In this example, we may find the last term as before, or find it by adding each day's travel together, commencing with the first, and proceeding to the last, thus: 2+ 6 + 18 +54 80 miles, the whole distance travelled, and the last day's journey is 54 miles. But this mode of operation, in a long series, you must be sensible, would be very troublesome. Let us examine the naSure of the series, and try to invent some shorter method of arriving at the rame result. By examining the series 2, 6, 18, 54, we perceive that the last term, (54,) ess 2, (the first term,) = 52, is times as large as the sum of the remaining erms; for 2+6+18= 26; that is, 54 — 2 = 52÷226; hence, if we produce another term, that is, multiply 54, the last term, by the ratio 3, making 162, we shall find the same true of this also; for 162-2, (the first term,) 160280, which we at first found to be the sum of the four remaining terms, thus: 2+6+18 +54= 80. In both of these operations it is curious to observe, that our divisor, (2,) each time, is 1 less than the ratio, (3.) = Hence, when the extremes and ratio are given, to find the sum of the series, we have the following easy RULE. Multiply the last term by the ratio, from the product subtract the first term, and divide the remainder by the ratio, less 1; the quotient will be the sum of the series required. 9 If the extremes be 5 and 6400, and the ratio 6, what is the whole amount of the series? 10. Á sum of money is to be divided among 10 persons in such a manner, that the first may have $10, the second $30, and so on, in threefold proportion; what will the last have, and what will the whole have? The pupil will recollect how he found the last term of the series by a foregoing rule; and, in all cases in which he is required to find the sum of the series, when the last term is not given, he must first find it by that rule, and then work for the sum of the series, by the present rule. A. The.last, $196830; and the whole, $295240. 11. A hosier sold 14 pair of stockings, the first at 4 cents, the second at 12 cents, and so on in geometrical progression; what did the last pair bring him, and what did the whole bring him? A. Last, $63772,92; whole, $95659,36. 12. A man bought a horse, and, by agreement, was to give a cent for the first nail, three for the second, &c.; there were four shoes, and in each shoe eight nails; what did the horse come to at that rate? A. $9265100944259,20 13. At the marriage of a lady, one of the guests made her a present of a half-eagle, saying, that he would double it on the first day of each succeeding month throughout the year, which he said would amount to something like $100; now, how much did his estimate differ from the true amount? A. $20375. 14 If our pious ancestors, who landed at Plymouth, A. D. 1620, being 101 in number, had increased so as to double their number in every 20 years, now great would have been their population at the end of the year 1840? A. 206747 \NNUITIES AT SIMPLE INTEREST. TXC. An annuity is a sum of money, payable every year, for acontain number of years, or forever. When the annuity is not paid at the time it becomes due, it is said to be in arrears. The sum of all the annuities, such as rents, pensions, &c., remaining w paid, with the interest on each, for the time it has been due, is called the amount of the annuity. Hence, to find the amount of an annuity ; Calculate the interest on each annuity, for the time it has remained unpaid, and find its amount; then the sum of all these several amounts will be the amount required. 1. If the annual rent of a house, which is $200, remain unpaid, (that is, in arrears,) 8 years, what is the amount? In this example, the rent of the last (8th) year being paid when due of course, there is no interest to be calculated on that year's rent. The amount of $200 for 7 years The amount of $200 6 The amount of $200 .... 5 The amount of $200 4 .... The amount of $200 = $284 $272 $260 .......$248 The amount of $200 The amount of $200.... 1 The eighth year, paid when due, $1936, Ans. 2. If a man, having an annual pension of $60, receive no part of it till the expiration of 8 years, what is the amount then due? A. $580,80. 3. What would an annual salary of $600 amount to, which remains unpaid (or in arrears) for 2 years? (1236) For 3 years? (1908) For 4 years? (2616, For 7 years? (4956) For 8 years? (5808) For 10 years? (7620) Ans. $24144 4. What is the present worth of an annuity of $600, to continue 4 years? The present worth, (T LXVII.,) is such a sum as, if put at interest, would amount to the given annuity; hence, $600 $1,06: $566,037, present worth, 1st year. $600 $1,12 $535,714, 2d $1,18: = $508,474, Ans., $2094,095, present worth required. Hence, to find the present worth of an annuity; Find the present worth of each year by itself, discounting from the time it becomes due, and the sum of all these present worths will be the answer. 5. What sum of ready money is equivalent to an annuity of $200, to com tinue 3 years, at 4 per cent.? A. $556,063. 6. What is the present worth of an annual salary of $800, to continue 2 years? (1469001) 3 years? (2146957) 5 years? (34075:2)" A. $7023,48. ANNUITIES AT COMPOUND INTEREST. TXCI. The amount of an annuity, at simple and compound interest, is the sume, excepting the difference in interest. Hence, to find the amount of an annuity at compound interest; Proceed as in XC., reckoning compound, instead of simple interest. 1. What will a salary of $200 amount to, which has remained unpaid for 3 years? The amount of $200 for 2 years $224,72 The amount of $200 for 1 year = $212,00 $200,00 A. $636,72 2. If the annual rent of a house, which is $150, remain in arrears for 3 years, what will be the amount due for that time? A. $477,54. Calculating the amount of the annuities in this manner, for a long period of years, would be tedious. This trouble will be prevented, by finding the amount of $1, or 1£, annuity, at compound interest, for a number of years, as in the following TABLE I. Showing the amount of $1 or 1£ annuity, at 6 per cent. compound interest for any number of years, from 1 to 50. Yrs. 6 per cent. Yrs. 6 per cent. Yrs.16 per cent. Yrs. 16 per cent.) Yrs. 16 per cent. 1 4 31 84,8016 41 165,0467 90,8897 42 175,9495 97,3431 43 187,5064 34 104,1837 44 199,7568 35 111,4347 45 212,7423 36 119,1208 46 226,5068 37 127,2681 47 231,0972 38 135,9042 48 245,9630 39 145,0584 49 261,7208 2 2,0600 12 16,8699 22 43,3922 32 It is evident, that the amount of $2 annuity is 2 times as much as one of $1, and one of $3, 3 times as much; hence, To find the amount of an annuity, at 6 per cent. ;— Find by the Tuble the amount of $1, at the given rate and time, and multiply it by the given annuity, and the product will be the amount required. Wha is the amount of an annuity of $120, which has remained unpaid 15 years? The amount of $1, by the Table, we find to be $23,2759; therefore, $23,2759 X120 $2793,108, Ans. 4 What will be the amount of an annual salary of $400, which has been in arrears 2 years? (824) 3 years? (127344) 4 years? (174984) 6 years. (279012) 12 years? (674796) 20 years? (147142) Ans. $23099,56. 5. If you lay up $100 a year from the time you are 21 years of age till you are 70, what will be the amount at compound interest? A. $26172,08. 6. What is the present worth of an annual pension of $120, which is to continue 3 years? In this example, the present worth is evidently that sum, which, at compound interest, would amount to as much as the amount of the given annuity for the 3 years? Finding the amount of $120 by the Table, as before, we have $382,032; then, if we divide $382,032 by the amount of $1, compound interest, for 3 years, the quotient will be the present worth. This is evident from the fact, that the quotient, multiplied by the amount of $1, will give the amount of $120, or, in other words, $382,032. The amount of $1 for 3 years, at compound interest, is $1,19101; then, $382,032÷$1,19101 = $320,763, Ans. Hence, to find the present worth of an annuity;Find its amount in arrears for the whole time; this amount, divided by the amount of $1 for said time, will be the present worth required. Note. The amount of $1 may be found ready calculated in the Table of compound interest, ¶ LXXI. 7. What is the present worth of an annual rent of $200, to continue 5 years! A. $842,472. The operations in this rule may be much shortened by calculating the present worth of $1 for a number of years, as in the following TABLE II. Showing the present worth of $1 or 1£ annuity, at 6 per cent. compound in terest for any number of years, from 1 to 32. To find the present worth of any annuity, by this Table, we have only to multiply the present worth of $1, found in the Table, by the given annuity, and the product will be the present worth required. 8. What sum of ready money will purchase an annuity of $300, to con. tinde 10 years? The present worth of $1 annuity, by the Table, for 10 years, is $7,36008; then 7,36008 X 300 $2208,024, Ans. 9. What is the present worth of a yearly pension of $60, to continue 2 years? (1100034) 3 years? (1603806) years (207906) 8 years? (3725874) 20 years? (6881952) 30 years? (8258898) A. $2364,9624. 10. What salary, to continue 10 years, will $2208,024 purchase? This example is the 8th example reversed; consequently, $2208,024-7,36000 300, the annuity required. A. $300. Hence, to find that annuity which any given sum will purchase ; Divide the given sum by the present worth of $1 annuity for the given time, found by Table II.; the quotient will be the annuity required. 11. What salary, to continue 20 years, will $688,95 purchase? A $60+. To divide any sum of money into annual payments, which, when due, shall form an equal amount, at compound interest; 12. A certain manufacturing establishment, in Massachusetts, was actually sold for $27000, which was divided into 4 notes, payable annually, so that the principal and interest of each, when due, should form an equal amount, at compound interest, and the several principals, when added together, should make $27000; now, what were the principals of said notes? It is plain, that, in this example, if we find an annuity to continue 4 years, which $27000 will purchase, the present worth of this annuity for 1 year will be the first payment, or principal of the note; the present worth for 2 years, the second, and so on to the last year. The annuity which $27000 will purchase, found as before, is 7791,97032+. Note. To obtain an exact result, we must reckon the decimals, which were rejected in forming the tables. This makes the last divisor 3,4651356. The 1st is $7350,915, amount for 1 yr. $7791,97032 $6934,825, ...... 4th.. Proof, $26999,998+ 2 .... .... $7791,97032 3 $7791,97032 $7791,97032 PERMUTATION. TXCII. PERMUTATION is the method of finding how many different ways any number of things may be changed. 1. How many changes may be made of the three first letters of the alphabet? In this example, had there been but two letters, they could only be changed twice; that is, a, b, and b, a; that is, 1X2=2; but, as there are three letters, they may be changed 1X2 X 36 times, as follows: 1 a, b, c. 2 a, c, b. 3 b, a, c. 4 b, c, a. 5 c, b, a. 6 [c, a, b. Hence, to find the number of different changes ol permutations, which may be made with any given number of different things;— Multiply together all the terms of the natural series, from | |