most important subject. "Let us not sleep, as do others; but let us watch and be sober;" the same word as we have here; that is, be wakeful; let us watch, and, that we may watch, let us be wakeful. "Let us who are of the day be sober," the same word, be wakeful, "not sleep, as do others." "A bishop must be sober," vigilant," wakeful; the same word we have here. The bishops' wives,' or the female superintendents, it may be either, "must be," not slanderers,

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1 Matt. vii. 7, 8. Luke xviii. 1. Phil. iv. 6, 7. Col. iv. 2. 1 Thess. v. 17. James v. 13, 16.

2 Εἰς τὰς προσευχάς.

3 1 Tim. ii. 1. Δεήσεις, προσευχὰς ἐντεύξεις, εὐχαριστίας.

• Νήψατε, not Γρηγορήσατε, as ch. v. 7.

1 Thess v. 6-8.

5 1 Cor. xv. 34.

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but "sober," the same word. It is difficult to see why our translators should have rendered the same word, when used of male superintendents, "vigilant," when used of female superintendents, "sober." In both cases wakeful vigilance is the idea: "But watch thou in all things." Keep awake, and be active in the discharge of all thy duties. "Speak the words that become sound doctrine, that the aged men be sober,"3 vigilant in the margin. The only other places where the word occurs in the New Testament, are in this Epistle : Gird up the loins of your mind, be sober," where the idea of wakefulness or vigilance seems better to suit the context than sobriety, either in its stricter or more extended meaning. "Be sober, be vigilant;"5 be wakeful, and not only be wakeful, but actively watch. From all these passages it seems plain that the apostle's exhortation is, Be wakeful, be on the alert; look around you; with excited attention actively exert your mind.

But what are we to understand by being watchful, or watching unto prayer? The phrase has received two translations. Be watchful in prayer, that is, while engaged in prayer; and be watchful, in order to prayer. There can be no doubt that they misinterpret the passage who refer it to the vigils or nightly prayers of the ancient church. This is an interpretation which very properly may take its place alongside of that which would render "repent," by 'do penance.' The primitive Christians were obliged to have their common prayers," as well as "the doctrine" and "the breaking of bread,' during the night, for they durst not assemble during the day. But there does not seem any reference to that here, which was indeed more a matter of necessity than of choice; not a duty in itself, but only in the particular circumstances in which they were placed. All that is included in either of the two renderings mentioned, and something more, is expressed in a translation, which, if the words do not demand, they certainly admit. "Be watchful, or watch, in reference to prayer."

Vigilance requires to be exerted in reference to all duties. We need to watch as to the principles in which they originate, the manner in which they are performed, the motives which influence us in performing them, the end we seek to gain by performing them. But there is special need of vigilance in reference to prayer. Christians should be watchful as to proper subjects of prayer, as to fit opportunities for prayer, as to hindrances from, and in, prayer, as to the proper manner of prayer, and as to the results or consequences of prayer.

The attention of Christians should be actively alive to the circumstances, in the world, in the church, in the various spheres of relative duty which they occupy, in their own individual experience,-which ought to be made the subjects of prayer; and in every case see that what they pray for be agreeable to God's will, something they are warranted to ask, and which he has promised to grant. They should look at everything in this particular aspect, that so "in everything they may in prayer and supplication make their requests known to God."

1 2 Tim. iii. 11.

4 1 Pet. i. 13.

2 2 Tim. iv. 5.

5 1 Pet. v. 8.

3 Tit. ii. 2.
• Μετανοείτε.