III. English Money 153. English Money is the currency of Great Britain. NOTES.-1. The gold coins are the sovereign (= £1), and the halfsovereign. 2. The silver coins are the crown (= 5s.), the half-crown (= 2s. 6d.), the florin, the shilling, and the six-penny, four-penny and three-penny pieces. 3. The copper coins are the penny, halfpenny and farthing. 4. The guinea (= 21s.) and the half-guinea (= 10s. 6d. sterling), are old gold coins, and are no longer coined. From the foregoing we have the following rule for Reduction Descending a. Multiply the highest denomination by that number which will reduce it to the next lower and add the given number of that denomination, if any. b. Proceed in the same manner with the results obtained in each denomination until the whole is reduced. 155. To perform reduction ascending. 2. Reduce 3307 farthings to pounds. SOLUTION 4)3307 far. 12) 826d. + 3 far. 20) 68s + 10d. £38s. £3 8s. 10d. 3 far. From the foregoing we have the following rule for Reduction Ascending a. Divide the given number by that number which will reduce it to the next higher denomination. b. Divide the quotient by the next higher number in the same manner; and so proceed to the highest denomination required. The last quotient, with the several remainders will be the answer. NOTE. Reduction descending and reduction ascending mutually prove each other. 3. Reduce £23 9s. 8d. 3 far. to farthings. 7. In 17852 far. how many pounds? 10. In £1428 how many pence? WEIGHT 156. Weight is the measure of the force of gravity which draws all bodies towards the center of the earth. The standard of weight in the United States is the troy pound. 157. There are three kinds of weights used in the United States, viz.: Avoirdupois, Troy and Apothecaries. I. Avoirdupois Weight 158. Avoirdupois or Commercial Weight is used for weighing ordinary articles, such as groceries, farm produce and all metals except the precious metals. NOTES.-1. In the United States Custom House and in wholesale transactions in coal and iron, the long ton is used. 2. The avoirdupois pound is determined from the standard troy pound, and contains 7000 troy grains. 159. Gross Weight is the weight of the goods together with the box, cask or whatever contains them. 160. Net Weight is the weight of the goods alone. Tare is the allowance made for the weight of the packing. When grain and seeds are bought and sold by weight so many pounds are considered as a bushel. The following table gives the weights in general use: NOTE. See page 352 for weights of other articles. 1. Reduce 3 cwt. 2 lbs. to pounds. 2. Reduce 2 T. 5 cwt. to pounds. 3. Reduce 5 cwt. 15 lbs. 13 oz. to ounces. 4. Reduce 2 cwt. 14 lbs. 3 dr. to drams. 5. Reduce 3 T. 7 cwt. 18 lbs. 11 oz. 14 dr. to drams. 7. In 12600 lbs. how many tons? 11. A merchant bought 4 T. 8 cwt. 42 lbs. of castings at 12c per pound. What did the whole cost him? 12. A coal dealer bought 176960 lbs. of hard coal at $5.25 per long ton and sold it at $5.75 per short ton. What did he gain? 13. A grocer bought 3 hogsheads of sugar: The first weighing 8 cwt. 13 lbs. at 4c per pound; the second weighing 7 cwt. 82 lbs. at 4c per pound; the third weighing 9 cwt. 43 lbs. at 4ğc per pound. He sold the whole by retail at 5c per pound. What was his net profit? 14. Bought 5 barrels of pork at 7c per pound and sold it at 9c per pound. What was my gain? 15. What is the weight of 250 barrels of flour? 16. A grocer bought 3 barrels of salt at $1.25 per barrel, and retailed it at of a cent per pound. What did he gain? 17. At 45c per bushel what will be the value of 4865 lbs. of shelled corn? 18. A farmer sold 8750 lbs. of oats at 18c per bushel. What did they bring? 19. Find the value of 4627 lbs. flax seed at $3.60 per bushel. 20. What cost 5180 pounds timothy seed at $1.45 per bushel? II. Troy Weight 161. Troy Weight is used in weighing gold, silver and other precious metals. TABLE 24 grains (gr.) make 1 pennyweight... pwt. In addition to the above, the following, called Diamond Weight, is used in weighing diamonds and other precious stones: NOTE.—The term carat is also used to denote the fineness of gold, and means 24 part. Thus, gold 18 carats fine contains 18 parts pure gold and 6 parts alloy. 1. Reduce 4 lbs. to grains. 2. Reduce 3 lbs. 5 oz. 15 pwt. to pwt. 3. Reduce 13 lbs. 9 oz. 16 pwt. 22 gr. to grains 4. Reduce 146 gr. to pwt. 5. Reduce 32625 gr. to pounds. 6. A jeweler sold a gold chain weighing 2 oz. 16 pwt. 11 gr. at 4c per grain. How much did he receive? 7. A miner dug 17 lb. 8 oz. 9 pwt. of gold and sold it at 60c per pwt. What did it bring? 8. A goldsmith manufactured 1 lb. 1 pwt. 16 grs. of gold into rings, each weighing 4 pwt. 20 gr. He sold the rings for $1.25 apiece; what did he receive for them? 9. Eight watch cases each 14 carats fine and weighing 60 pwt. contain how many ounces of gold? 10. What is the value of a diamond weighing of a carat at $75 per carat? |