5. If 103 bushels of wheat cost 225 dollars 57 cents; how much is it a bushel? Ans. 2 dols. 19 cts. 6. Sold 144 yards of fine linen for 90 dollars. How much is that per yard? Ans. 62 cts. PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES. 1. If I add the following sums, viz. 556 dollars 183 cents; 825 dollars 12 cents; and 1000 dollars; and subtract from their amount 125 dollars: what sum will result? Ans. 2256 dols. 311 cts. 183 cents from 456 dol remainder by 4, what Ans. 1326 dols. 25 cts. He owes his tailor 65 3. A person has 200 dollars. dollars 87 cents; his shoemaker, 25 dollars 75 cents; and his hatter, 18 dollars. What sum will he have remaining, after paying these debts? Ans. 90 dols. 37 cts. 4. Purchased 10 bushels of potatoes at 561 cents per bushel; 2 bushels of corn at 87 cents per bushel; and 2 barrels of flour at 8 dollars per barrel. What is the amount of the whole? Ans. 23 dols. 37 cts. 5. Calculate the amount of articles in the following bill: J. JONES, Bought of S. Smith, D. cts. 19 yards of lace, at 2, 371 per yard 14 yards of ribbon, at 24 ditto 8 pair of gloves, at 183 27 per pair 13 fans, 2 pair of knots, - at 25 per pair Amount $58, 16 cts. SIMPLE REDUCTION. Reduction is the changing of a sum or quantity, from one denomination to another, without increasing or lessening its value. Simple reduction is the reducing of sums or quantities which have but a single denomination. SIMPLE REDUCTION. 29 When a sum or quantity is to be changed to a lower denomination than its own, work by Multiply the sum or quantity by that number of the lower denomination which makes one of its own.† (See notes 1, 2, and 3.) If there are one or more denominations between the denomination of the given sum or quantity, and that to which it is to be changed: first change it to the next lower than its own, and then to the next lower, and so See notes 4 and 5. on. ENGLISH MONEY. The denominations of English Money are pound, shilling, penny, and farthing. 4 farthings (gr.) make 1 penny 12 pence 20 shillings d. 1 shilling S. - 1 pound £. Farthings are written as fractions, thus: one farthing. two farthings, or a halfpenny. three farthings. EXAMPLES. Note 1.-To reduce pounds to shillings, multiply them by 20, because every pound makes 20 shillings. Reduce 15 pounds to shillings. Facit 300 shillings. 15 20 300 shillings. 2. Reduce 256 pounds to shillings. Facit 5120 s. * The reason of this rule is plain: for if it take twenty shillings to make one pound, it must take 5 times 20 shillings to make 5 pounds; and to find how many 5 times twenty are, we may either multiply 20 by 5, or 5 by twenty. Likewise, if it take 4 pecks to make one bushel, it must take 6 times 4 pecks to make 6 bushels, &c. † One denomination is said to be lower than another, when it is of less value; and higher, when it is of greater value: thus a shilling is a lower denomination than a pound; and a higher denomination than a penny. Note 2.--To reduce shillings to pence, multiply them by. 12, because every shilling makes 12 pence. 3. Reduce 60 shillings to pence. 4. Bring 120 shillings to pence. Facit 720 d. Facit 1440 d Note 3.-To reduce pence to farthings, multiply them by 4, because every penny makes 4 farthings. 5. Reduce 350 pence to farthings. Facit 1400 grs. 6. Change 4560 pence to farthings. Facit 18240 qrs. Note 4.-To reduce shillings to farthings, change them first to pence, and then, change farthings. 7. Reduce 10 shillings to farthings. 8. Bring 115 shillings to farthings. those pence to Facit 480 qrs. Facit 5520 qrs. Note 5.-To reduce pounds to farthings, reduce them first to shillings; then change those shillings to pence; and then change those pence to farthings. 9. Reduce 5 pounds to farthings. 10. Bring 76 pounds to farthings. Facit 4800 qrs. Facit 72960 qrs. FEDERAL MONEY. The denominations of Federal Money have already been given. EXAMPLES. Note 1.--To reduce dollars to cents, multiply them by 100; or, which is the same thing, annex two cyphers to their number. Facit 5000 cts. Facit 12500 cts. Facit 556000 cts. or quarters of a multiply them by 1. Reduce fifty dollars to cents. 2. Reduce 125 dollars to cents. 3. Bring 5560 dollars to cents. Note 2.-To reduce cents to fourths cent, multiply them by 4;-to halves, 2;—to thirds, multiply them by 3, &c. 4. Reduce 25 cents to fourths or quarters of a cent. Facit 100 fourths. 5. Reduce 256 cents to fourths of a cent. Facit 1024 fourths. 6. Reduce 45 cents to half cents. Facit 90 halves. Note 3.-To reduce dollars to fourths, halves, or thirds of a cent, &c.—first bring them to cents; and then bring those cents to fourths, or halves, &c. SIMPLE REDUCTION. 8. Reduce 12 dollars to fourths of a cent. 31 Facit 4800 fourths. 9. Bring 122 dollars to halves of a cent. Facit 24400 halves. 10. Bring 54 dollars to thirds of a cent. Facit 16200 thirds. Note 4.-To reduce dollars to mills, multiply them by 1000; or, which is the same thing, annex three cyphers to their number. 11. Reduce 26 dollars to mills. 12. Bring 150 dollars to mills. Facit 26000 m. Facit 150000 m. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. By this weight are weighed things of a coarse, drossy nature, that are bought and sold by weight, and all metals but silver and gold. The denominations of Avoirdupois Weight are ton, hundred weight, quarter, pound, ounce, and dram. 16 drams (dr.) make 1 ounce 16 ounces 28 pounds 02. 1 pound lb. 1 quarter of a cwt. gr. C.wt. T. 4 quarters, or 112 lb. 1 hundred weight 20 hundred weight 1 ton EXAMPLES. 1. Reduce 27 tons to a hundred weights. TROY WEIGHT. Facit 540 C.wt. Facit 180 qr. Facit 7000 lb. Facit 1216 oz. Facit 640 drams. Facit 17920 lb. Facit 1146880 dr. By this weight jewels, gold, silver, and liquors are weighed. The denominations of Troy Weight are pound, ounce, pennyweight, and grain. 24 grains (gr.) make 1 pennyweight dwt. 2. Change 1740 ounces to pennyweights. 3. Bring 145 pennyweights to grains. 4. Reduce 15 pounds to penny weights. 5. Bring 75 pounds to grains. Facit 34800 dwts. Facit 3600 dwts. APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. By this weight apothecaries mix their medicines, but buy and sell by avoirdupois weight. The denominations of Apothecaries' Weight are pound, ounce, dram, scruple, and grain. 20 grains (gr.) make 1 scruple 3 scruples 8 drams 12 ounces 1 dram 1 ounce 1 pound EXAMPLES. 1. Reduce 56 pounds to ounces. 2. Reduce 142 ounces to drams. 3. Bring 84 drams to scruples. 4. Bring 16 scruples to grains. 5. Reduce 8 ounces to scruples. 6. Bring 14 pounds to grains. LONG MEASURE. Facit 80640 gr. Long Measure is used for lengths and distances. league, mile, furlong, pole, yard, foot, and inch. 12 inches (in.) make 1 foot ft. } 8 furlongs (or 1760 yds.) 3 miles 60 geographic, or 691 statute Note. A hand is a measure of 4 inches, and used in measuring the height. of horses. A fathom is 6 feet, and used chiefly in measuring the depth of water. EXAMPLES. 1. Reduce 20 leagues to miles. Facit 60 m. |