from the obligation to buy it, if he has honestly endeavoured to purchase it, and buys another estate of equal value for the aggregation. (a)

The person who accepts the property limited to him by the mayorazgo, is presumed to have assented to the obligation imposed on him, and is bound to perform it.

The judgment which established the right of succession to the mayorazgo, includes, and is executable against the property aggregated, although no mention is made of the latter.

All the conditions to which the original property in the mayorazgo might be made subject, attach on that which is added. (b)

If it be desired to engage in a more minute investigation of the subjects of the three preceding sections, the following titles of the Corpus Juris Civilis should be consulted:

"De Hæredibus Instituendis, Inst. lib. 2, tit. 14. Dig. lib. 28, tit. 5. Cod. lib. 6, tit. 25, De Instit. &c., and tit. 27, de Necess. De Vulgari et Pupillari Substitutione, Inst. lib. 2, tit. 15, 16. Dig. lib. 28, tit. 6, and De Conditionibus Institutionum, Ib. tit. 7. Cod. lib. 6, tit. 26, De Impuberum et aliis Substitutionibus. De Legatis, Inst. lib. 2, tit. 20. De Fidei-commissariis Hæreditatibus, ib. tit. 23, and de Singulis Rebus per Fidei-commissum Relictis, tit. 24.

commiss. Dig. lib. 30, 31, 32.

De Legatis et FideiCod. lib. 6, tit. 37,

42, 43, and tit. 38 de Verborum et Rerum Significatione, and tit. 48, De Incertis Personis. Ad Senatus-Consultum-Trebellianum, Dig. lib. 36, tit. 1, 2. Cod. lib. 6, tit. 49. De Annuis Legatis et Fidei-commissis, Dig. lib. 33, tit. 1, and De Usu et Usufructu per Legatum vel Fidei-commissum, tit. 2. Cod. lib. 6, tit. 47, de Usuris et Fructibus Legatorum seu Fidei-commissorum.

(a) L. 10, tit. 9, Part. 6.

(b) Febrero, tit. 3, c. 5.

De Alimentis vel Cibariis Legatis, Dig. lib. 34, tit. 1. De his quæ Pœnæ Causâ relinquuntur, Dig. lib. 34, tit. 6. Cod. lib. 6, tit. 41, De his quæ Pœnæ Nomine in Testamento, vel Codicillis scribuntur vel relinquuntur. Ut Legatorum vel Fidei-com. Servand. Causa caveatur, Dig. lib. 36, tit. 3. Cod. lib. 6, tit. 54, Ut in Possessionem. De Conditionibus, et Demonstrationibus, Dig. lib. 35, tit. 1. Cod. lib. 6, tit. 44, De Falsâ Causâ Adjectâ Legato vel Fidei-commisso, and tit. 45, De his quæ sub modo Legata vel Fidei-commissa relinquuntur, and tit. 46, De Conditionibus insertis tam Legatis quàm Fidei-commissis, et Libertatibus. De Donationibus, Inst. lib. 2, tit. 7. Dig. lib. 39, tit. 5. Cod. lib. 8, tit. 54, 55, 56.-De Obligationibus et Actionibus, Dig. lib. 44, tit. 7. Cod. lib. 4, tit. 10. De Verborum Obligationibus, Inst. lib. 3, tit. 16, and Dig. lib. 45, tit. 1, and De Contrahendâ et Committendâ Stipulatione, Cod. lib. 8, tit. 38. De Inutilibus, Stipulationibus, Inst. lib. 3, tit. 20, and Cod. lib. 8, tit. 39.

Amongst the various Commentaries on the preceding titles, recourse may be had to those of Brunneman, Vinnius, Zoesius, Tulden, Faber, Perezius, Wissenbach, and Voet; to the Fidei-commissaria Materiæ Tractatus of Marzarius; the Epitome Legatorum et Fidei-commissorum of A. Mattheacius; Peregrinus de Fideicommissis, by Censalius; Fusarius de Substitutionibus; the titles De Hæredibus Instituendis; De Pupillari, Exemplari, Reciprocá, Compendiosa, Substitutione; De Alienatione Prohibitá, de Legitima Trebellianica Deductione, et Majoratus. In Covarruvias; Gomez, in 1. 40, and the titles De Substitut. Vulgari, De Substitut. Fidei-commis. and De Donatione, in his Variæ Resolutiones; part 3, const. 8, of the Jurisp. Forens. Rom. of Carpzovius; and the title Fidei-commissum, in Muller's Promptuarium. In Groenewegen's De Legibus in Hollandia Abrogatis et Inusitatis; the works of Grotius; the Commentaries of Voet; the Reports of

Christinæus, Sande, Neostad, and Stockman; and the Censura Forensis of Van Leeuwen, it may be seen in what respects the law of Holland deviated from the civil law.

For the law of France, on the subject of substitutions, recourse must be had to Pothier's Traité des Substitutions; the official correspondence of the Chancellor D'Aguesseau; the Traité des Substitutions Fidei-commissaires, by Thévenot D'Essaule de Savigny; the title Substitution, in Merlin's Repertoire Univers.; and the works of Toullier, Duranton, and the treatise of Grenier on Donations.

The Louisiana Code follows the Code Civil in prohibiting substitutions. The following cases, which have been decided in the courts of that state, afford much useful information on this branch of law: Prejean's Heirs v. Le Blanc, 3 Louisiana Rep. 19; Fusilier v. Massey, 4 ib. 424; Arnaud v. Tarbe, ib. 504; Duplessis v. Kennedy, 6ib. 231; Cloutier v. Lecomte, 3 Martin's Rep. 485; Farrar v. M'Cutcheon, 4 Martin's N. S. 45 ; Mathurin v. Livaudais, 5 Martin's N. S. 302.

The system of Entails under the law of Spain, is explained in the writings of the Spanish jurists already cited; the laws of the Partidas, Part. 2, tit. 15, Partida

6, tit. 4, et seq. The Novisima Recopilacion, lib. 10, tit. 17. Garcias, de Nobilitate Hispanorum; Molina, de Hispan. de Primogen., Palacios, and the chapters in tit. 3 of Febrero Novisimo should also be consulted.

SECTION IV.

MODIFICATIONS OF, OR ESTATES AND INTERESTS IN REAL PROPERTY, UNDER THE LAW OF SCOTLAND.

I. Feudal lands-Dominium directum-Dominium utile-The fee simple or absolute-Reserved or real burthens-Faculties or powers to burthen— Conditions.

II. Entails-Different kinds of entail-Entail of simple destinationWith prohibitory clauses-Entails with irritant and resolutive clauses -Act of 1685, c. 22, applies only to heritable rights-Effect of limitation of moveable property-Clauses inserted in an entail in conformity with the act-Registration-Infeftment-By whom entail may be made-Its effect on entailer-On his creditors-The institute-Conditional institute-Substitute-Effect of prescription on their interests— Completing the titles of the entailed estate-Construction of entails, and of prohibitions-Question of grassum-Powers of administration by heir -Improvements-Provisions for widow and children-Acts of contravention-By and against whom declarator of irritancy may be pursuedPurgation of irritancy.

III. Limited estates of life-rent and fee.

IV. Conjunct rights.

V. Life-rent.

VI. Trusts.

I. IN Scotland all lands are feudal, except those which are the king's own property, the superiority which the Sovereign, as the fountain of feudal rights, reserves to himself in the property of his subjects, and churches, churchyards, manors, and glebes. The subjects thus excepted are allodial.

In feudal lands there is the superiority, and the property. The former is called dominium directum, and the person in whom it is vested, the superior. There are beneficial interests incident to it, which are available to creditors. The holder is entitled to draw feu-duties, and to reap occasional advantages on the entry of heirs, or purchasers, or creditors.

The property, or the right of actual occupation and enjoyment, is called the dominium utile, and the person in whom it is vested is the vassal.

The estate, both in respect of the dominium directum and dominium utile, is called a fee, fief, or feud, and sometimes a feu, although the latter term is more frequently applied to holdings in fee-farm. The donee is called the fiar. The fee is simple, or taillie. The fee simple is the estate whereof the fiar is absolute proprietor, and the fee descends to his heirs whatsoever, that is, his heirs of line or heirs at law, who succeed by provision of law. He may alienate it at his pleasure by conveyance, or deed inter vivos, although not by testament nor on deathbed.

A taillied fee, or tailzie, is where the line of succession is cut or altered, and others than the lineal heirs are called to the succession, or burthens and restrictions are imposed on them in the exercise of their rights. The limitations and restrictions of taillied fees may be such, that the person seized in the fee can scarcely be called a fiar, for his power over the property may not be greater than that of a liferenter.

The fee simple may be burdened with a determinate sum or annuity, to be paid to the granter, or to a third party; this is called burden by reservation, or real burden. The burden must be expressed in the deed itself in such terms as to constitute a real charge on the lands. (a)

The specific amount, and the name of the creditor, must be distinctly stated, and both be regularly inserted in the disponee's investiture, or infeftment, for no perpetual unknown incumbrance can remain on land. (b)

The party in whose favour a real burden is imposed

(a) Dec. 14, 1698, Countess of Rothes, Dict. p. 10,288. July, 1719, Creditors of Coxton, Dict. p. 10,244. Erskine, b. 2, tit. 3, n. 49.

(b) Creditors of Broughton v. Gordon, 20th June, 1739, Dict. p. 10,247. Stenhouse v. Innes, &c., 21st Feb. 1765, Dict. p. 10,264. Stair, b. 2, tit. 3, p. 259, note c.