1679.]

PARTY NICKNAMES.

553

Tory-Whig-in a few years forgot that they each owed their birth to "the common laws of scolding." The Irish savage grew up into a fine gentleman; the sour whey became the richest cream. The names of opprobrium blossomed into names of honour. They flourished in full glory for about a century and a half; and then passed into other distinctive titles, not so "fluent for the hasty repartee." Whatever may be said for or against party distinctions-and there is a great deal to be said in either view of the question-one thing is clear: the invention of Tory and Whig has been a very pleasant boon for the writers upon politics and history. These once rival nicknames save many circuitous expletives; and, if they do not exactly define political principles, they answer as well as if one large section of public men and their followers had been called red, the other blue-or one bigendians, the other little-endians. The terms of Whig and Tory are vernacular; and we are thankful for their help in the labour that is before us.

Charles the Second's alterations at Windsor-The Duke of York presented as a Romish Recusant -Progress of the Duke of Monmouth-James leaves for Scotland-Parliament-The Exclusion Bill-Trial and execution of Lord Stafford-The Parliament dissolved-The Oxford Parliament-Its sudden dissolution-The King's Proclamation-The Whig Vindication-State Prosecutions--Stephen College-Shaftesbury indicted for high treason-The Ignoramus-Court manoeuvres for the choice of a sheriff of London-Shaftesbury flies to Holland-Persecutions of the Scotch Covenanters.

WINDSOR CASTLE was now the summer residence of Charles II. In August, 1678, Evelyn went with the duke of Norfolk to Windsor, "where was a magnificent Court, it being the first time of his majesty removing thither since it was repaired." Charles had changed the whole aspect of the Castle. By his command the palatial fortress had been adapted for those state-displays which were to rival the splendours of the Court of the great Bourbon. A new building, forming the most imposing feature of the north front, called the Star-building, had been erected from the plans of Wren; and by the connexion of the suite of rooms thus obtained with the older portion, that splendid series of state-apartments was produced which terminated in St. George's Hall. But in these alterations the ancient cha