FOIX, a town of France, in the departGent of Arriege, at the foot of the Pyrenees. L. 43. 0 N. Lon. 1. 32 E.

FOKIEN, a province of China, in Asia, tranodiously situated for navigation and commerce, part of it bordering on the sea, in which they catch large quantities of fish, which they send salted to other parts of the empire. leshores are very uneven, by reason of the umber and variety of its bays; and there are many forts built thereon to guard the coast. The air is hot, but pure and wholesome. The mountains are almost every where disposed into a kind of amphitheatres, by the labour of the inhabitants, with terraces placed one above another. The fields are watered with rivers and springs, which issue out of the mountains, and which the husbandmen conduct in such a manner as to overflow the fields of rice when they please, because it thrives best in watery ground. They make use of pipes of bamboe for this purpose. The chief town is Fou

thesa-Fou.

FOLARD (Charles), a French officer, born at Avignon, in 1609. In 1720 he became aid-du-camp to M. de Vendone, who undertook nothing without consulting him. For his great services he was rewarded with a pension, and the cross of St. Louis. He received a wound at the battle of Cassano, by which he was deprived of the use of his left hand. About 1710 he was made prisoner by prince Engene, and on his being exchanged he was seat to Malta, to assist in its defence against the Turks. He afterwards served under Charles XII. of Sweden, and was present at the siege of Frederickshall, when that prince was killed in 1718. He then returned to France, and in 1719 served as colonel under the duke of Berwick. He died in 1752. He wrote, 1. Commentaries upon Polybius, 6 vols. 4to. 2. A book of new Discoveries in War. 3. A Treatise on the Defence of Places.

FOLC-LANDS, the name given to copybold lands, in the time of the Saxons.

FOLCMOTE, or FOLKMOTE, according to Kennet, was the common-council of all the inhabitants of a city, town, or borough; though Spelman will have the folkmote to have been a sort of annual parliament or convention of the bishops, thanes, alderinen, and freemen, on every May-day. Dr. Brady, on the contrary, tells us, that it was an inferior court, held before the king's reeve, or his steward, every month, to do folk right.

FOLD. s. (Fald, Saxon.) 1. The ground in which sheep are confined. 2. The place where sheep are housed (Raleigh). 3. The flock of sheep (Dryden). 4. A limit; a boundary (Creech). 5. A double; a compliestion; one part added to another. (from Fild, Saxon.) (Arbuthnot). 6. From the foregoing signification is derived the use of fold in composition. Fold signifies the same quantity added: as, twenty-fold, twenty times repeated (Matthew).

To FOLD. v. a. (from the noun.) 1. To

shut sheep in the fold (Milton). 2. To enclose; to include; to shut Shakspeare). 3. To double; to complicate (Collier).

To FOLD. v. n. To close over another of the same kind (Kings).

FOLIA, among botanists, particularly signify the leaves of plants: those of flowers being expressed by the word petals.

FOLIACEOUS SPIKE. In botany. A leafy spike. Having leaves intermixed with the flowers. Glandulæ foliaceæ. Leafy glands, or glands situated on the leaves. See GLAND. FO'LIAGE. s. (folium, Latin.) Leaves; tufts of leaves (Addison). Representations of tufts or clusters of leaves.

FOLIATE, a name given by some to a curve of the second order, expressed by the equation a3+y3 =axy, being one species of defective hyperbolas, with one asymptote, and consisting of two infinite legs crossing each other, forming a sort of leaf. It is the 42d species of Newton's Lines of the third

order.

FOLIATE TENDRIL. In botany. A tendril placed on the leaf. Foliate gem. A leaf bud. Containing leaves, not flowers.

FOLIATE CAUL. In botany. A leafy stalk. In opposition to aphyllabus, leafless. FOLIATING OF LOOKING-GLASSES, the spreading the plates over, after they are polished, with amalgam, in order to reflect the image. It is performed thus: a thin blotting paper is spread on the table, and sprinkled with fine chalk; and then a fine lamina or leaf of tin, called foil, is laid over the paper; upon this mercury is poured, which is to be distributed equally over the leaf with a hare's foot, or cotton: over this is laid a clean paper, and over that the glass plate, which is pressed down with the right hand, and the paper drawn gently out with the left; this being done, the plate is covered with a thicker paper, and loaden with a greater weight, that the superfluous mercury may be driven out, and the tin adhere more closely to the glass. When it is dried, the weight is removed, and the lookingglass is complete. Some add an ounce of marcasite, melted by the fire; and, lest the mercury should evaporate in smoke, pour it into cold water; and, when cooled, squeeze it through a cloth or through leather.

Some add a quarter of an ounce of tin and lead to the marcasite, that the glass may dry the sooner.

FOLIATING OF GLOBE LOOKINGGLASSES, is done as follows: Take five ounces of quicksilver, and one ounce of bismuth; of lead and tin half an ounce each: first put the lead and tin into fusion, then put in the bismuth, and when you perceive that in fusion too, let it stand till it is almost cold, and pour the quicksilver into it; after this, take the glass globe, which must be very clean, and the inside free from dust; make a paper funnel, which put into the hole of the globe, as near to the glass as you can, so that the amalgam, when you pour it in, may not splash, and cause

the glass to be full of spots; pour it in gently, and move it about, so that the amalgain may touch every where. If you find the amalgam begin to get curdly and fixed, then hold it over a gentle fire and it will easily flow again. And if you find the amalgam too thin, add a little more lead, tin, and bismuth to it. The finer and clearer your globe is, the better will the looking glass be.

To FOLIATE. v. a. (foliatus, Latin.) To beat into laminæ or leaves (Newton).

1.

FOLIATION. s. (foliatio, Latin.) The act of beating into thin leaves. 2. Foliation is one of the parts of a flower, being the collection of those fugacious coloured leaves called petals, which constitute the compass of the flower (Quincy).

FOLIATURE. s. (from folium, Latin.) The state of being hammered into leaves.

FOLIGNI, an episcopal and trading town of Italy, in the duchy of Umbria. It is noted for its sweetmeats and paper-mills. Lat. 42. 48 N. Lon. 12. 24 E.

FOLIO. s. (in folio, Latin.) A large book of which the pages are formed by a sheet of paper one doubled.

FOLIO, in merchants accounts, a page, or sometimes two; being so much of the ledger as contains both the debtor and creditor side of an account.

FOLIOMORT. a. (folium mortuum, Lat.) A dark yellow; the colour of a leaf faded: vulgarly called philomot (Woodward).

FOLIS, or FOLLIS, anciently signified a little bag or purse; whence it came to be used for a sum of money, and very different sums were called by that name: thus, the scholiast on the Basilics mentions a follis of copper which was worth but the twenty-fourth part of the milliarensis; the glossæ nomica quoted by Gronovius and others, out of a hundred and twenty-five miliarenses, and another of two hundred and fifty denarii, which was the ancient sestertium; and three different sums of eight, four, and two pounds of gold, were each called follis.

FOLIUM ORIENTALE, in medicine. See SENNA.

FOLK. s. (Folc, Saxon.). 1. People, in familiar language (Sidney). 2. Nations; mankind (Psalms). 3. Any kind of people as discriminated from others (Shakspeare).

FOLKES (Martin), an English antiquary, mathematician, and philosopher, was born at Westminster about 1690; and was greatly distinguished as a member of the Royal Society in London, and of the Academy of Sciences at Paris. He was admitted into the former at 24 vears of age; and made one of their council two years after; named by sir Isaac Newton himself as vice-president; and, after sir Hans Sloane became president. There are numerous Memoirs of his in the Philosophical Transactions. Coins, ancient and modern, were a great object with him; and his last production was a book upon the English Silver Coin, from the Conquest to his own times. He died at

FOLLIA, a species of musical composition consisting of variations on a given air.

FOLLICLE. (froin follis, a bag.) In botany. A univalvular pericarp, opening on one side longitudinally, and having the seeds loose in it. Pericarpium univalve latere altero longitudinaliter dehiscens, nec suturæ semina affigens. Exemplified in asclepias, apocynum, stapelia. See CONCEPTACLE.

In Philos. Botan. follicles (folliculi) are vessels distended with air: (air bags, with,) as at the root in utricularia, and on the leaves in aldrovanda.

FOLLICLE, in anatomy, a cell or little bag: it is generally applied to the cells of the cellular membrane, or of the simplest order of glands which (as the mucous) contain a single cavity and excreting duct.

FOLLICULOSE GLAND. One of the most simple species of gland, consisting merely of a hollow vascular membrane or follicle and an excretory duct; such are the muciparous glands, the sebaceous, &c.

To FOLLOW. v. a. (Folgian, Saxon.) 1. To go after; not before, or side by side. 2. To pursue as an enemy; to chase (Dryden). 3. To accompany; not to forsake (Milton). 4. To attend, as a dependant (Pope). 5. To go after, as a teacher (Dryden). 6. To succeed in order of time (Pope). 7. To be consequential in argument (Milton). 8. To imitate; to copy, as a pupil (Hooker). 9. To obey; to observe, as a guide (Tillotson). 10. To pursue as an object of desire (Hebrews). 11. To confirm by new endeavours (Spenser). 12. To attend to; to be busied with (Ecclus.)

To FOLLOW. v. n. 1. To come after another (Ben Jonson). 2. To attend servilely (Shakspeare). 3. To be posterior in time. 4. To be consequential, as effect to cause. 5. To be consequential, as inference to premises (Temple). 6. To continue endeavours (losea).

FOLLOWER. s. (from follow.) 1. One who comes after another; not before him, or side by side (Shakspeare). 2. One who observes a leader (South). 3. An attendant, or dependant (Pope). 4. An associate; a companion (Shakspeare). 5. One under the command of another (Dryden). 6. A scholar; an imitator; a copier (Sprat).

FO'LLY. s. (folie, French.) 1. Want of understanding; weakness of intellect (Hawksworth). 2. Criminal weakness; depravity of mind (Shakspeare). 3. Act of negligence or passion unbecoming gravity or deep wisdom (Pope).

FOMAHAUT, OF FOMALHAUT, in astro

any, a star of the first magnitude, marked ~, Piscis Australis.

T FOMENT. v. a. (fomentor, Latin.) 1. To cherish with heat (Milton). 2. To bathe with warin lotions (Arbuthnot). To encourage; to cherish (Wotton).

FOMENTATION. (fomentatio.) A sort of partial bathing, by applying hot flannels to any part dipped in medicated decoctions, whereby steams are communicated to the diseased parts, their vessels are relaxed, and their morbid action sometimes removed.

FOMENTER. s. (from foment.) An encourager; a supporter.

FOMES, the plural of which is fomites, from joves, to cherish.) The contagious or other miasin, that produces or feeds and maturates a disease.

FON. s. A fool; an ideot: obsolete (Spen.). FOND. a. 1. Foolish; silly; indiscreet; imprudent; injudicious (Ascham). 2. Triding, valued by folly (Shakspeare). 3. Foolishly tender; injudiciously indulgent (AddiA). 4. Pleased in too great a degree; foolishly delighted (Prior).

To FOND. TO FONDLE. v. a. To treat with great indulgence; to caress; to cocker (Dryden).

To FOND. v. n. To be fond of; to be in love with; to dote on (Shakspeare).

FONDLER. s. (from fond.) One who

fondles.

FONDLING. s. (from fondle.) A person er thing much fondled or caressed; something regarded with great affection (Swift).

FONDLY. ad. (from fond.) 1. Foolishly; weakly; imprudently (Pope). 2. With extreme tenderness (Savage).

FONDNESS. s. (from fond.) 1. Foolishness; weakness; want of sense; want of jadzinent (Spenser). 2. Foolish tenderness Addison). 3. Tender passion (Swift). 4. Unreasonable liking (Hammond.)

FONE. s. Plural of foe: obsolete (Spenser). FONG-TSIANG-FOU, a city of China, La the province of Chen-si. Its district contains eight cities of the second and third class. It is 495 miles S.W. of Pekin.

FONG-YANG, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-Nan. It is situated on a mountan, which hangs over the yellow river, and incloses with its walls several fertile little hills. Its jurisdiction is very extensive, for it comprehends 18 cities; five of which are of the second, and 13 of the third class.

FONS PULSATILIS. See FONTANEL

14.

FONT, or BAPTISMAL FONT, a stone or marble vessel, at the lower end of a parish church, serving to hold water to be used in administering the sacrament of baptism.

FONT, in printing. See FoUNT. FONTAINBLEAU, a town of France, in The department of Seine and Maine, remarkable for its fine palace; a hunting seat of the hie kings of France. Lat 48. 25 N. Lon. 1. 47 E. FONTAINE (John de la), the celebrated

French poet, was born at Chateau-Thierry in 1621, and educated among the fathers of the oratory. He did not shew any marks of a poetical genius till he was past twenty. Some of his pieces introduced him to the notice of the duchess of Bouillon, whom he followed to Paris, where he obtained a pension. Madame de la Sabbliere gave him apartments in her house, and here he resided twenty years in habits of intimacy with the greatest wits of the age. He died in 1695. Besides his Tales, he also wrote Fables, in both of which he possesses all the merit of originality. Four volumes of his miscellaneous works were printed at Paris, in 1744.

Fontaine's character is remarkable for a simplicity, candour, and probity seldom to be met with. He was of an obliging disposition; cultivating a real friendship with his brother poets and authors; and, what is very rare, beloved and esteemed by them all His conversation was neither gay nor brilliant, especially when he was not among his intimate friends. One day being invited to dinner, at a farmer general's, he ate a great deal, but did not speak. Rising up from table very early, under pretext of going to the academy, one of the company represented to him that it was not yet a proper time: "Well," says he, "if it is not I will stay a little longer." He had one son by his wife in the year 1660. At the age of 14 he put him into the hands of M. de Harley, the first president, recommending to him his education and fortune. It is said, that having been a long time without seeing him, he hap pened to meet him one day visiting, without recollecting him again, and mentioned to the company that he thought that young man had a good deal of wit and understanding. When they told him it was his own son, he answered in the most tranquil manner, "Ha! truly I am glad on't."

At fif

FONTAINES (Peter Francis Guyot des), a French critic, born at Rouen in 1685. teen he joined himself to the jesuits, but quitted them when he was thirty. In 1724 he succeeded the abbé Bignon in the management of the Journal des Sçavans. In 1731 he began a new work called Nouveliste du Parnasse, ou Reflexions sur les Ouvrages nouveaux, which did not continue long. He started several other periodical publications, and died in 1745. He also translated several esteemed English books, and some of the Latin classics.

FONTANA (Domenico), an eminent architect and mechanic, born at Milan in 1543. He raised the Roman obelisk from the dust in the front of St. Peter's, a work deemed impracticable, and which many others had attempted in vain. He removed to Naples in 1592, and died there in 1607.

FONTANALIA, or FONTINALIA, in antiquity, a religious feast held among the Romans, in October, in honour of the deities who presided over fountains.

An

FONTANEL. 5, (fontanelle, Fr.) issue; a discharge opened in the body (Wiseman).

FONTANELLA, (fontanella, of fons, a fountain.) Fons pulsatilis. In anatomy. The parietal bones and the frontal bones do not coalesce until the third year, so that before this period there is an obvious interstice, commonly called mould, and scientifically the fontanel, or fons pulsatilis. There is also a smaller space, occasionally, between the occipital and parietal bones, termed the posterior fontanel. These spaces between the bones are filled up by the dura mater and the external integuments, so that during birth, the size of the head may be lessened; for at that time the bones of the head, upon the superior part, are not only pressed nearer to, but frequently wrap over one another, in order to diminish the size during the passage of the head through the pel

vis.

FONTANEʼSIA, in botany, a genus of the class diandria, order monogynia. One species: a Syrian shrub with opposite branches; opposite, entire, lanceolate leaves, flowers yellowish in axillary corymbs.

FONTA NGE. s. A knot of ribands on the top of the headdress; out of use (Addison).

FONTARABIA, a sea-port of Spain, in Biscay, well fortified both by nature and art. It has a good harbour, though dry at low water, and is surrounded on the land side by the Pyrenean mountains. Lat. 43. 23 N. Lon. 1.33 W.

FONTENAI-LE-COMTE, a town of France, in the department of Vendee. It has a woollen manufacture, and a famous fair for cattle. Lat. 46. 30 N. Lon. 0. 55 W.

FONTENELLE (Bernard de), a celebrated French author, was born in 1657, and died in 1756, when he was near 100 years old. He discharged the trust of perpetual secretary to the Academy of Sciences above 40 years with universal applause; and his history of the Academy of Sciences throws a great light upon their memoirs, which are very obscure. The eloges which he pronounced on the deceased members of the academy have this peculiar merit, that they excite a respect for the sciences at well as for the author. In his poetical performances, and the Dialogues of the Dead, the spirit of Voiture was discernible, though more extended and more philosophical. His Plarality of Worlds is a work singular in its kind; the design of which was to present that part of philosophy to view in a gay and pleasing dress. In his more advanced years, he published comedies, which, though they shewed the elegance of Fontenelle, were little fitted for the stage; and An Apology for Des Cartes's Vortices. M de Voltaire, who declares him to have been the most universal genius the age of Louis XIV. produced, says, "We must excuse his comedies, on account of his great age; and his Cartesian opinions, as they were those of his youth, when they were universally received all over Europe."

FONTENOY, a town of Hainault, in the Austrian Netherlands, remarkable for a battle

Eetween the Allies and the French, in

May 1745, in which the latter were victorious. It is four miles S. W. of Tournay. Lat. 50. 32 N. Lon. 3. 26 E.

FONTEVRAULT, a town of France, in the department of Maine and Loire. Here was a famous abbey, founded by Robert d'Arbrissel in 1100. Lat. 47. 9 N. Lon. 0. 0.

FONTICUELUS (fonticulus, i, m. dim. of fons, an issue.) An artificial ulcer formed in any part, and kept discharging by introducing daily a pea, covered with any digestive ointment.

FONTINALIS. Water-moss. In botany, a genus of the class cryptogamia, order musci. Capsule oblong, latent, invested with an imbricate scaly sheath; fringe double; outer of sixteen broadish teeth; inner a conic reticu lated membrane. Four species: three of them indigenous to our own country, and found on the brinks of rivulets and the trunks of trees. The most remarkable is f, antipyretica with purple stalks: so called from the difficulty with which it catches fire; or rather from the practice of the Scandinavians of lining the inside of their chimney places with this moss to defend them against taking fire.

FOOD. s. (Fæðan, Saxon.) 1. Victuals; provision for the mouth (Shakspeare). 2. Any thing that nourishes (Shakspeare).

Food, the substances eaten by animals, under the impulse of natural instinct, to sustain the body. Providence has ordained that different beings should be supported by such productions of the earth as are especially adapted to their organization. Various directions upon this subject, as it relates to man, will be found in the article DIET.

The kinds of food usually appropriated to the use

of different domestic animals are too well known to need a description. Some observations on the different qualities of fodder and grain that are used for horses may be important, and may point out the effects they produce on the body, in consequence of an improper use of them.

Hay is the principal fodder used for horses in Britain. Although there are a great number of herbs and grasses mixed with it, yet they are all included under the general denomination of hay. The common distinction that is made is that of hay. The natural hay is generally used in the southern parts of Britain. From the method observed in the making of it, and allowing it to heat to a certain degree in the rick, it acquires an uncommon smell, something like that of mait dried on the kiln. This practise likewise gives it a sweetishness to the taste, and it is then called mow-burnt hay. Horses eat greedily of it; and, as it is of a soft quality, they swallow large mouthfals without chewing it properly. This, producing thirst, causes them to drink a great deal of water, which considerably increases the bulk of the

natural or meadow-bay, and the sown or rye-grass

stomach. In this state, the lungs, the diaphragm,

and other viscera surrounding it, are compressed to an uncommon degree; and if the horse is then put to any exercise that requires activity or expedition, be is in danger of becoming brokenwinded; for it is always observed, that the latter disease may be traced to some instance of sharp exercise performed when the stomach is full. There is a greater number of broken-winded horses in countries where this kind of hay is used