APPENDIX TO BOOK V. ESSAY I. ON THE EARLY HISTORY OF SPARTA. 1. Spartans, immigrants into the Peloponnese. 2. Supposed migrations of the Dorians. 3. Their occupation of the Peloponnese according to the ordinary legend. 4. The true history unknown. 5. Probable line of march. 6. Date of the occupation. 7. The conquest gradual. 8. Spartan Dorians-Sparta and Amyclæ-early wars. 9. Internal history-origin of the double monarchy-troubles of the early period. 10. Condition of Sparta before Lycurgus-the three classes-(i.) Spartans-(ii.) Pericci -(iii.) Helots. 11. Succession of the early kings. 12. Original constitu. tion of Sparta-Kings-Senate-Ecclesia. 13. Constitutional changes of Lycurgus, slight. 14. His discipline-question of its origin. 15. Causes of its adoption. 16. Supposed equalization of landed property. 17. Arguments which disprove it. 18. Effects of Lycurgus' legislation-conquests, and increase of Periceci. 19. Messenian wars. 20. Causes of the rupture. 21. Outline of the first war. 22. Date and duration. 23. Internal changes consequent on the first war-"Peers" and "Inferiors"-"Small" and "Great Assembly"-colonization of Tarentum. 24. Interval between the wars. 25. Outline of the second war. 26. Its duration. 27. War with Pisatis. 28. War with Arcadia. 29. Gradual diminution of the kingly power at Sparta, and continued rise of the Ephors. 30. Rapid decrease in the number of Spartan citizens. 1. THAT the Spartans of history were not original inhabitants of the Peloponnese, but invaders from northern Greece, who established their dominion over a large portion of the peninsula by a conquest of its previous occupants, is a fact which even the most sceptical of modern historians has not hesitated to admit as certain.1 A uniform tradition,2 supported by the representation of antique 1 See Mr. Grote's History of Greece, vol. ii. part ii. ch. 4 (pp. 408-442). 2 Cf. Hesiod. Fr. vii.; Tyrtæus ap. Strab. viii. p. 526; Pind. Pyth. v. 92-96, and Fragm. ed. Böckh, vol. i. p. 577; Herod. i. 56, vi. 52, viii. 43 and 73; Thucyd. i. 12, 18, 107; Isocrat. Panath. p. 256; Archidam. p. 194; Aristid. Orat. 46, vol. ii. p. 284; Ephor. Frs. 10-20; Apollodor. ii. 8; Scymn. Ch. 528 et seqq.; Strab. viii. p. 530, &c.; Diod. Sic. iv. 37-60; Pausan. III. i., &c., IV. iii. § 3, &c.; Enom. ap. Euseb. Præp. Ev. v. 20, p. 210, C. The only writer who gives an account essentially different is Plato, by whom the Dorians are represented as expelled Achæans returning to their own country under the conduct of one Dorieus (Leg. iii. p. 682, E.). 318 MIGRATIONS OF THE DORIANS. 3 APP. BOOK V. times contained in the earliest Greek writer, and remarkably in unison with the actual condition of the population of the country when its circumstances first become known to us, constitutes evidence the weight of which is altogether irresistible. It may be assumed, therefore, that the Dorian Spartans, whose history is now to be traced, unlike their rivals, the Athenians, were immigrants into an occupied country-settlers among a people from whom they differed to a greater or less extent,5 whom they conquered and held in subjection. Regarding thus much as allowed on all hands, we have in the first instance to consider-1. whence they came, and why they left their primitive seats; 2. in what way they effected the conquest. 2. According to Herodotus, the Dorians, whom he identifies with the Hellenes, had dwelt originally in Achæa Phthiôtis, the country immediately east of the Pagasaan Gulf, lying both north and south of the chain of Othrys. Hence they had removed to a tract called Histiæôtis in Upper Thessaly, which Herodotus seems to place near Tempé, since he tells us that it lay "at the base of Ossa and Olympus." From this region they had been driven by the Cadmeians, whereupon they had fled into Pindus; and while there had taken the name of "Macedni" (or Macedonians).8 After a time they had quitted this refuge and gained possession of Dryopis, the tract between Parnassus and Callidromus, consisting of the valleys of the Pindus and certain other streams which form the head-waters of the great Cephissus river. From this country, which in the historical age was known as Dôris, they had entered the Peloponnese, and subjugated the previous inhabitants. It has been observed by K. O. Müller in reference to this account 3 Homer has no Dorians in the Peloponnese, the inhabitants of which, according to him, are Achæans, Argives, or Danaans. He has, indeed, a single insignificant town Dorium (Il. ii. 594) on the west coast near Pylos; but the Dorians only appear in his writings as a Cretan race. (Od. xix. 177.) 4 See below, pp. 332-335. 5 Widely different opinions have been held on this point. Mr. Grote says (Hist. of Greece, vol. ii. p. 451), "So little is known of the previous inhabitants of the Peloponnese, that we cannot at all measure the difference between them and their Dorian in ESSAY I. SETTLEMENT OF THE DORIANS IN DRYOPIS. 319 of the early migrations of the Dorian race, that "no one can consider it as flowing immediately from ancient tradition; it can only be viewed as an attempt of the father of history to arrange and reconcile various legends and traditions." This remark appears to be just. Whatever value we may be inclined to attach generally to the account which a nation without a literature gives of its origin, it is impossible to imagine that a people driven about in the way described would orally preserve for centuries so exact an account of its many wanderings. Herodotus, or those from whom he drew his information, must be considered to have thrown together and blended into a single narrative stories current in different parts of Greece, which it required some ingenuity to harmonise. The Dorians had to be placed originally in Phthiôtis, because that was in Homer1 the country of the Hellenes, with whom the Dorians were identified: they must be given seats in Histiæôtis, since Upper Thessaly was the abode of the Lapithæ, with whom Ægimius, their mythic ancestor, was said to have contended;2 and since, according to some accounts, the Dorian colonies in Crete proceeded from that region: they must descend Pindus that they might reach Dryopis, their well-known habitation in later times; and they must be called Macedonians, in order to give a foundation to those claims of Hellenism which the Macedonians were in the habit of preferring, not only for their royal family, but for their whole nation. The very lowest degree of credit must be considered to attach to these legends, which receive no support from Homer,5 and are full of internal improbabilities. All that can be said to be ascertained of the Dorians before they settled in the Peloponnese, is the fact that they previously inhabited the "small and sad region' known in historical times as Dôris, or the Doric metropolis, where they had a confederacy of four townships, Pindus, Boum, Citinium, and Erineus, all situated in the valley of the Pindus river. Of this 9 Dorians, vol. i. pp. 21, 22. 1 Iliad, ii. 683, 684. 2 Apollod. II. vii. 7; Diod. Sic. iv. 37; Strab. ix. p. 637. An ancient epic, ascribed to Hesiod, and entitled 'Egimius,' probably described this contest. (See Müller's Dorians, vol. i. pp. 33-35, E. T.) 3 Andron, Fr. 3; Diod. Sic. iv. 60; v. 80. 4 See Müller's Dorians, vol. i. p. 40. 5 Homer does not know of Dorians anywhere but in Crete (Od. xix. 177). They do not appear among the combatants of the Iliad. 6 Mr. Grote (Hist. of Greece, vol. ii. p. 388) thus happily renders the πόλεις μικραὶ καὶ λυπρόχωραι of Strabo, ix. p. 620. 7 Erineus seems to be the correct form of this name, not Erineum, which Mr. Grote gives (Hist. of Greece, loc. sup. cit.). See Andron. ap. Strab. x. p. 693 (Fr. 4), Tǹv 'Epiveóv; Scylac. Peripl. 320 DORIAN CONQUEST OF THE PELOPONNESE. APP. BOOK V. country they were reported to have gained possession by the expulsion of the Dryopes, one of the most ancient races of Greece, which may be regarded as a sister-tribe to the Pelasgi, Leleges, Caucônes, Dolopes, &c.; but this expulsion does not seem to rest upon such evidence as entitles it to take rank among the established facts of history.8 3. According to the prevailing legend, the Dorians were induced to leave their seats under Parnassus by the entreaties of a band of fugitives from the Peloponnese, who begged their aid in order to effect a return to their native country. These fugitives were the Heraclidæ, or descendants of Hercules, by hereditary right the royal family of Argos, but expelled from the Peloponnese by a usurper of their own house (Eurystheus), and at his death superseded by another ancient Peloponnesian family, the Pelopidæ, or descendants of Pelops. Received with open arms by the Dorians and adopted into their body, the Heraclidæ became the ruling family of the nation whose aid they had sought, and imparted the name of Hylleans to their principal tribe. After various attempts to force their way into the peninsula by the Isthmus of Corinth, which were met and defeated by the inhabitants,1 the Dorians under their Heracleid leaders at last effected the passage of the Corinthian Gulf near its mouth, in ships which they had built at Naupactus, a port granted to them by the Ozolian Locrians. They were accompanied on their expedition by Oxylus, an Etolian chief, who was p. 53; Ptol. iii. 15; Tzetzes ad Ly. cophr. 741, and 980; Steph. Byz. ad Voc., &c. 8 K. O. Müller regards the evidence as sufficient (Dorians, vol. i. pp. 46-49) ; but he confesses that "the expulsion of the Dryopians is related in a manner entirely fabulous." Herodotus in one place ascribes it to Hercules and the Malians (viii. 43. Compare Strab. viii. p. 542; Pausan. IV. xxxiv. § 6; Diod. Sic. iv. 37; Etym. Magn. ad voc. 'Aoweîs), elsewhere apparently to the Dorians (i. 56). 9 Ægimius, the Dorian chief who received the Heraclidæ, was made to have two sons of his own, Pamphylus and Dymas. On the arrival of the Heraclidæ, he adopted Hyllus, whence the names of the three Dorian tribes, Hylleans, Pamphylians, and Dyma natæ. (See Apollod. 11. viii. § 3, ad fin.; Ephor. Fr. 10; Steph. Byz. ad Voc. Avμav; Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. i. 121.) 1 Three such attempts are narrated: the first under Hyllus, after the death of Eurystheus, in which Hyllus was slain by Echemus (Herod. ix. 26; Schol. Pind. Ol. x. 79); the second under Cleodæus, the son of Hyllus, who also fell in an engagement (Œnom. ap. Euseb. Præp. Ev. v. 20, p. 210, C.; Schol. ad Pind. Isth. vii. 18); and the third under Aristomachus, the son of Cleodæus, which had the same ill success (Apollod. II. viii. § 2; Enom. 1. s. c., &c.). 2 The legend ran-that the Delphic Oracle bade Temenus take as guide for his army a three-eyed man. Soon after, chancing to meet Oxylus, who ESSAY I. LEGENDARY CHARACTER OF THE NARRATIVE. 321 desirous of possessing himself of the rich country of Elis, where he had recently passed a year of exile; and who was thus qualified by acquaintance with this part of the Peloponnese to serve as guide to the invaders. He conducted the fleet from Naupactus to Molycrium at the mouth of the gulf, and thence crossing to Panormus, led the Dorians through Arcadia against the Achæan force, which was collected under Tisamenes, the son of Orestes, near the isthmus. A battle was fought in which the Dorians were completely victorious, and the inheritance of the Heraclide was recovered. As the family of Hyllus had now divided into three branches, a threefold division of the ancient Achæan territory was made. Lots were drawn for the kingdoms of Argos, Sparta, and Messenia, the first of which fell to Têmenus (the eldest of the sons of Aristomachus), the second to Eurysthenes and Procles, the infant children of Aristodêmus (the second son), and the third to Cresphontes (the third son), who had craftily contrived to obtain this fertile territory for himself by placing in the urn an unfair lot. Elis was given to Oxylus, according to previous agreement. A portion of the Achæans refused to submit to the conquerors, and leaving their country entered Ionia-the northern tract of the Peloponnese extending along the gulf of Corinth - where they overcame and expelled the inhabitants, who sought a refuge in Attica. Thus the new arrangement of the Peloponnese was complete: the country previously held by the Achæans passed into the hands of the Dorians; Ionia became Achæa; the Epeans of Elis were merged had lost an eye, riding on horseback, he at once recognised in him the necessary "three-eyed guide." (Apollod. I. viii. 3.) Another account assigned the loss of an eye to the animal on which Oxylus rode (Pausan. v. iii. § 5). 3 The mythic genealogy of the Heraclidae was as follows:-Hercules had four sons by Deianira, of whom Hyllus was the eldest. Hyllus left a son, Cleodæus, who was the father of Aristomachus. Aristomachus had three children, Temenus, Aristodemus, and Cresphontes. Aristodemus, according to some accounts, reigned at Sparta (Herod. vi. 52); according to others, he was killed by lightning at Naupactus, leaving behind him twin sons, Eurysthenes and Procles. (Apollod. VOL. III. |