Examp. Suppose a quantity of malt on the Hoor, 288 inches long, 144 inches broad, and 9 inches deep; required the number of

bushels ?

Ans. 183.21.

2. When malt is in a cistern, or any vessel, the content of the vessel is to be found in cubic inches, by some of the former rules, and then divided by 2150.42, the quotient is the number of bushels.

3. To find the solidity of any irregular solid. Put the irregular body into any vessel, and fill it with water; take out the body, and the water will fall lower, and leave a part of the vessel empty, equal to the solidity of the body to be measured; then measure so much water by a vessel of a known capacity as shall fill up the empty space, and the number of cubic inches in that space, and consequently in the irregular body, will be known.

Gauging Rule, or Sliding Rule, is a sliding rule particularly adapted to the purposes of gauging. It is a square rule, of four faces or sides, three of which are furnished with sliding pieces running in grooves. The lines upon them are mostly logarithmic ones, or distances which are proportional to the logarithms of the numbers placed at the ends of them; which kind of lines was placed upon rulers, by Mr. Edmund Gunter, for expeditiously performing arithmetical operations, using a pair of compasses for taking off and applying the several logarithmic distances: but instead of the compasses, sliding pieces were added, by Mr. Thomas Everard, as more certain and convenient in practice, from whom this sliding rule is often called Everard's Rule. For the more particular description and uses of this rule, see Hutton's Mensuration, p. 564, 2d edition.

The writers on gauging are, Beyer, Kepler, Dechales, Hunt, Everard, Dougherty, Shettleworth, Shirtcliffe, Leadbetter, Moss, Symons, &c.

GAUL, the name given by the Romans to the country that now forms the kingdom of France. The original inhabitants were descended from the Celtes or Gomerians, by whom the greatest part of Europe was peopled; the name of Galli or Gauls being probably given them long after their settlement in that country. See GALLIA.

The Gauls were anciently divided into a great number of different nations, which were continually at war with one another, and at variance among themselves. Cæsar tells us, that not only all their cities, cantons, and dis triets, but even almost all families were divided and torn by factions, and thus undoubtedly facilitated the conquest of the whole. The general character of all these people was an excessive ferocity and love of liberty. They carried this to such an extreme, that either on the appearance of servitude, or incapacity of action through old age, wounds, or chronic diseases, they put an end to their own lives, or prevailed upon their friends to kill them. In cities, when they found themselves so straitly besieged that they could hold out no longer,

instead of thinking how to obtain honourable terms of capitulation, their chief care very often was to put their wives and children to death, and then to kill one another, to avoid being led into slavery. Their excessive love of liberty and contempt of death, according to Strabo, very much facilitated their conquest by Julius Casar; for, pouring their numerous forces upon such an experienced enemy as Cæsar, their want of conduct very soon proved the ruin of the whole.

The chief diversion of the Gauls was hunting; and indeed, considering the vast forests with which their country abounded, and the multitude of wild beasts which lodged in them, they were under an absolute necessity to hunt and destroy them, to prevent the country from being rendered totally uninhabitable. Besides this, however, they had also their hippodromes, horse and chariot races, tilts and tournaments; at all of which the bards assisted with their poems, songs, and musical instru

ments.

The Gauls were excessively fond of feasting, in which they were very profuse; as, like all other northern nations, they were great lovers of good eating and drinking. Their chief liquors were beer and wine. Their tables were very low. They ate but little bread, which was baked flat and hard, and easily broken in pieces; but devoured a great deal of flesh, boiled, roasted, or broiled; and this they did in a very slovenly manner, holding the piece in their hands, and tearing it with their teeth." What they could not part by this way, they cut with a little knife which hung at their girdle. When the company was numerous, the Coryphee, or chief of the feast, who was either one of the richest, or noblest, or bravest, sat in the middle, with the master of the house by his side; the rest took their places next according to their rank, having their servants holding their shields behind them. These feasts seldom ended without bloodshed; but, if by chance the feast proved a peaceable one, it was generally accompanied not only with music and songs, but likewise with dances, in which the dancers were armed capa-pee, and beat time with their swords upon their shields. On certain festivals they were wont to dress themselves in the skins of beasts, and in that attire accompany the processions in honour of their deities or heroes. Others dressed themselves in masquerade habits, some of them very indecent, and played several antic and immodest tricks. This last custom continued long after their supposed conversion to Christianity.

The ancient history of the Gauls is entirely wrapped in obscurity and darkness; all we know concerning them for a long time is, that they multiplied so fast, that, their country being unable to contain them, they poured forth in vast multitudes into other countries, which they generally subdued, and settled themselves in. It often happened, however, that these colonies were so molested by their neighbours, that they were obliged to send for

assistance to their native country. This was always very easily obtained. The Gauls were, upon every occasion, ready to send forth great numbers of new adventurers; and, as these spread desolation wherever they came, the very name of Gauls proved terrible to most of the neighbouring nations. The earliest excursion of these people of which we have any distinct account was into Italy under a famed leader named Bellovesus, about 622 years before Christ. He crossed the Rhone and the Alps, till then unattempted; defeated the Hetrurians, and seized upon that part of their country, since known by the names of Lombardy and Piedmont. The second grand expedition was made by the Cenomani, a people dwelling between the rivers Seine and Loire, under a general named Elitonis. They settled in those parts of Italy now known by the names of Bresciano, Cremonese, Mantuan, Carniola, and Venetian. In a third excursion, two other Gaulish nations settled on both sides of the river Po; and in a fourth, the Boii and Lingones settled in the country between Ravenna and Bologna. The time of these three last expeditions is uncertain.

The fifth expedition of the Gauls was more remarkable than any of the former, and hap. pened about two hundred years after that of Bellovesus. The Senones, settled between Paris and Meux, were invited into Italy by an Hetrurian lord, and settled themselves in Umbria. Brenuus their king laid siege to Clusium, a city in alliance with Rome; and this produced a war with the Romans, in which the latter were at first defeated, and their city taken and burnt; but at length the whole army was cut off by Camillus, insomuch that not a single person escaped.

The Gauls undertook some other expeditions against the Romans; in which, though they always proved unsuccessful, by reason of their want of military discipline, yet their fierceness and courage made them so formidable to the republic, that, on the first news of their march, extraordinary levies of troops were made, sacrifices and public supplications offered to the gods, and the law which granted an immunity from military service to priests and old men was, for the time, abolished.

The Romans, having often felt the effects of the Gaulish ferocity and courage, thought proper at last, in order to humble them, to invade their country. Their first successful attempt was about 118 years before Christ, under the command of Qaintus Marcius, surnamed Rex. He opened a way betwixt the Alps and the Pyrenees, which laid the foundation for conquering the whole country This was a work of immense labour of itself, and rendered still more difficult by the opposition of the Gauls, especially those called the Stoni, who lived at the foot of the Alps. These people, ding themselves overpowered by the consular ariny, set fire to their houses, killed their wives and children, and then threw them selves into the flames. After this Marcius built the city of Narbonne, which became the

capital of a province. His successor Scaurus also conquered some Gaulish nations; and, in order to facilitate the sending troops from Italy into that country, he made several excellent roads between them, which before were almost impassable. These successes gave rise to the invasion of the Cimbri and Teutones. From this time the Gauls ceased to be formidable to the Romans; and soon after their country was totally subjected unto the victorious armies of Julius Cæsar.

GAULE. See MYRTUS BRABANTICA. GAULTHERIA, a genus of the class decandria, order monogynia. Calyx : outer, twoleaved, inner five-cleft; corol ovate; nectary with ten dagger-points; capsule five-ceiled, covered with the inner calyx, now become a berry. There is one species, a small but beautiful shrub of Canada.

GAULUS, in antiquity, a kind of cup. GAUNT. a. (As if gewant, from gepantan, to lessen, Saxon.) Thin; slender; lean; meager (Shakspeare).

GAUNTLY. ad. Leanly; slenderly; meagerly.

GAUNTLET. s. (gantelet, French.) An iron glove used for defence, and thrown down in challenges (Cleaveland).

GAVOT. A dance consisting of two light, lively strains in common time of two crotchets; the first of which contains four or eight bars, and the second eight or twelve, and sometimes sixteen, each beginning and ending with two crotchets, or the half of a bar.

GAVOTTA (Tempi di), an imitation of the time and movement of a gavot, without regard to the measure.

GAURA. In botany, a genus of the class octandria, order monogynia. Calyx four-cleft tubular; corol four-petalled; the petals inclining towards the upper side; nut inferior, oneseeded, four-angled. Three species; natives of North or South America, with flowers resembling those of the arethera or tree-primrose: two of them shrubby, or herbaceous.

GAURS, an ancient sect of the magicians in Persia. They have a suburb at Ispahan, which is called Gaurabad, or the town of the gaurs, where they are employed only in the meanest and vilest drudgery; but they chiefly abound in Kerman, the barrenest province in al! Persia, where the Mahomedans suffer them to live with some freedom, and in the full exercise of their religion. Some years ago many of them fled into India, where their posterity remain. They are a poor harmless sort of people, zealous in their superstition, rigorous in their morals, and exact in their dealings; they profess the worship of one God alone, the belief of a resurrection and a future judgment, and utterly detest all idolatry, though the Ma homedans believe them to be the most guilty of it. It is true they perform their worship before fire, for which they have an extraordinary veneration, is believing it to be the most perfect emblem of the Deny. They have the same veneration for Zoroaster that the Jews have for Moses, esteeming him a prophet sent from God.

GAUTS, mountains of Hindustan, which extend from Surat to Cape Comorin, at the distance generally of about forty miles from the sea, sometimes not more than six, and very seldom sixty. The height is not well known, but supposed to be between 3000 and 4000 feet; which will prevent the great body of clouds from passing over them; and, accordingly, the alternate north-east and south-west winds occasion a rainy season on one side of the mountains only, that is, on the windward side. GAUZE, in commerce, a thin transparent stuff, sometimes woven with silk, and sometimes only of thread. In preparing the silk for making gauze it is wound round a wooden machine six feet high, in the middle of which an axis is placed perpendicularly, with six large wings: on these the silk is wound on bobbins by the revolution of the axis; and, when it is thus placed round the mill it is taken off by means of another instrument, and wound on two beams This is then passed through as many small beads as it has threads, and is thus rolled on another beam in order to supply the loom. Gauzes are either plain or figured; the latter are worked with flowers of silver or gold, on a silk ground, and are chiefly imported from China. Gauzes of excellent quality have, of late years, been manufactured at Paisley.

GAWK. s. (geac, Saxon.) 1. A cuckow. 2. A foolish fellow.

GAWN. s. (corrupted for gallon.) A small tub, or lading vessel.

GA'WNTREE. s. (Scottish.) A wooden frame on which beer casks are set when tun

Ded.

GAY (John), an English poet, was born near Barnstaple in Devonshire. His family being poor, although ancient, he received no other education than what was to be had at the free-school at Barnstaple; which, however, gave him such a taste for literature, that, being afterwards put apprentice to a silk-mercer in London, he was altogether unfit for the business of the counter, and in a few years gave his master a sum of money to be released from his indentures. He now assiduously cultivated poetry, in which he chiefly delighted, and his genius and amiable manners recommended him to the friendship of several eminent persons, and among others, Swift and Pope. His first poem, entitled, Rural Sports, a Georgic, printed in 1711, and dedicated to Pope, gained him new friends; but soon after he was in a desponding state of mind, from the low condition of his finances, and he was incapable of effort when threatened by poverty. duchess of Monmouth appointing him her secretary in 1712, his spirits revived, and he wrote, Trivia, or the Art of Walking the Streets; and the year following his Pastorals. He was now taken to Hanover by the earl of Clarendon, as the secretary of his embassy. On the death of queen Anne he returned to England, and paid his respects to the new court, where he was graciously received, but got nothing. In 1720 his finances were put in

The

a tolerably good condition by a subscription to his poems, published in two volumes, quarto; but he lost the whole in the fatal South Sea scheme, which threw him into a violent fit of illness. On his recovery he wrote his tragedy of the Captives, which he had the honour of reading in manuscript to the princess of Wales; at whose desire he wrote his Fables for the use of the Duke of Cumberland. His Beggar's Opera had a run unparalleled in the history of the theatre; and though the sequel to it, called Polly, was not permitted to appear on the stage, yet as it was published by subscription, it added considerably to his finances: but the moral tendency of both these pieces was extremely bad. He died Dec. 11th, 1732, and his body was interred in Westminster-abbey, and a monument erected to his memory by his generous patrons the duke and duchess of Queensberry.

GAY. a. (gay, French.) 1. Airy; cheerful; merry; frolic (Pope). 2. Fine; showy (Baruch).

GAY. s. (from the adjective.) An ornament; an embellishment (L'Estrange).

GA'YETY. s. (gayeté, French.) 1. Cheerfulness; airiness; merriment. 2. Acts of juvenile pleasure (Denham). 3. Finery; show (Shakspeare).

GAYLY. ad. (from gay.) 1. Merrily; cheerfully; airily. 2. Splendidly; pompously (Pope).

GA'YNESS. s. (from gay.) Gayety; finery. GAZA, an ancient and celebrated town of Palestine, three miles from the sea, with a harbour called New Gaza. It is at present very small; but we may judge by the ruins that it was formerly a considerable place. There is a castle near it, where a bashaw resides. It is 50 miles S. W. of Jerusalem. Lon. 34. 45 E. Lat. 31. 28 N.

To GAZE. v. n. (gerean, to see, Saxon.) To look intently and earnestly; to look with eagerness (Fairfax).

To GAZE. v. a. To view stedfastly (Mil

ton).

GAZE. s. (from the verb.) 1. Intent regard; look of eagerness or wonder; fixed look (Spenser). 2. The object gazed on (Milton). GA'ZER. s. (from gaze.) He that gazes; one that looks intently with eagerness or admiration (Spenser).

GAʼZEFUL. a. (gaze and full.) Looking intently (Spenser).

GAZE-HOUND, an obsolete name for the grey-hound, but far more appropriate the grey-hound pursuing by gaze, or sight, alone, and not by scent.

GAZELLE, in mastiology. See ANTE

LOPE.

GAZETTE, a newspaper or printed account of the transactions of all the countries in the known world, in a loose sheet, or half sheet. This name is with us confined to that paper of news published by authority.

The first gazette in England was published at Oxford, the court being there, Nov. 7, 1665. On the removal of the court to London the gazette was published there. In this work

are recorded all commissions and promotions in the army; all state appointments of consequence, with a variety of matters interesting to men of business and others.

GAZETTEER. s. (from gazette.) A writer of news.

The term has been frequently applied as the title of an alphabetical account of the principal countries, scas, counties, lakes, towns, rivers, &c. upon the earth. Thus, we have Brooks's Gazetteer, Walker's Gazetteer, Crutwell's Gazetteer, &c.

GAZING-STOCK. s. (gaze and stock.) A person gazed at with scorn or abhorrence.

GAŽNA, a city of Asia, once much celebrated, and the capital of a very extensive empire, but which is now either entirely ruined, or become of so little consideration that it is not taken notice of in our books of geography. This city was anciently an empory and fortress of Sablestan, not far from the confines of India.

GAZONS, in fortification, turfs, or pieces of fresh earth covered with grass, cut in form of a wedge, about a foot long, and half a foot thick, to line or face the outside of works made of earth, to keep them up, and prevent their mouldering.

GAZOPHYLACIUM, in the Jewish antiquities, according to the Greek etymology of yala, treasure, and puλarlw, I heep, signifies the treasury chamber. Mark xii. 41, 43. Luke xxi. 1.

GAZOPHYLAX, rapuna, in antiquity, an officer who had the care and management of the treasure belonging to the kings of Per

sia.

G DOUBLE, in music, the octave below G gammut.

GEAR. s. (gynian, Saxon, to clothe.) 1. Furniture; accoutrements; dress; habit; ornaments (Fairfax). 2. The traces by which horses or oxen draw (Chapman). 3. Stuff (Shakspeare).

GEASON. a. Wonderful (Spenser).

GEAT. s. (corrupted from jelt.) The hole through which the metal runs into the mold (Moxon).

GEBER (John), an Arabian physician and astronomer, who lived in the ninth century. He wrote a Commentary on the Syntaxis Magna of Ptolemy, in nine books, in which he professed to correct the astronomy of that noted author; but Copernicus called him the calumniator of Ptolemy. He was the author of other works, and Boerhaave speaks of him as a learned chemist. His works are written in a strange jargon, insomuch that Dr. Johnson thinks the word gibberish is probably derived rom the cant of Geber.

blocks or plates, containing letters for a whole page or sheet. The Chinese and Japanese practised this method with blocks of wood, and Coster, the European inventor of the mode now usually practised, first followed their method. Ged, with others, entered into an engagement with the university of Cambridge, to print bibles and common-prayer-books in the new manner; but a large sum of money was sunk, and the project abandoned. Ged imputed the failure principally to the dishonesty and opposition of the pressmen. Having returned to Scotland, he printed an edition of Sallust, with his plates. He died in 1749, in reduced circumstances.

GEDDES (Alexander), a noted Roman catholic priest, was born at Arradowl in the county of Banff, in Sept. 1737. After receiv ing some private tuition, he was removed to Scalan, an obscure place of education in the Highlands; and from thence, in 1758, to the Scotch college, in Paris. During his stay here he was very attentive to his different studies, and particularly to that of the Hebrew language. He returned to Scotland in 1764, and officiated as priest to the catholics in the county of Angus: in 1765 he removed to Traquaire; and in 1769 undertook the charge of a considerable Roman catholic congregation at Auchinhalrig, in Banffshire: this charge he resigned in 1779. His great learning, which began now to be universally known among the literati of the north, obtained for him in the year 1780 a diploma, creating him Doctor of Laws, from the university of Aberdeen. This was an honour that had never, since the reformation, been conferred by that body on a Roman catholic. About this period Dr. Geddes came to London, and preached occa sionally at the chapel in Duke-street, Lincoln's inn-fields, till Easter 1782, when, we believe, he totally declined the exercise of all clerical functions. It was much earlier than this that he formed a design of giving a new Translation of the whole Bible: about the year 1760 he began to read with this view, and paid a close attention to the subject for many years. The first volume of his Translation was published in 1792, and dedicated to his patron lord Petre: it contained the first six books of the Old Testament. The 2d volume did not appear till 1797. In the preface to this volume, Dr. Geddes distinctly relinquishes, and boldly controverts, the doctrine of the absolute and plenary inspiration of the Scriptures; he places the Hebrew historians, in the scale of merit and of accuracy, much lower than the historians of Greece and Rome; and gives up as fabulous such divine commands, precepts, and injunctions, as seemed to his mind unworthy even of human authority. In this view of the subject he denied that the command given to de stroy the Canaanites could be of divine origin; and supported his opinion by a curious species of argumentation: among other reasons equally as singular and nearly as ridiculous, he says he cannot believe the story of the divine command for the destruction of the Canaanites, because

if he had been one of that nation, he would not have submitted to the punishment! Risum teneatis amici? On this subject, we trust, the sceptical reader may peruse with advantage our article CANAANITES.-Besides the translation of the early books of the Bible, and the critical Remarks, he published some smail tracts in defence of his opinions. He also wrote a Modest Apology for the Roman Catholics of Great Britain, which was published in 1800. Many lighter works, poetical, satirical, and political, are attributed to Dr. Geddes; but as they are not identified by his name, we think it unnecessary to give a list of them here. Dr. Geddes died Feb. 26, 1802. He was a man of profound and extensive erudition, of deep research, and indefatigable application; he was an enthusiastic propagator of his particular opinions respecting the scripture historians; but as these are reckoned not only erroneous but even dangerous, by the majority of Christians, it is no wonder that his publications on these subjects diminished that respect which all men of learning would otherwise have entertained for him. Au interesting account of the life and writings of this erudite and extraordinary man, was published by Mr. John Mason Good, F.R.S. in one vol. 8vo.

GEESE. The plural of goose.

GEFLE, the capital of the province of Gestrike, in Sweden. It is not far from the Baltic, and is the most commercial town in the north ern part of Sweden. Lat. 63 N. Lon. 17 E. GEGENES, flavus, a name which the ancients commonly appropriated to themselves, signifying sons of the earth.

GEHENNA, a scripture term, which has given some pain to the critics. It occurs in St. Matthew v. 22. 29. 30. x. 28. xviii. 9. xxiii. 15.33. Mark ix. 43. 45. 47. Luke xii. 5. James iii. 6. The word is formed from the Hebrew gehinnom, i. e. valley of Hinnom. In that valley, which was near Jerusalem, was a place named Tophet, where children were sacrificed alive to Moloch. It was afterwards made a receptacle for the filth of the city, where fires were continually burning to consume it. In most of the above passages the word manifestly refers to future punishment; and is properly used to denote an unextinguish

able fire.

GELATIN. In the new chemical nomenclature, a name appropriated to that extractive matter, which, on boiling animal substances in water, appears in the form of a solid but tremulous jelly. It contains much saccharine substance, and hence, contrary to what occurs in albumen, undergoes the acetous fermentation, and especially in graminivorous animals, after which it enters progressively into the putrid fermentation. From its sugar it gives out when combined with nitric acid the oxalic acid; and when distilled and dried it resembles horn.

Gelatin, according to its degree of moisture, is mucus, or mucilage; size, or glue; or isinglass: the first containing the greatest proportion of water, the last the smallest; and while

in all these various forms resembling vegetable matter, it mostly resembles it in its mucilaginous state; it combines with albumen in the production of the membranes of the viscera, muscle, skin, hair, feather, scale, hoof, and nail; the softest of all which, or those possessed of the largest portion of gelatin, are the substances most easily disposed to putrefaction.

The component parts of gelatin, when chemically analyzed, are carbon, hydrogen, azot, saccharine matter, phosphoric acid, inuriatic acid, and lime of soda. It exists in the blood, in conjunction with albumen and fibrin, and is one of the chief elementary substances of the animal frame.

Animal mucus, or mucilage, is a somewhat clammy, insipid, whitish, or colourless fluid; uncoagulable by heat, but leaving, after a gentle evaporation to dryness, a small proportion of slimy tenacious matter, much resembling gelatin in appearance, and in being equally resoluble in water. The saliva is perhaps the best example of simple animal mucilage in the human body, but it is found more copiously in other animals, as, for example, in the snail, and the oyster. In some respects animal mucus differs from gelatin; for it is readily soluble in cold water, and has no proper gelatinizing power, or, in other words, a hot solution does not stiffen it, nor does it approach apparently more to the solid state by cooling; its degree of viscidity seeming to depend simply on the proportion of water in the solution, without regard to temperature. Mr. Hatchett, however, considers mucus as a species of gelatin, though at the opposite extreme of tenacity from the stiffest glue obtained from condensed skin.

One of the most singular combinations of gelatin, and that which is most useful as a chemical test, is with tan. If a solution of gelatin, of glue, for example, or isinglass, be added to an infusion of oak bark, galis, catechu, or any other vegetable that contains the tanning principle, a copious white precipitate separates, which, when the respective liquors are concentrated, may be collected by the fingers with great ease, and forms a singular grey ductile mass, smelling like tanned leather, and which dries into a dark, brown brittle mass, of the appearance of resin, insoluble in water, and incapable of putrefaction.

The species of gelatin called glue, is supposed to be made with greater perfection in this country than in any other, and hence, is in great repute as an article of commerce. It is manufactured from the parings of hides or horns of any kind, the pelts obtained from furriers, the hoofs and ears of horses, oxen, calves, sheep. These are first cleaned by being digested in lime-water: they are then boiled in a cauldron with water, the filth that remains being skimmed off as it rises, and a little alum or lime being added to assist the cleansing still farther. The mass is then strained through baskets and suffered to settle, to be still further exonerated of its impurities. It is then returned to the kettle, and farther evaporated by boiling, till it becomes of a clear