THE ESSENTIALS OF ARITHMETIC ORAL AND WRITTEN Book I FOR LOWER GRADES GORDON A. SOUTHWORTH SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, SOMERVILLE, MASSACHUSETTS οὐ πόλλ ̓ ἀλλὰ πολύ BENJ. H. SANBORN & CO. BOSTON, U.S.A. 1902 dual 119.00.800 1902, Oct.2.1 Dept. of Education Library, THE ESSENTIALS OF ARITHMETIC. Book I. For Lower Grades. THE ESSENTIALS OF ARITHMETIC. Book II. For Both books are published with and without answers. Key to Book II. for use of Teachers only. Harvard College Library Dec. 20, 1918. Transferred from COPYRIGHT, 1893, BY GORDON A. SOUTHWORTH. Norwood Press: J. S. Cushing & Co. - Berwick & Smith. This book is designed for use within the third-, fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-year grades of public schools. Whether it shall be used three years or four depends upon the length of the course and the time allotted to the subject of arithmetic. It assumes such knowledge of numbers as may generally be acquired in the pupil's first two school years. The present tendency to subordinate arithmetic to other studies is recognized, and hence some subjects, hitherto made prominent in text-books, have been presented less fully, or altogether omitted. In the preparation of the book two objects have been constantly in view: first, the training of the pupil in thinking and reasoning about matters involving the use of numbers. This has been mainly done by dealing with small numbers only, and with such subjects as the subsequent needs of the pupil will require him to know and use. The second object has been to secure through abundant and varied exercises and practice the accuracy and facility in the more mechanical uses of numbers required by the demands of business. The work to be done has been arranged, not topically on the assumption that one subject is to be finished before even the elements of another are begun, but in the order of study which prevails in the best schools. An ample index, however, is available for those who may still prefer the old plan. Oral and written exercises in the same subject are presented generally on opposite pages, and in nearly equal number. Principles and processes are developed and taught without formal rules by induction, illustrations, and examples, and are to be fixed by continued practice. It is believed that this book thoroughly completed will not only qualify pupils to continue their grammar-school course to the best advantage, but that it will also secure such a practical knowledge of numbers as will meet the future requirements of the less fortunate whose circumstances may compel them to leave school earlier. iii |