and then went on over the battle-scarred South to Washington. May 10, Jefferson Davis was captured. When Lee fled from Richmond, Davis hurried to Charlotte, N.C., with his cabinet, his clerks, and such gold and silver coin as was in the Confederate Treasury. But the surrender of Johnston forced Davis to retreat still farther south, till he reached Irwinsville, Georgia, where the Union cavalry overtook him.

452. The Grand Army disbands. - As this was the end of the Confederacy, the great Union army of citizen soldiers, numbering more than 1,000,000 men, was called home from the field and disbanded. Before these veterans separated, never to meet again with arms in their hands, they were reviewed by the President, Congress, and an immense throng of people who came to Washington from every part of the loyal states to welcome them. During two days (May 23 and 24, 1865) the soldiers of Grant and Sherman, forming a column thirty miles long, marched down Pennsylvania Avenue, and then, with a rapidity and quietness that seems almost incredible, scattered and went back to their farms, to their shops, to the practice of their professions, and to the innumerable occupations of civil life.

Of the Confederates not one was molested, not a soldier was imprisoned, not a political leader suffered death. Davis was ordered to be imprisoned at Fortress Monroe for two years, but he was soon released on bail, was never brought to trial, and died at New Orleans in 1889.

SUMMARY

1. After the election of Lincoln seven states seceded from the Union, and formed the "Confederate States of America."

2. Four other states joined the Confederacy later.

3. The refusal of the United States to recognize the right to secede led to the refusal to give up Federal forts in Charleston harbor. The attempt to take Sumter by force led to the appeal to arms.

4. The line along which the troops of the two governments faced each other ran from Chesapeake Bay, across Virginia and central Kentucky and Missouri, to New Mexico.

5. While the Union troops held the Confederates in check on the eastern end of the line, Grant and the western troops broke through the line in Kentucky, and, aided by the Union fleet, opened the Mississippi River. 6. The Confederates were thus driven from the Mississippi and forced back to the mountains of Georgia. Sherman was sent against them, and in 1864 marched eastward through the heart of the Confederacy to the Atlantic.

7. Marching north from Savannah, across Georgia and South Carolina, to Goldsboro in North Carolina, he was now in the rear of the Confederate army in Virginia.

8. Grant, meantime, with the Army of the Potomac, had surrounded Petersburg on the north, and had sent Sheridan down the Shenandoah valley to close it in on the southwest.

9. Lee was thus forced, early in 1865, to leave Richmond, and while retreating westward he was forced to surrender.

Buchanan attempts to provision Fort Sumter.
Star of the West fired on.

Lincoln inaugurated.

Lincoln attempts to provision Fort Sumter.
The fort bombarded. The surrender.

Arkansas, North Carolina, Virginia,
and Tennessee secede.
Richmond made the capital of the
Confederacy.

The call to arms.

The march to Washington.
Fight in the streets of Baltimore.

Fighting in the West. 1861-1862. Breaking the Confederate line.

The war opens.

Fighting along the Potomac and in Virginia. 1861. The attempt to take Richmond.

Battle of Bull Run.

two.

After defeat of Pope, he rushes into Maryland, where, at Antietam, he is defeated, and goes back to Richmond.

END OF THE WAR.

CHAPTER XXVIII

WAR ALONG THE COAST AND ON THE SEA

453. State of our Navy in 1861. - On the day our flag went down at Sumter, the navy of the United States consisted of ninety vessels of every sort. Fifty of these were sailing ships. Forty were propelled by steam. Of the steam fleet

one was on the Lakes, five were unserviceable, seventeen were in foreign parts, and nine laid up in navy yards and out of service. Eight steam vessels (one a mere tender) and five sailing vessels (a fleet of thirteen) made up the naval force of the United States that was available for actual service on April 15, 1861.

454. The Work before the Navy. The duty of the navy

was to

1. Blockade a coast 1900 miles long.

2. Capture the seaports and forts scattered along this coast from Norfolk in Virginia to the Rio Grande in Texas. 3. Acquire control of the sounds and bays, as Chesapeake, Albemarle, Pamlico, Mobile, and Galveston.

4. Assist the army in opening the Mississippi, Arkansas, and Red rivers.

5. Destroy all Confederate cruisers and protect the commerce of the United States.

To accomplish this great work, the seventeen vessels abroad were recalled (a slow process in days when no ocean cable existed), more were hastily built, and in time 400 merchantmen and river steamboats were bought and roughly adapted at the navy yards for war service.

455. The Blockade of the Southern Coast. The war on sea was opened (April 19-27, 1861) by two proclamations of Lincoln declaring the coast from Virginia to Texas blockaded. This meant that armed vessels were to be stationed off the seaports of the South, and that no ships from any country were to be allowed to go in or out of them. To stop trade with the South was important for three reasons:

1. The South had no ships, no great gun factories, machine shops, or rolling mills, and must look to foreign countries for military supplies.

2. The South raised (in 1860) 4,700,000 bales of cotton, almost all of which was sold to England and the North, and if this cotton should be sent abroad, the South could easily buy with it all the guns, ships, and goods she needed. 3. England was dependent on the South for raw cotton, and would sell for it everything the South wanted in exchange.

The blockade, therefore, was to cut off the trade and supplies of the South, and so weaken her. But as England, a great commercial nation, wanted her cotton, it was certain that unless the blockade was rigorous and close, cotton would be smuggled out and supplies sent in.

456. The Blockade Runners. Now this is just what did happen. The blockade in the course of 1861 was made close, by ships stationed off the ports, sounds, and harbors. The hulks of old whalers were loaded with stone and sunk in the channels, and to get in or out became more difficult. As a result the price of cotton fell to eight cents a pound in the South (because there was nobody to buy it) and rose to fifty cents a pound in England (because so little was to be had). Then "running the blockade" became a regular business. Goods of all sorts were brought from England to Nassau in the West Indies, where they would be put on board of vessels built to run the blockade. These blockade runners were long, low steam vessels which drew only a few feet of water and had great speed. Their hulls were but a few feet out of water and were painted