93. Plate LX represents the parts of a CASEMENT or FRENCH WINDOW and its SHUTTERS, Figure 1 is a vertical section through the window showing its parts.

Figure 2 is a plan of the window-frame and shutters, showing the manner in which they fold into the boxings.

Figure 3 is an elevation of part of the lower part of the window, showing the continuation of the plinth round the window recess.

In fig. 1 w is the stone sill with the wooden sill S rebated to fit down upon it. B is the bottom rail of the casement, with a metal stop or weather-bar to prevent rain blowing in. Under the bottom rail a hollow is sunk to collect the water which does get in, and from whence it is let out by a very small copper tube inserted in the sill in an inclined direction, so that the water may run to the outside. M is the meeting rails when the casement does not open the whole height; to these we often add a thin plate of brass screwed to the upper rail so as to cover the external joint, as a further guard to keep out the rain. T is the top rail of the casement, and H the head of the frame; and we usually allow a space of about 2 inches above the head of the casement for the reception of roller blinds. A is the architrave, and P its plinth.

In fig. 2, F is the jamb of the window frame; and in setting out the parts, a space is allowed between the shutters, when closed, and the casement for the projection of the handles and fastenings both of the shutters and casements; and the same space allows room for the blind to be down when the shutters are closed.

The same general principles of construction apply to Gothic casements, the differences being chiefly confined to the forms and characters of the mouldings.

94. Where shutters are not splayed a similar construction is adopted, an example for a sashwindow is shown in fig. 1, plate LXI.

The parts A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, fig. 1, form the section of the sash-frame, A is the pulleystile of the sash-frame; B, the inside lining; C, the outside lining; D, the back lining; and E and F, the weights to balance the sash; H, is a section of the inside bead of the sash-frame; G, the parting-bead, which serves to separate the upper from the lower sash, in order that they may work freely and independently of each other.

Here the pulley-stile, A, is tongued into the inside lining, B, and into the outside lining, C. The back-lining, D, laps over the edge of the outside lining, C, and is tongued into the inside lining B, the parts K, I, B, form a recess for receiving the shutters, and this recess is called the boxing. I, is called the back-lining of the boxing, and is tongued into the inside lining of the sash-frame; K, is a ground, of which the outside is flush with the plaster. The inside lining of the boxing is also tongued into the ground K. R is an architrave, or pilaster.

Figure 2, is a vertical section of the wood-work of the sash-frame, and the parts connected with it. H, is the inside bead, forming a rebate for the lower sash to fall into. This bead is tongued into the sill to prevent rain blowing in at the joint. N, is the bottom rail of the lower sash. O, the sill of the sash-frame, and P, the section of the back lining of the window; with its capping, Q, tongued into the window sill.

95. Figure 3, is a section of a sash-frame and shutters, where the wall is not sufficiently thick to admit of boxing-room for the shutters. Here ABECD is a framed casing of wood, in order to receive the shutters, the shutters are made in two folds, F and G, the one F, being parallel to the wall, and connected to the other, G, by a rule-joint, and G is connected to the sash-frame by but-hinges. This mode of managing the shutters covers too large a proportion of the wall of the room, and is therefore not often adopted.