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built in the upper parts of them, where wood copings are made use of, to nail them to. As wood decays rapidly, stone should be preferred. Sometimes the walls are not built solid, but square openings left, so as to admit the heat from the outsides.

Mr. Forsyth directs, that there" should be a walk between the ridges, about six or seven feet broad, sufficient to admit a cart to carry dung," as being more expeditious than wheeling it in.

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The walk should be made up as high as the coping, and sloping gently towards each end," being laid in the bottom with brick rubbish, and covered over with sea coal ashes or sand. By this means, after the linings are made up, it may be kept perfectly neat and clean. A loose drain will likewise be necessary in the middle of the bottom of the pit, for conveying off wet and the oozing from the dung, to a tank or cistern constructed for its reception. The fluid thus collected may be made use of in watering cabbage and other plants of the same kind.

FORCING PIT, a sort of pit constructed of brick work, with fire flues, in various ways, for the purpose of making tan or other hot-beds in, being covered with glass

frames.

It is useful for receiving different sorts of tender potted plants which require considerable degrees of heat in their cultivation.

FORCING WALL, a wall constructed with flues for the purpose of conveying and communicating fire heat, in order to ripen various kinds of tree fruits that are planted and trained against them, and which are protected in the front by glazed frames.

Walls of this sort should always be erected in warm sheltered situations, and have southern aspects, in order that they may derive the greatest possible advantage from the influence

of the sun.

FO'RCIPATED. a. (from forceps.) Formed like a pair of pincers to open and enclose (Derham).

FORD. s. (Ford, Saxon.) 1. A shallow part of a river where it may be passed without swimming (Fairfax). 2. The stream; the current (Milton).

To pass

To FORD. v. a. (from the noun.) without swimming (Raleigh). FO'RDABLE. a. (from ford.) Passable without swimming (Raleigh).

FORDINGBRIDGE, a town in Hampshire, with a market on Saturdays. Lat. 50, 56 N. Lon. 1. 49 W.

FORDOUN (John of), the father of Scottish history, flourished in the reign of Alexander III. towards the end of the 13th century. But of his life there is nothing known with certainty, though there was not a monastery that possessed not copies of his work. The first five books of the history which bears his name were written by him: the rest were fatricated from materials left by him, and from

w collections by different persons. A ma

puscript in vellum of this historian is in the library of the university of Edinburgh.

FORDWICH, a member of the town and port of Sandwich in Kent, seated on the river Stour, and governed by a mayor, jurats, and commonalty. It is noted for its excellent trouts, and lies three miles N. E. of Canterbury.

FORDYCE (David), an ingenious writer, born at Aberdeen in 1720. He was educated at that university, and became professor of moral philosophy in the Mareschal college. On his return to England from a tour through several parts of Europe, he was shipwrecked and drowned in 1751. He wrote; 1. Dialogues concerning Education, 2 vols. 8vo. A Treatise of moral Philosophy in Dodsley's Preceptor. 3. Theodorus, a Dialogue, concerning the Art of Preaching.

2.

FORDYCE (Dr. James), a noted divine, was brother of the preceding, and born also at Aberdeen in the same year: he was educated at that university. Early in life he was seuled minister of the parish of Brechin, and became very celebrated as a preacher. After a few years he received a presentation to the church of Alloa, near Stirling. About the year 1760 he preached before the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, a fine sermon on the folly, infamy, and misery, of unlawful pleasure, which raised his fame as a pulpit orator so high, that the university of Glasgow soon after sent him a diploma, creating him D. D. ; and, which was more extraordinary, he received an invitation from a very respectable congregation of protestant dissenters, meeting in Monkwellstreet, London; this invitation he accepted. About 13 years previous to his death, the doctor's ill health obliged him to resign this charge; and he retired to a village in Hampshire. He died at Bath, Oct. 1, 1796. His most noted works are, Sermons to Young Women, 2 vols. Addresses to Young Men, 2 vols. and Addresses to the Deity, 1 vol. His Sermons to young women have attracted most general notice; but, for our own part, we do not perceive in them many excellencies. Had we been so fortunate as to hear them from the pulpit, we conclude we must have admired them, for Dr. Fordyce was qualified to excel as a preacher. The effect of his pulpit addresses was much heightened, not only by an action and an elocution, which he studied with care and practised with success; but by the figure of his person, which was peculiarly dignified, and by the expression of his countenance, which was animated at all times, but animated most of all when lighted up by the ardor of his soul in the service of God. By some of his hearers, it was observed that, on many occasions, he seemed not merely to speak, but to look conviction to the heart. His eye, indeed, was particularly bright and penetrating, and he had carefully attended to the effect which an orator may often produce upon an audience by the judi cious use of that little, but invaluable organ.

FORE. a. (¡ope, Saxon.) 1. Anteriour;

201 behind (Bacon). 2. That is first in a progressive motion (Cheyne).

FORE. ad. 1. Anteriourly (Raleigh). 2. Fore is a word much used in composition to mark priority of time.

FORE AND AFT, is used by seamen for the whole ship's length, or from end to end.

FORE-LEGS OF A HORSE: the fore-leg consists of the arm, fore-thigh, and shank, which should be large, broad, and nervous.

FORE-SKIN. See PREPUCE.

To FOREADVISE. v. n. (fore and adrise.) To counsel early; to counsel before the time of action, or the event (Shakspeare). FOREARM. v. a.. (fore and arm.) To provide for attack or resistance before the time of need (South).

T1⁄2 FOREBOꞌDE. v. n. (fore and bode.) 1. To prognosticate; to foretell (Dryden). 2. To foreknow; to be prescient of (Pope).

FOREBO’DER. s. (from forebode.) 1. A prognosticator; a soothsayer (L'Estrange). 2. A foreknower.

FOREBY!. prep. (fore and by.) Near; hard by; fast by (Spenser).

To FORECAST. v. a. (fore and cast.) 1. To scheme; to plan before execution (Daniel). 2. To adjust; to contrive antecedently (Dryden). 3. To foresee; to provide against (L'Estrange).

To FORECAST. v. n. To form schemes; to contrive beforehand (Spenser).

FORECAST. s. (from the verb.) Contritance beforehand; antecedent policy (Addi

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FORECITED. part. (fore and cite.) Quoted before, or above (Arbuthnot).

To FORECLOSE. v. a. (fore aud close.) 1. To shut up; to preclude; to prevent. 2. To FORECLOSE a Mortgage, is to cut off the power of redemption.

FOREDECK. s. (fore and deck.) The anteriour part of the ship (Chapman).

To FOREDESIGN. v. u. (fore and de5) To plan beforehand (Cheyne).

75 FOREDO. v. a. (from for and do, not Ja e.) 1. To run; to destroy: obsolete (Shakspeare). 2. To overdo; to weary; to hatass (Shakspeare).

T. FOREDOOM. v. a. (fore and doom.) To predestinate; to determine beforehand (Pope).

FORE-END. s. (fore and end.) The anteriour part (Bacon).

FOREFATHER. s. (fore and father.) Aacestor; one who in any degree of ascending genealogy precedes another (Raleigh).

T. FOREFEND. v. a. (for or fore and

fend.) 1. To prohibit; to avert (Dryden), 2. To provide for; to secure (Shakspeare). FOREFINGER. s. (fore and finger.) The finger next the thumb; the index (Brown).

FO'REFOOT. s. plur. forefeet. fore and foot.) The auteriour foot of a quadruped (Peacham).

To FOREGO'. v. a. (fore and go.) 1. To quit; to give up; to resign (Locke). 2. To go before; to be past (Raleigh). 3. To lose (Shakspeare).

FOREGOER. s. (from forego.) Ancestor ; progenitor (Shakspeare).

FOREGROUND. s. (fore and ground.) The part of the field or expanse of a picture which seems to lie before the figures (Dryden).

FOREHAND. s. (fore and hand.) 1. The part of a horse which is before the rider. 2. The chief part: not in use (Shakspeare).

FOREHAND. a. Done too soon (Shakspeare).

FOREHANDED. a. (from fore and hand.) 1. Early; timely (Taylor). 2. Formed in the foreparts (Dryden).

FOREHEAD. s. (fore and head.) 1. That part of the face which reaches from the eyes upward to the hair (Dryden). 2. Impudence; confidence; assurance (Collier).

A

FOREHEAD OF A HORSE. This should be somewhat broad; some would have it a little raised; but a flat one is most beautiful. horse should have in his forehead what is called a feather. (See FEATHER). It is also to be desired that he should have a star or blaze in his forehead.

FOREHO'LDING. s. (fore and hold.) Predictions; ominous accounts (L'Estrange).

FOREIGN. a. (forain, French; forano, Spanish.) 1. Not of this country; not domestic (Addison). 2. Alien; remote; not allied (Swift). 3. Excluded; not admitted; held at a distance (Shakspeare). 4. (In law.) A foreign plea, placitum forinsecum; as being a plea out of the proper court of justice. 5. Extraneous; adventitious in general (Philips).

FOREIGNER. s. (from foreign.) A man that comes from another country; not a native; a stranger (Addison).

It has long been the wise policy of the British government to encourage emigration from foreign countries, with a view to introduce the various manufactures peculiar to them; and perhaps the encouragement to aliens to settle among us ought to be extended and increased, at a moment when some of the most wealthy parts of Europe are a prey to the horrors of war, and when thousands must be anxious to meet with an asylum for themselves, their families, and property.

It appears that there are domesticated among us at present (1807) about 11,400 foreigners, and that 16,000 others are engaged in our va rious military or naval services, &c., chiefly abroad.

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Total

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300 den).

1,200

27,400

Of the class No. 1, above one half are either in Ireland, or abroad on various services. No. 2, are interspersed in every regiment in the army, and ships of the line.

4. Mostly kept on charity.

5. Mostly vagabonds, travelling the country with images and pictures, and persons escaped from the conscription of France.

6. The greater part are valets, teachers in schools, &c.

7. The greater part are sugar-boilers and other labourers, including above 700 Jews.

8. Mostly employed in trade and commerce. (Monthly Mag.).

FOREIGNNESS. s. (from foreign.) Remoteness; want of relation to something (Locke).

FOREIMAGINE. v. a. (fore and imagine.) To conceive or fancy before proof (Camden).

To FOREJUDGE. v. a. (fore and judge.) To judge beforehand; to be prepossessed.

To FOREKNOW. v. a. (fore and know.) To have prescience of; to foresee (Raleigh).

FOREKNOWABLE. a. (from foreknow.) Possible to be known before they happen (More).

FOREKNOWLEDGE. s. (fore and knowledge.) Prescience; knowledge of that which has not yet happened (Milton).

FORELAND, or FORENESS, in navigation, a point of land jutting out into the sea. In England, there are two promontories or beadlands, called North and South Foreland respectively. The former is the N.E. point of the Isle of Thanet in Kent, and is situated in Jon. 1. 17 E. Greenwich, and lat. 51. 23 N. The latter forms the east point of the Kentish coast, but is called South in respect to its bearing from the former: its lon. is 1. 17 E. and its hat. 51. 12 N.

To FORELA'Y. v. a. (fore and lay.) To Jay wait for; to entrap by ambush (Dryden). To FORELIFT. v. a. (fore and lift.) To raise aloft any anteriour part (Spenser).

FORELÓCK. s. (fore and lock.) The hair that grows from the forepart of the head

FORENAMED. a. (fore and name) Nominated before (Ben Jonson).

FO'RENOON. s. (fore and noon.) The time of day reckoned from the middle point, between the dawn and the meridian, to the meridian (Arbuthnot).

FORENOTICE. s. (fore and notice.) Information of an event before it happens (Rymer).

FORENSIC. a. (forensis, Latin.) Belonging to courts of judicature (Locke).

To FOREORDAIN. v. a. (fore and ordain.) To predestinate; to predetermine; to preordain (Hooker).

FO'REPART. s. (fore and part.) 1. The part first in time (Raleigh). 2. The part anteriour in place (Ray).

FORE/PAST. a. (fore and past.) Past before a certain time (Hammond).

FOREPOSSESSED. a. (fore and possess.) Preoccupied; prepossessed (Sanderson). FORERANK. s. (fore and rank.) First rank; front (Shakspeare).

FORE REACH, in the sea language: a ship is said to fore reach upon another, when both sailing together, one sails better, or outgoes the other.

FORERECITED. a. (fore and recite.) Mentioned or enumerated before (Shakspeare).

To FORERU'N. v. a. (fore and run.) 1. To come before as an earnest of something following (Dryden). 2. To precede; to have the start of (Graunt).

FORERUNNER. s. (from forerun.) 1. A harbinger; a messenger sent before to give notice of the approach of those that follow (Stilling fleet. Dryden). 2. A prognostic; a sign foreshowing any thing (South).

To FORESA'Y. v. a. (fore and say.) To predict; to prophesy; to foretell (Shakspeure).

To FORESEE. v. a. (fore and see.) To see beforehand; to see what has not yet happened (Taular).

To FORESHAME. V. a. (fore and shame.) To shame; to bring reproach upon (Shakspeare).

FORESHIP. s. (fore and ship.) The anteriour part of the ship (Acts).

To FORESHORTEN. v. a. (fore and

#ten.) To shorten figures for the sake of seeing those behind (Dryden).

I FORESHOW. v. a. (fore and show.) 1. To discover before it happens to predict; in prognosticate (Denham). 2. To represent before it comes (Hooker).

FORESIGHT. s. (fore and sight.) 1. Prescience; prognostication; foreknowledge (Milton). 2. Provident care of futurity (Spenxer).

FORESIGHTFUL. a. (foresight and fall.) Pre-cient; provident (Sidney).

To FORESIGNIFY. v. a. (fore and signif.) To betoken beforehand; to foreshow; to typify (Hooker).

FORESKIN. s. (fore and skin.) The prepuce (Cowley).

FORESKIRT. s. (fore and skirt.) The pendulous or loose part of the coat before (Shakspeare).

To FORESLA'CK. v. a. (fore and sluck.) To neglect by idleness (Spenser).

To FORESLOW. v. a. (fore and slow.) 1. To delay; to hinder; to impede (Dryden). 2. To neglect; to omit (Fletcher).

To FORESLO'w. v. n. To be dilatory; to loiter (Shakspeare).

To FORESPEAK. v. n. (fore and speak.) 1. To predict; to foresay (Camden). 2. To forbid (Shakspeare).

1.

FORESPE'NT. a. (fore and spent.) Wasted; tired; spent (Shakspeare). 2. Forepassed; past. (fore and spent.) (Spectator). 3. Bestowed before (Shakspeare). FORESPU'RRER. s. (fore and spur.) One that rides before (Shakspeare).

FOREST, in geography, a huge wood; or a large extent of ground covered with trees. The word is formed of the Latin foresta, which first occurs in the capitulars of Charlemagne, and which itself is derived from the German frost, signifying the same thing. Spelman derives it from the Latin foris restal, by reason that forests are out of towns. Others derive foresta from feris, q. d. Foresta, quoad st tula statio ferarum, as being a safe station or abode for wild beasts. The Caledonian and Hercynian forests are famous in history. The first was a celebrated retreat of the ancient Picts and Scots: the latter anciently occupied the greatest part of Europe; particularly Gerany, Poland, Hungary, &c.

FOREST, in law, is defined by Manwood a certain territory of woody grounds and fruitful pastures, privileged for wild beasts and Fowls of forest, chase, and warren, to rest and abide under the protection of the king, for his princely delight; bounded with unremoveable marks and meres, either known by matter of record or prescription; replenished with wild beasts of venery or chase, with great coverts of vert for the said beasts; for preservation and continuance whereof, the vert and venison, there are certain particular laws, privileges, and officers. Forests are of such antiquity in England, that, excepting the New-Forest in Hampshire, erected by William the Conqueror, and Hampton-Court, erected by Henry VIII.

it is said, that there is no record or history which makes any certain mention of their erection.

FOREST (Beasts of the), are the hart, hind, buck, doe, boar, wolf, fox, hare, &c.

FOREST-COURTS, courts justituted for the government of the king's forests in different paris of the kingdom, and for the punishment of all injuries done to the king's deer or venison, to the vert or greensward, and to the covert in which such deer are lodged.

FOREST-LAWS, are peculiar laws different from the common law of England. Even to this day, in trespasses relating to the forest, voluntas reputabitur pro facto; so that if a man be taken hunting a deer, he may be arrested as if he had taken a deer.

FOREST-TOWNS, in geography, certain towns of Suabia in Germany, lying along the Rhine, and the confines of Switzerland, and subject to the house of Austria. Their names are Rhinefield, Scckingen, Lausenburg, and Waldshut.

FORESTS (Plantation of). This of late has been too much neglected in our own country; whence the high and enormous price of timber of every kind, and the extreme difficulty of obtaining it during war. Even those who are possessed of extensive tracts of woodlands are more generally disposed to con vert them into arable than to maintain them upon their existing use. It is a national evil; but will always be found to accompany a population that demands a larger proportion of grain than the soil actually cultivated produces, and where landed estates are perpetually flitting from hand to hand.

The trees that answer best for fresh plantation are such as grow to a large size, and lofty height, whether deciduous or evergreen: those chiefly employed are the oak, ash, elm, beech, chesnut, maple, birch, alder, poplar, larch, and pine. Many of these are as ornamental as they are useful, and where ornament is principally the object, they may be intermixed with mountain-ash, lime, horse-chesnut, willow, and all the varieties of fir, box, holly, yew, cypress, and cedar.

In forming plantations of this kind, the following rules may be found useful.

Great care should, in the first place, be taken to adapt the trees as much as possible to the soils and situation, as some sorts succeed best on a soil of one kind, and other sorts on a soil of another kind. Thus the oak, elm, maple, and birch, answer well on all the deeper kinds of soil; while those of the ash, beech, chesnut, mountain-ash, larch, pine, box, holly, and yew thrive most perfectly where the soils are light, dry, and friable; at the same time that the alder, willow, and poplar demand a soil where there is a considerable degree of moisture; and the beech, mountain-ash, and larch succeed well in exposed situations.

The manual labour required in laying out a forest is nearly the same as that for fruit trees and shrubs; and though plantations of forest trees need not be so nicely attended to as fruit

trees, yet the better the work is performed, the fairer is the prospect in growing good tim ber: a check by an error at first planting is a loss of time, and a damage done to trees which is sometimes never recovered. To give an instance: the mould is often thrown on the roots of a fore-t tree in lamps, when if a little sifted earth was used, so as just to cover them with fine mould, the trouble would be amply repaid by the quick striking, and future th of the tree.

Ground designed for planting shoale prepared as long as it can beforehand, by the use of the plough or spade; and if some sort of previous cultivation, either in corn or vegetables, was adopted, the soil would be better fitted to receive the trees. At any rate, the places where the trees are to be set should be previously dug somewhat deep, and cleared of rubbish, perennial weeds, couch, &c. If wet, let it be properly drained, for none but aquatics can do well in a cold and very moist soil. In open planting for timber, to make only the holes good where the trees are set, is sufficient, if the soil be not strong (which, generally speaking, however, it should be); and in such plantations, the plough being used for corn, or some sort of crop to be carried off, the whole soil will be prepared for the tree's roots to spread. A plantation of this sort may be constantly under the plough, till the trees shade too much; and then it may be sown down for grass, which lying warin, and coming early, would be found useful. The opportunity given to improve a soil by this cultivation would insure very fine timber. But a plantation of trees being made (as suppose of oaks) at due distances, and the ground ploughed for two or three years, while they get a little ahead, then it might be sown profitably with nuts, keys, and seeds for underwood, observing to thin the plants the second year, and again the third, till two or three feet asunder in poor ground, and to three or four feet distance if rich. In fourteen or fifteen years (or much sooner for some purposes), the ash poles, &c. will be fine, and meet with a ready sale as useful stuff; afterwards the underwood will be fit to cut, in a strong state, every eleven or twelve years. In the management of underwood, some have thinned the plants while young, to three feet asunder, and cut them down at three years, to about six inches, in order to form stools, which in about ten years are cut, having produced several stems from cach. Some persons have cut seedling trees down at this age to three inches for timber, leaving only one strong shoot to grow from each stool; and thus finer trees are frequently (or rather certainly) produced, than from seedlings not cut down. The distances of the timber plants may be from twenty-five to thirty-five feet, according to the soil, or opiDion of the planter. If no view to underwood, the above open planting may be made close, by setting first the principals (which should be fine plants), and then filling up with others that are worse, to within about eight or nine one another. They will at this distance

come to fair timber, or may be thinned at plea sure; and even anong these, a small crop of underwood night be had, which would shelter the timber plants, and help to draw them up straight.

As to little plantations, of thickets, coppices, clumps, and rows of trees, they are to be set close according to their nature, and the particular view the planter has, who will take care to consider the usual size they attain, and their mode of growth. An advantage at home for shade or shelter, and a more distant object of right, will make a difference. For some immate advantage, very close planting may take place, but good trees cannot be thus expected; yet if thinned in time, a straight tall stem is thus procured, which afterwards is cf great advantage.

For little clumps or groups of forest trees (as elms), these may be planted three or four in a spot, within five or six feet of one another, and thus be easily fenced; having the air freely all round, and a good soil, such clumps produce fine timber.

Single trees of every sort grow off apace, and are more beautiful than when in the neighbourhood of others, and particularly firs, pines, larches, limes, walnuts, and chesnuts : the edible fruited chesnut is exceedingly good for timber; but the horse is only ornamental, flourishing most on high dry ground. As to rows of trees, whether single or double, when planted for a screen, they may be set about seven or eight feet asuuder, upon an average, according to their nature, taking care to prune them occasionally from too galling an interference.

Ave

Avenues are now seldom planted; but when they are, two good rows of elms, limes, chesnuts, &c. should be set at the width of the house, at full thirty feet distance in the rows: to thicken which, intermediate plants may be set; and also an inner row, to be removed when the principal trees are full grown. nues to prospects should be fitty or sixty feet wide. The best season for planting deciduous kinds of forest trees is toward the end of October, and for evergreen sorts, the end of March; though the soil, whether light and dry, or heavy and wet, should somewhat direct; evergreen trees being to be planted generally with safety, early in autumn, if the soil is warm; but in all cases trees should be planted in dry weather, that the mould may be loose to drop in, and lie close between the roots, which is a material thing: trees planted in rain or mists are injured by the moisture moulding the roots.

Forest trees for planting are generally preferred rather large, and being so, should not be taken up carelessly, but with as much of an uninjured spread of roots as possible; yet free growing plants, of about three or four feet high, promise in the end to make finer trees than these that are planted larger. Some say they are best at this size from the seed bed; and others, to have been once planted out, having had their tap roots then cut: and generally

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