ESSAY I. RE-EMBARKATION OF THE PERSIANS. 529 more than seven triremes out of 600. Probably the portion of the force which had been retained on board acted in part as light-armed at this conjuncture, and protected the re-embarkation by clouds of missiles. One other point seems to require a few words. What eventually became of the Persian cavalry? Messengers are almost sure to have been sent to recall it as soon as the fight began; but it seems certain, by the entire description of the battle, that it did not arrive till the whole struggle was over. Probably, however, it made its appearance before nightfall, when it may have been suffered to re-embark quietly. The Greeks would not have been anxious for a second encounter, and would by that time have either entrenched themselves on the plain, or have returned to the Heracleium. The Persian fleet was doubtless still in the offing, and, on noticing the arrival of the horse, would at once send the horse-transports to shore. Thus I should suppose the horse to have been re-embarked before Datis sailed to Egileia, and to have accompanied him in his fruitless demonstration against Athens. 1 2 M VOL. III. 530 TRADITIONS RESPECTING THE PELASGIANS. APP. BOOK VZ ESSAY II. ON THE TRADITIONS RESPECTING THE PELASGIANS. 1. Original population of Greece and Italy, homogeneous. 2. Kindred nos in Asia Minor and the islands. 3. Characteristics of this ethnic group. 4 Position of the Pelasgi in it. 5. Extent of country occupied by the Peas gians. 6. Their general movement from east to west. 7. Etymology their name. 8. Lines of passage. 9. Migrations of the Tyrrheno-Pe gians. 10. Pelasgic walls. 11. Absorption of the Pelasgians in other races. 1. THAT the various tribes which are presented to us by history the earliest inhabitants of the Hellenic and Italic peninsulas wes for the most part ethnically connected, and constituted in reality. single race, has been maintained by most modern writers of pute,' and is daily receiving fresh support from the progress of Eguistic discovery. It now appears that not only was there element in the early Italian population undistinguishable in et type from the race which inhabited Epirus and the Peloponnese, that the Italic nations themselves, the Oscans, Umbrians, Sabellias &c., were (with one exception 3) of the same ethnic stock. A sig homogeneous people was spread, at the earliest period to which h tory carries us back, over the whole, or by far the greater part, the two peninsulas, reaching from the shores of the Egean to borders of Liguria. 1 Müller, Dorians, vol. i. (pp. 1-19, E. T.); Niebuhr, Roman History, vol. i. pp. 27-62, E. T.; Thirlwall, History of Greece, vol. i. ch. ii; Gladstone, Homer and the Homeric Age, vol. i. ch. ii. § 2. 2 By the labours, chiefly, of Professor Lassen, Dr. Lepsius, and Dr. Aufrecht, who have very successfully analysed the remains of the Umbrian and Sabello-Oscan languages. It ap pears that there is the closest analogy between the grammatical forms in these tongues and those which prevailed in early times among the Romans and Latins generally. (See Lassen's paper Beiträge zur Deutung der Engubinischen Tafeln, in the Rheinisches Museum for 1833-1834, Dr. Aufrecht's contribution to Bu sen's Philosophy of History, vol pp. 84-109, and the various treatise of Lepsius). 3 That of the Etruscans, who language is decidedly not even In Germanic. It is surprising that s excellent a scholar and so acute a per son as Dr. Donaldson should attemp "gister to prove the Etruscan a dialect to the other Italic language by means of a certain number similar roots (see Varronianus, ch. when its entire structure is so dif ent that it is impossible, the copious inscriptions that reman to form a conjecture as to its gran mar, or do more than guess at the meaning of some half-dozen words even from ESSAY II. TWO USES OF THE TERM PELASGIAN. 531 5 2. Nor was the race confined within the limits here indicated. Sicily, the islands of the Egean, and the western coast of Asia Minor, were certainly in the possession of the same people; and it is even doubtful whether we ought not to class with them the Phrygians, the Carians, and the Lydians. Sufficient materials do not perhaps yet exist to decide this question; but the Phrygian remains raise a strong suspicion of a close ethnic connection between that people and the Greeks. If this affinity be admitted, we must extend the limits of the race in question to the mountain-chain of Taurus and the banks of the Halys. 3. Community of language was not the only tie which united the various tribes scattered over this vast space. A general resemblance in manners, habits, and religious belief characterised them, and distinguished them alike from their Semitic neighbours upon the southeast, and from the ruder and more savage races of Thracians and 1 Illyrians who bordered them upon the north. Peaceful habits, agricultural pursuits, a love of navigation, and a taste for true art, seem to have been the leading features of the nation, or family of nations, of which we are here speaking. 4. What exact position the Pelasgians held in this ethnic group it is not easy to determine. The words Pelasgic and Pelasgian are used, both by ancient and modern writers, sometimes in a wider, sometimes in a narrower acceptation; on the one hand, as co-extensive with the entire ethnic group in question; on the other, as limited to a mere single tribe, on a par with Caucons, Leleges, Dryopes, Dolopes, and such minor divisions of the one great national family. It is observable, however, that the earlier writers, almost without exception, incline to give to the name a wide rather than a narrow meaning. Eschylus makes Pelasgus, king of Argos, rule 4 According to Herodotus, the Carians were Leleges (i. 171); and the Leleges were certainly allied to the other races which peopled Greece. (Thirlwall, i. pp. 42-45.) Homer's epithet, Bapẞapówvoi, does not-however we take it-prove the Carians of a different ethnic family; for a very slight diversity in speech would have been considered by the Greeks to con. stitute a people "foreign; " and the true meaning of the term, as applied to the Carians, seems to be that they spoke bad Greek. (See vol. i. p. 693). 5 The Lydians were of the same race as the Carians. (See Appendix to Book i. Essay xi. p. 692). 6 See App. to Book i. Essay xi. p. 691. 7 Besides the writers mentioned in the text, Apollodorus and Strabo, careful gatherers of ancient traditions, seem to deserve especial mention. The famous genealogy of the former seems to assign to the Pelasgian race, not only the Thesprotians, Peucetians, Macedonians, and Arcadians, but also the Caucons and the Lycians! (Biblio 532 APPELLATION OF THE TERM PELASGI. APP. BOOK TL over all Greece, from the Peloponnese on the south to the river Strymon upon the north.8 Herodotus says Greece was called a ciently Pelasgia, and includes, under the common name of Pear the Athenians, 10 the Arcadians,11 the Ionians of Asia Minor," the Lemnians,13 the Samothracians, 14 and the Crestonians." Er Homer, who of all the early writers, makes least mention of the Pelasgians, yet seems to acknowledge their wide extent by connect ing them at once with Asia Minor, Crete," Dodona,18 and Thessa'y On the other hand, Thucydides distinctly states that the Pelasgi was only the most numerous of the many connected races which peopled Greece; 20 and even the writers who dwell most upon the? vast extent distinguish from them several other races, who mos yet be reckoned among the earliest inhabitants of Greece, and w may reasonably be regarded as sister tribes to the Pelasgian. Wi must therefore consider the appellation of Pelasgi, not as attach properly, like Arian, Slave, or even Teuton, to all the varia members of an entire ethnic family, but rather, like Hindoo or Saxx as the name of a particular branch, itself split up into a number subordinate tribes, each distinguished from the rest by a pec title. The Leleges, Curetes, Caucones, Dolopes, Dryopes, Boots Thracians, &c., are rather to be regarded as tribes parallel to the thec. III. viii. § 1.) The latter says distinctly, "Almost all writers agree (ὁμολογοῦσιν ἅπαντες σχεδόν τι) that the Pelasgians were an ancient tribe spread over the whole of Greece" (v. p. 312). 8 Supplices, 245-257. 9 Herod. ii. 56. Compare Acusilaus (Fr. 11), who includes in the name all Greece as far as Larissa and Pharsalia. Ephorus said Pelasgia was the ancient name of the Peloponnese. (Frag. 54. Compare Acus. Fr. 12). 18 II. xvi. 233. Zeû ára, Aadar? Πελασγικὲ, τηλόθι ναὶων. Some write understand a Dodona in Thessal (Gladstone, vol. i. p. 106); but Isno reason to believe that there ever more than one Dodona. 19 Il. ii. 681. Νῦν αὖ τοὺς, ὅσσοι τὸ Πελασγικόν Α ἔναιον οἵ τ ̓ Αλον, οἵ τ ̓ ̓Αλόπην, οἵ τε Τρηχία και μόντο, κ. τ. λ. 20 Thucyd. i. 3. κατὰ θνη δεὲ ἄλλα καὶ τὸ Πελασγικὸν ἐπὶ πλεῖστον. 1 Herodutus, in speaking of the rapid growth of the Hellenic r says that many other barbarous tribes besides the Pelasgians attached the selves to it (μάλιστα προσκεχωρηκότως αὐτῷ καὶ ἄλλων ἐθνέων βαρβάρας σux vv, i. 58). And Strabo enume rates among the earliest inhabitants Greece a large number of races which he seems to place on a par with the Pelasgians in everything except power and extent of territory (vii. p. 465) ESSAY II. PELASGIC SETTLEMENTS. 533 Pelasgic than as divisions of it. They bore probably the same relation to the Pelasgians that the Oscans did to the Umbrians in Italy, and the Lydians to the Carians in Asia Minor. We cannot pronounce that either flowed from the other, or determine which was the more ancient-we can only see that in the very earliest times on which history sheds any light Greece was inhabited by a people, homogeneous indeed, but separated into distinct tribes, and that one of these, which (on the authority of Thucydides) we may call the largest, was the Pelasgian. 3 5. It is interesting, however, to trace, so far as we may, the wanderings of this ancient race, which must be considered to have been among the earliest of those that passed from Asia into Europe. They possessed, apparently, the western parts of Asia Minor at a very early date; and the two cities which bore the name of Magnesia have with reason been ascribed to them. They are enumerated by Homer among the allies of the Trojans; 5 and they continued to possess places on the Asiatic side to a time later than Herodotus. They are found in many of the islands between the two continents; and on the mainland of the Hellenic peninsula they occupy a number of most important positions, very distant from one another, at a period of great antiquity. Of these the principal are Thessaly, Epirus, and the Peloponnese. In Thessaly their presence is marked by the Pelasgic Argos, and the district called Pelasgiôtis; in Epirus Dodona was their special scat;1 in 1 2 The first wave of population which passed into Europe was, beyond a doubt, Scythic or Turanian. Traces of this race appear in the Paonians of Lake Prasias (supra, v. 16, note 8), in the early dwellers upon the Swiss lakes (ibid.), in the Etruscans (and to some extent the Romans) in Italy (see vol. i. p. 607, and p. 613), in the nonCeltic element of the (so-called) Celtic races of France and Britain, in the Basques in Spain, the Esthonians on the Baltic, the Moskovs of Russia, and the Fins and Laps of the Arctic regions. 3 They originally held Cyzicus (Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. i. 987). They preceded the Hellenes in Lesbos and Chios (Strab. v. p. 221, xiii. p. 621); and according to Menecrates (Fr. 1) were spread over the whole coast of Ionia before the commencement of the great migrations. (Comp. Herod. vii. 95. Αιολέες τὸ πάλαι καλεόμενοι Πελασγοί. 4 Niebuhr's Kleine Historische Schriften, p. 371. 5 Π. ii. 840. Ιππόθοος δ ̓ ἄγε φύλα Πελασγῶν ἐγχεσιμώρων. 6 As Placia and Scylacé on the Propontis (Herod i. 57), and Tralles in Caria (Agathias, ii. p. 51). 7 In Crete (Hom. Od. xix. 177), Andros (Conon. 41), Samothrace (Herod. ii. 51), Lemnos and Imbrus (ib. v. 26), and anciently in the Cyclades generally (ib. vii. 95). 8 Hom. Il. ii. 681. 1 Hom. Il. xvi. 233; Eschyl. Suppl. 254; Hesiod, ap. Strab. vii. p. 475; Scymn. Ch. 1. 449; Ephorus, Frag. 54. Almost all the early tribes be |