nificent (Isaiah). 2. Brave; high spirited; daring; magnanimous (Digby). 3. Fine; noble; spacious (Clarendon). 4. Inclined to courtship (Thomson).

GA'LLANT. s. (from the adjective.) 1. A gay, sprightly, airy, splendid man (Dryden). 2. A whoremaster, who caresses women to debauch them (Addison). 3. A wooer; one who courts a woman for marriage.

GAʼLLANTLY. ad. (from gallant.) 1. Gayly; splendidly. 2. Bravely; nobly; generously (Swift).

GALLANTRY. s. (galanterie, French.) 1. Splendour of appearance; show; magnificence (Waller). 2. Bravery; nobleness; generosity (Glanville). 3. A number of gallants (Shakspeare). 4. Courtship; refined address to women. 5. Vitious love; lewdness; debauchery (Swift).

GALLATS, a genus of salts formed by the union of gallic acid with different substances. A small number only has been noticed, and these are but imperfectly known.

GALLAT OF ALUMINE, is formed by mix ing a small portion of alumine with the infusion of nut-galls, and suffering the water to escape by evaporation. This is the only gallat that has yet been obtained in the state of crystals. The quantity of alumine is too small completely to disguise the properties of the acid.

GALLAT OF IRON is produced in the making of ink, and other similar processes, when the acid unites with and precipitates the metal.

GALLATS (Alkaline and Earthy). If an alkali or an alkaline earth be dropped into a solution of gallic acid in water, or into a solution containing that acid, the compound assumes a green colour, and the acid enters into combination with the earth employed. But it is impossible to procure any one of these gallats in a separate state; for, during the process of evaporation, the green colour disappears, and the acid is decomposed.

GA'LLEASS. s. (galeas, French.) A heavy low-built vessel, with both sails and oars (Addison).

GA'LLEON. s. (galion, French.) A large ship with four and sometimes five decks (Raleigh).

GALLEON, in naval affairs, a sort of ships employed in the commerce of the West Indies. The Spaniards send annually two fleets; the one for Mexico, which they call the flota; and the other for Peru, which they call the galleons. By a general regulation made in Spain, it has been established, that there should be 12 men of war and five tenders annually fitted out for the armada or galleons. They are appointed to sail from Cadiz in January, that they may arrive at Porto Bello about the middle of April; where, the fair being over, they may take aboard the plate, and be at Havannah with it about the middle of June; where they are joined by the flota, that they may return to Spain with the greater safety. Galleons have generally four and sometimes five decks.

GALLEOT. See GALEOT.

GALLERY, in architecture. 1. A kind of walk along the floor of a house into which the doors of the apartments open (Sidney). 2. The seats in the play-house above the pit, in which the meaner people sit (Pope).

Savot, in his Architecture, derives the word gallery from Gaul, as supposing the ancient Gauls to have been the first who used them. Nichod fetches it from the French aller, to go; allerie; others bring it from galere, galley, because it bears some resemblance thereto in respect of length. In the corrupt Latin we meet meet with galilæa, for the gallery of a monastery.

The galleries of the Louvre are magnificent; a gallery of painting; a complete apartment is to consist of a hall, anti-chamber, chamber, cabinet, and gallery.

GALLERY, in fortification, a covered walk across the ditch of a town, made of strong beams, covered over head with planks, and loaded with earth; sometimes it is covered with raw hides to defend it from the artificial fires of the besieged. Its sides should be musquet proof.

GALLERY OF A MINE, is a narrow passage, or branch of a mine carried on underground to a work designed to be blown up. Both the besiegers and the besieged also carry on galleries in search of each other's mines, and these sometimes meet and destroy each other.

GALLERY, in ship-building, a balcony, projecting from the stern or quarter of a ship of war, or of a large merchantman: the sterngallery is wholly at the stern of the ship, and is usually decorated with a balustrade extending from one side of the ship to the other; the fore-part is limited by a partition, in which are framed the cabin windows, and the roof of it is formed by a sort of vault termed the cove, which is frequently ornamented with sculpture. Quarter-gallery is that part which projects on each quarter, and is generally fitted up as a water-closet. Ships of twenty guns and upwards, on one deck, have quarter-galle ries, but no stern-gallery; two and three deckers have quarter-galleries, with their proper conveniences, and one or two stern-galleries.

GALLEY, a kind of low flat-built vessel, furnished with one deck, and navigated with sails and oars, particularly in the Mediterranean. By the Greek authors under the eastern empire this kind of vessel was called yaxata and yaxua, and by the Latin authors of the same time, galea; whence, according to some, the modern denomination. Some say it was called galea on account of a casque or helmet which it carried on its prow, as Ovid attests, de Tristibus. The French call it galere; by reason, they say, that the top of the mast is usually cut in the form of a hat, which the Italians call galero. Others derive both galea and galere from a fish, by the Greeks called yarns, or

as, and by us the sword-fish, which this vessel resembles. Lastly, others derive the galleo, galea, galere, galeasse, &c. from the

Syriac and Chaldee gaul and gallin, a man exposed on the water in a vessel of wood.

The larger sort of these vessels is employed only by the Venetians. They are commonly 162 feet long above, and 133 feet by the keel, 32 feet wide, and 23 feet length of stern-post. They are furnished with three masts, and 32 banks of oars; every bank containing two oars, and every oar being managed by six or seven slaves, who are usually chained thereto. In the forepart they have three little batteries of cannon, of which the lowest is of two 36-pounders, the second of two 24-pounders, and the uppermost of two 2-pounders: three 18-pounders are also planted on each quarter. The complement of men for one of these galleys is 1000 or 1200. They are esteemed extremely convenient for bombarding or making a descent upon an ene my's coast, as drawing but little water; and having by their oars frequently the advantage of a ship of war, in light winds or calms, by cannonading the latter near the surface of the water; by scouring her whole length with their shot, and at the same time keeping on her quarter or bow, so as to be out of the direction of her cannon.

The galleys next in size to these, which are also called half galleys, are from 120 to 130 feet long, 18 feet broad, and 9 or 10 feet deep. GALLEY, in chemistry, a particular kind of reverberatory furnace, in which several retorts may be placed at the sides of each other. It is of an oblong shape, and has lateral openings, and derives its name from its supposed resemblance to a naval galley.

GALLEY-SLAVE. A man condemned for some crime to row in the galleys. GALLEY-WORM, in zoology. See JULUS. GALLI, in antiquity, a name given to the eunuch-priests of Cybele.

GALLI, the Gauls. See GALLIE and GAULS.

GALLI, five small desolate isles on the coast of the Principato Citra of Naples.

GALLIA, a large country of Europe, called Galatia by the Greeks. The inhabitants were called Galli, Celta, Celtiberi, and Celtoseythæ. Ancient Gaul was divided into four different parts by the Romans, called Gallia Belgica, Narbonensis, Aquitania, and Celtica. Gallia Belgica was the largest province, bounded by Germany, Gallia Narbonensis, and the German Ocean; and contained the modern country of Alsace, Lorraine, Picardy, with part of the Low Countries, and of Champagne, and of the Isle of France. Gallia Narbonensis, which contained the provinces lately called Languedoc, Provence, Dauphiné, Savoy, was bounded by the Alps and Pyrenean mountains, by Aquitania Belgium, and the Mediterranean. Aquitania Gallica, afterwards the provinces of Poitou, Santonge, Guienne, Berry, Limosin, Gascony, Auvergne, &c. was situated between the Garumna, the Pyrenean mountains, and the ocean. Gallia Celtica, or Lugdunensis, was bounded by Belgium, Gallia Narbonensis, the Alps, and the ocean. It contained the country heretofore

known by the name of Lyonnois, Touraine. Franche Comité, Senenois, Switzerland, and part of Normandy. Besides these grand divisions, there is often mention made of Gallia Cisalpina, or Citerior, Transalpina or Ulterior, which refers to that part of Italy which was conquered by some of the Gauls who crossed the Alps. By Gallia Cisalpina, the Romans understood that part of Gaul which lies in Italy, and by Transalpina, that which lies beyond the Alps in regard only to the inhabitants of Rome. Gallia Cispadana and Transpadana is applied to a part of Italy conquered by some of the Gauls; and then it means the country on this side of the Po, or beyond the Po with respect to Rome By Gallia Togata, the Romans understood Cisalpine Gaul, where the Rowan gowns toge were usually worn. Gallia Narbonensis was called Braccata, on account of the peculiar covering of the inhabitants for their thighs. The epithet of Comata is applied to Gallia Celtica, because the people suffered their hair to grow to an uncommon length. The inhabitants were great warriors, and their valour overcame the Roman armies, took the city of Rome, and invaded Greece in different ages. They spread themselves over the greatest part of the world. They were very superstitious in their religious ceremonies, and revered the sacerdotal order as if they had been gods. They long maintained a bloody war against the Ronians, and Cæsar resided ten years in their country before he could totally subdue them. See GAUL.

GALLIARD, or GAGLIARDA, in music and dancing, a sort of dance, anciently in great request; consisting of very different motions and actions, sometimes proceeding terra à terra, or smoothly along; sometimes capering; sometimes along the room, and sometimes across. The word itself, which is derived from the French, who had it from Italy, signifies gay, merry, &c. The music of the galliard is in triple time.

GALLIARDISE. s. (French.) Merriment; exuberant gayety: not in use (Brown). GALLIC ACID, an acid found to exist plen tifully in nut-galls, whence its name is derived; but which may also be extracted from most astringent vegetables, particularly the husks of nuts, the barks of oak, chesnut, ash, bazel, sumach, poplar, elder, elm, sycamore, cherry tree, &c. and various parts of other plants. It is usually found accompanied with the ASTRINGENT PRINCIPLE, and was formerly confounded with that substance: (sce hat article), also TANNIN. Many of the properties of this acid were discovered by the commissioners of Dijon in France, who published their account in 1777, in their Elements of Chemistry; but they ex aniined only the infusion of galls, in which the acid is combined with other substances, particularly the tanning principle. Scheele was the first who obtained it in a separate state. Various methods have since been employed for obtaining it, by Bartholdi, Richter, Fiedler, Schnaubert, and others. The following is adopted by Mr. Davy: Boil for some time a

GALLIPOLI, is also a name given to the strait between European and Asiatic Turkey, otherwise called the Hellespont.

GAʼLLIPOT. s. (gala, Spanish, finery.) A pot painted and glazed, cominonly used for medicines (Fenton).

GALLIUM. See GALIUM.

GALLO, an island of the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of Peru, the first place possessed by the Spaniards when they attempted the conquest of Peru. Lat. 2. 30 N. Lon. 80.0 W. GALLOIS (John), a learned Frenchman, was born at Paris in 1632. He was the coadjutor of M. de Sallo, in the celebrated Journal des Sçavans. He was patronised by Colbert, who took him into his house to be taught Latin by him. He was abbé of St. Martin-desCores, member of the academy of sciences, and of the French academy; the king's librarian, and Greek professor of the royal college. He died at Paris in 1707.

GALLON, a measure of capacity both for dry and liquid things, containing four quarts; but these quarts, and consequently the gallon itself, are different, according to the quality of the thing measured: for instance, the wine gallon contains 231 cubic inches, and holds eight pounds avoirdupois of pure water: the beer and ale gallons contain 282 solid inches, and hold ten pounds three ounces and a quarter avoirdupois of water and the gallon for corn, meal, &c. 2724 cubic inches, and holds uine pounds thirteen ounces of pure water.

GALLOON, in commerce, a thick, narrow kind of ferret, ribband, or lace, used to edge or border clothes.

To GALLOP. v. n. (galoper, French.) 1. To move forward by leaps, so that all the feet are off the ground at once (Donne). 2. To ride at the pace which is performed by leaps (Sidney). 3. To move very fast (Shakspeare).

GALLOP, a well-known pace to which the horse is trained, and of which many kinds are enumerated, but two only worthy of regard, to wit, the hand gallop, and the full gallop. Even these distinctions, however, are founded on the different degrees of velocity in which the animal is impelled, rather than on any peculiarity in the pace itself. In the galloping, the horse leads with one fore-leg somewhat advanced, but not so much beyond the other as happens in the canter (See CANTER); and, when he is urged to his utmost speed, his legs are almost equally placed. The fleetest horses, when galloping, carry their bodies perfectly in a hori zontal posture, and the fewer curves or successive arches are described, the more rapid of course is their progress.

In every instance of progression, all bodies are retarded in proportion as they depart from a right line, whether this be horizonally or perpendicularly. "None but horses of great powers," says an excellent veterinarian, are able to gallop in this form; for, to supply the want of undulation in the body, they must bend their limbs in a greater degree; and hence the necessity of their standing perfectly on the centre of gravity. The action of the gallop

being more extended than the canter, it is necessary that the horse should have his head more at liberty; for a horse cannot gallop out with his head reined up. Thus, in the swift gallop, he carries his head and neck nearly horizontal."

We are no less ready to agree with that writer on the common practice of grooms and jockeys who teach horses to pull against them in performing the gallop. To this they are led by the support it affords them when they stand upright in the stirrups; but the bad effects of constant pressure, in deadening the horse's mouth, by rendering it callous, are sufficient to demonstrate the pernicious tendency of this custom. "When the horse thus bears on the hand," says the same writer," a considerable portion of the power which should be concentred in his body, for the purpose of maintaining his equilibrium, is directed forwards; and hence he becomes much more liable to fall, in case of meeting with any casual obstacle." The power which the rider has, in this case, must be exactly in proportion to the degree of sensibility with which the horse's mouth is endued; and when this is rendered inconsider able by the hardness of the parts, it is not surprising if accidents happen, and the animal is unruly.

In his account of the proportions of Eclipse, Mr. St. Bel has exhibited six complete actions of the gallop of that celebrated racer, each action covering twenty-five feet. The six, taken together, offer a scale of one hundred and fifty fect.

The same writer describes the gallop as consisting of "a repetition of bounds or leaps, more or less high, and more or less extended, in proportion to the strength and lightness of the animal."

"The common gallop," he says, "contains three times. If the horse, for example, begin his gallop on the right, the left hind-foot beats the first time; the right hind-foot and left forefoot beat the second time together; and the right fore-foot beats the third.

In the gallop of four times, the feet strike the ground in the same order as in walking Supposing the horse galloping on the right, the left hind-foot beats the first time, the right hind-foot beats the second, the left fore-foot beats the third, and the right fore-foot beats the fourth. This gallop is regular, but confined, and but little adapted for speed.

"The gallop at two times is faster than at three or at four; the legs follow in the same order as in the trot, so that the two sounds are given by the left hind-foot and right fore-foot striking the ground together, and by the right hind-foot and left fore-foot also striking the ground together."

In galloping, the horse may lead with which fore-leg he pleases; the most usual way is that with the right but, whichsoever it be, the hind-leg of the same side must follow next; otherwise the legs are said to be disunited, and the gallop to be false. To remedy this disorder, the rider must stay the horse a little on the

hand, and help him with a spur a little on the tontrary side to that on which he is disunited. As, for example, if he be disunited on the right side, he should help him with the left spur, by staying him as before on the hand a little, and also helping him at the same time with the tives of the legs.

In a circle the horse is confined always to lead with his fore leg within the turn, otherwise he is said to gallop false; but here too the hind leg of the same side must follow.

Those who make trial of the gallop should observe if the horse performs it equally, and should push him on somewhat hard, that they may know by his stop whether he has strength and vigour, and if he also be sensible of the spur.

In the manage many varieties of this pace were formerly enumerated, but these are not worth detailing.

GALLOPADE, in the manage, a handallop, in which a horse galloping upon one or two treads is well united. The difference between working with one haunch in, galloping opon volts, and managing upon terra a terra, is, that, in the latter, the two haunches are kept subject, and also are within the volt; but, in galloping a haunch in, only one is kept subject.

To gallop united, upon the right foot, is, when a horse that gallops out, having led with either of his fore-legs, continues to lift that same leg always first; so that the hinder leg on the side of the leading fore-leg must likewise be raised sooner than the other hind-leg. For instance, if the right fore-leg leads before the left, then the right hind-leg must likewise move sooner than the left hind-leg; and in this order must the horse continue to go on.

To gallop false, to disunite, to gallop on the false foot, is, when the borse, having led with one of the fore-legs, whether the right or left, does not continue to make that leg always set out first, nor to make the hind-leg of the same side with the leading leg to move before its opposite hind-leg; that is to say, the orderly going is interrupted.

A horse that gallops false gallops with an unbecoming air, and incommodes the rider. If the horse gallop false, put him upon keeping the right foot and uniting, by bringing him to with the calves of your legs, and then with the spur that is opposite to the side on which he disunites. If he disunite to the right, prick him with the left heel.

GALLOPER. s. (from gallop.) 1. A horse that gallops (Mortimer). 2. A man that rides fast, or makes great haste.

To GA'LLOW. v. a. (agælpan, to fright, Saxon) 1. To terrify; to fright (Shakspeare). GALLOWAY. s. A horse not more than fourteen hands high, much used in the north. GALLOWAY (New), a borough of Kirkendbrighshire, situare on the river Ken, 14 miles N. of Kirkcudbright.

GALLOWAY (Upper). See WIGTON

SHIRE.

GALLOWAY (Mull of), one of the western VOL. V.

islands of Scotland, about 24 Scotch miles long, and as much in breadth. It is in general rocky and barren, not producing a sufficient quantity of corn for the inhabitants; but about 1800 head of cattle are annually exported.

GALLOWS, an instrument of punishment, whereon persons convicted capitally of felony, &c. are executed by hanging. Among our ancestors it was called furca, fork; a name by which it is still denominated abroad, particu Jarly in France and Italy. In this latter country, the reason of the name still subsists; the gallows being a real fork driven into the ground, across the legs whereof is laid a beam, to which the rope is tied.

GALLUS (Cornelius), an ancient Roman poet, was born at Frejus, then called Forum Julium. Augustus gave him the government of Egypt, after the death of Antony and Cleopaira; but afterwards deprived him of his estate, and banished him for mal-administration. He felt his disgrace so sensibly that he put an end to his life A. D. 26. Virgil's 10th eclogue is written wholly on the love of Gallus for Lycoris, which was the poetical name of his mistress, who was unfaithful to him.

GALLUS (Vibius), a Roman emperor, was born about the year 206. He had been consul, and had a command in the army of the emperor Decius, whom he is said to have betrayed to the Goths that he might succeed him. His reign was inglorious; and he was slain in 253 by his soldiery, together with his son Volusianus, whom he had associated in the empire.

GALLUS (Flavius Claudius Constantius), brother of the emperor Julian, was created Cæsar in 331, by the emperor Constantius, his cousin. He acquired reputation in war; but afterwards abandoned himself to the counsels of his wife, who was cruel and avaricious. He was arrested by the orders of Constantius; and beheaded in 354.

GALLUS, in fabulous history, a youth who was a great favourite of Mars, who always took him along with him when he went to visit Venus in private, in order that he might keep watch to prevent their being surprised; but Gallus falling asleep, and they being discovered by Vulcan, who entangled them in a net, Mars was so greatly enraged, that he metamorphosed Gallus into a cock; and therefore, to atone for this neglect, he gives constant notice of the sun's approach by his crowing.

GALLUS, or Cock, in ornithology. See PHASIANUS.

GALLY, in printing, a fraine into which the compositor empties the lines out of his composing stick, and in which he ties up the page when it is completed. The gally is formed of an oblong square board, with a ledge on three sides, and a groove to admit a false bottom called a gally-slice.

GALOPINA, in botany, a genus of the class tetrandria, order digynia. Calyxless; corol four-cleft, superior; berry two-culled, sced solitary. One species; a Cape plant; with red, herbaceous stem, and terminal panicled flowers.

N