19. A man borrowed 713 dollars, and paid 471 dollars; how many dollars did he then owe?

713-471= how

Ans. 242 dollars.

Ans. 1147. Ans. 36969.

8. The pupil will readily perceive, that subtraction is the reverse of addition.

22. A man bought 40 sheep, and sold 18 of them; how had he left? 40 many 18 how many? 23. A man sold 18 sheep, and had 22 left; he at first? 18+22 how many?

Ans. 22 sheep. how many had Ans. 40.

24. A man bought a horse for 75 dollars, and a cow for 16 dollars; what was the difference of the costs?

75-16 how many? Reversed, 59 + 16 how many? 25. 114-103 how many? Reversed, 11+103 many?

26. 143.

many?

how

-76 = how many? Reversed, 67+76 = how

Hence, subtraction may be proved by addition, as in the bregoing examples, and addition by subtraction.

To prove subtraction, we may add the remainder to the subtrahend, and, if the work is right, the amount will be equal to the minuend.

To prove addition, we may subtract, successively, from the amount, the several numbers which were added to produce it, and, if the work is right, there will be no remainder. Thus 7+ 8+6=21; proof, 21 - 6 — 1587, and 7-7 = 0.

15, and

From the remarks and illustrations now given, we deduce the following

RULE.

I. Write down the numbers, the less under the greater, placing units under units, tens under tens, &c. and draw line under them.

II. Beginning with units, take successively each figure in the lower number from the figure over it, and write the re mainder directly below.

4

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III. When the figure in the lower number exceeds the figure over it, suppose 10 to be added to the upper figure; but in this case we must add 1 to the lower figure in the Bext column, before subtracting. This is called borrowing 10.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

27. If a farm and the buildings on it be valued at 10000, and the buildings alone be valued at 4567 dollars, what is the value of the land?

28. The population of New England, at the census in 1809, was 1,232,454; in 1820 it was 1,659,854; what was the increase in 20 years?

29. What is the difference between 7,648,203 and 928,671 ?

30. How much must you add to 358,642 to make 1,487,945 ?

31. A man bought an estate for 13,682 dollars, and sold it again for 15,293 dollars; did he gain or lose by it? and how much?

32. From 364,710,825,193 take 27,940,336,574.
33. From 831,025,403,270 take 651,308,604,782.
34. From 127,368,047,216,843 take 978,654,827,352.

SUPPLEMENT

TO SUBTRACTION.

or answer called?
6. What is the rule?
ten?

QUESTIONS.

1. What is subtraction? 2. What is the greater number called? 3. the less number? 4. What is the result 5. What is the sign of subtraction? 7. What is understood by borrowing 8. Of what is subtraction the reverse? 9. How is subtraction proved? 10. How is addition proved by subtraction?

EXERCISES.

1. How long from the discovery of America by Columbus, in 1492, to the commencement of the Revolutionary war in 1775, which gained our Independence?

2. Supposing a man to have been born in the year 1773, now old was he in 1827 ?

3. Supposing a man to have been 80 years old in the year 1826, in what year was he born?

4. There are two numbers, whose difference is 8764; the greater number is 15687; I demand the less?

5. What number is that which, taken from 3794, leaves 865?

6. What number is that to which if you add 789, it will become 6350?

7. In New York, by the census of 1820, there were 123,706 inhabitants, in Boston, 43,940; how many more inhabitants were then in New York than in Boston?

8. A man, possessing an estate of twelve thousand dollars, gave two thousand five hundred dollars to each of his two daughters, and the remainder to his son; what was his son's share?

9. From seventeen million take fifty-six thousand, and what will remain ?

10. What number, together with these three, viz. 1301, 2561, and 3120, will make ten thousand?

11. A man bought a horse for one hundred and fourteen dollars, and a chaise for one hundred and eighty-seven dollars; how much more did he give for the chaise than for the horse?

12. A man borrows 7 ten dollar bills and 3 one dollar bills, and pays at one time 4 ten dollar bills and 5 one dollar bills; how many ten dollar bills and one dollar bills must he afterwards pay to cancel the debt?

Ans. 2 ten doll. bills and 8 one dell. 13. The greater of two numbers is 24, and the less is 16; what is their difference?

14. The greater of two numbers is 24, and their difference 8; what is the less number?

15. The sum of two numbers is 40, the less is 16; what is the greater?

16. A tree, 68 feet high, was broken off by the wind; the top part, which fell, was 49 feet long; how high was the stump which was left?

17. Our pious ancestors landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620; how many years since?

18. A man carried his produce to market; he sold his pork for 45 dollars, his cheese for 38 dollars, and his butter for 29 dollars; he received, in pay, salt to the value of 17 dollars, 10 dollars worth of sugar, 5 dollars worth of molasses, and the rest in money; how much money did he receive? Ans. 80 dollars. 19. A boy bought a sled for 28 cents, and gave 14 cents

с

to have it repaired; he sold it for 40 cents; did he gain or lose by the bargain? and how much?

20. One man travels 67 miles in a day, another man follows at the rate of 42 miles a day; if they both start from the same place at the same time, how far will they be apart at the close of the first day? of the second?

of

21. One man starts from Boston Monday morning, and travels at the rate of 40 miles a day; another starts from the same place Tuesday morning, and follows on at the rate of 70 miles a day; how far are they apart Tuesday night?

Ans. 10 miles.

22. A man, owing 379 dollars, paid at one time 47 dollars, at another time 84 dollars, at another time 23 dollars, and at another time 143 dollars; how much did he then owe? Ans. 82 dollars.

23. A man has property to the amount of 34764 dollars, but there are demands against him to the amount of 14297 dollars; how many dollars will be left after the payment of his debts?

24. Four men bought a lot of land for 482 dollars; the first man paid 274 dollars, the second man 194 dollars less than the first, and the third man 20 dollars less than the second; how much did the second, the third, and the fourth The second paid 80. The third paid 60. The fourth paid 68.

man pay?

Ans.

25. A man, having 10,000 dollars, gave away 9 dollars; how many had he left?

Ans. 9991.

D G

MULTIPLICATION

OF SIMPLE NUMBERS.

9. 1. If one orange costs 5 cents, how many cents must I give for 2 oranges?

oranges?

for 4 oranges ?

how many cents for 3

2. One bushel of apples costs 20 cents; how many centa must I give for 2 bushels?

for 3 bushels ?

3. One gallon contains 4 quarts; how many quarts in 2 gallons? in 3 gallons? in 4 gallons?

4. Three men bought a horse; each man paid 23 dollars for his share; how many dollars did the horse cost them? 5. A nian has 4 farms worth 324 dollars each; how many dollars are they all worth?

6. In one dollar there are one hundred cents; how many cents in 5 dollars?

7. How much will 4 pair of shoes cost at 2 dollars a pair? 8. How much will two pounds of tea cost at 43 cents a pound?

9. There are 24 hours in one day; how many hours in 2 days? in 3 days? in 4 days? days?

in 7 10. Six boys met a beggar, and gave him 15 cents each; how many cents did the beggar receive?

When questions occur, (as in the above examples,) where the same number is to be added to itself several times, the operation may be much facilitated by a rule, called Multiplication, in which the number to be repeated is called the multiplicand, and the number which shows how many times the multiplicand is to be repeated is called the multiplier. The multiplicand and multiplier, when spoken of collectively, are called the factors, (producers,) and the answer is called the product.

11. There is an orchard in which there are 5 rows of trees, and 27 trees in each row; how many trees in the orchard?

In this example, it is evident that the whole number of trees will be equal to the amount of five 27's added together.

In adding, we find that 7 taken five times amounts to 35. We write down the five units, and

reserve the 3 tens; the amount of 2 taken five times is 10, and the 3, which we reserved, makes 13, which, written to the left of units, makes the whole number of trees 135.

If we have learned that 7 taken 5 times amounts to 35, and that 2 taken 5 times amounts to 10, it is plain we need write the number 27 but once, and then, setting the multi