ABURY, the Druidical temple at, i. 12
Acton Burnel, statute of, passed in 1283, i. 385
Adjutators, organisation of the, iv. 70; refusal of,
to allow the army to be disbanded, ibid.; seizure
of Charles I. by, at Holmby, 71

Adminius, son of Cunobelin, instigates a Roman
invasion of Britain, i. 16

Agincourt, description of, and its locality, ii. 61;
battle of, on Oct. 25, 1415, 62-64

Agricola, the great civiliser of Britain, i. 20; is ap-
pointed to the command of Britain, A.D. 69, 26;
campaign of, 26, 27; attack on Galgacus and the
Caledonians by, 27; ascertains that Britain is an
island, 28; announces the possession of "the
very extremity of Britain," ibid.; recalled by
Domitian, A.D. 84, 29; line of forts from the Clyde
to the Forth raised by, 29, 30; notice of the works
of, in Britain, 36; caused the sciences and the
Roman language to be taught to the sons of Bri-
tish chiefs, 40; established municipalities, 44
Agriculture in Britain, state of, under the Romans,
i. 35

Alba, duke of. See Philip of Spain

Alban, St., legend of the martyrdom of, as told by
Bede, i. 51

Albion, belief of its once having formed part of the
continent, i. 1

Alcuin, notice of, i. 76

Alexius, emperor of the East, receives the Anglo-
Saxons expelled by William the Conqueror, as his
guards, i. 190

Alfred, son of Ethelred, is induced to make a
descent on England, is betrayed by earl Godwin,
and put to death. i. 161

Alfred the Great, birth of, in 901, i. 79; early years
of, 80, 81; improbability of his having been
taught to read by his step-mother, 82; at Rome
in 853, 83; probable impression made on the
mind of, by the sight of Rome, 84; makes no
claim to Wessex on the death of Ethelbald, 85;
employment of, during the life of Ethelbert, ibid.;
description of his home at Wantage, 86; the
translation of Boetius by, has original passages
descriptive of the state of England, 86, 87; state
of the Church during the youth of, 87; constitu-
tion of the army, 88; state of rural industry, 88,
et seq.; provision for the poor, 91; becomes "se-
cundarius on the accession of Ethelred in 866,
94; marries, ibid.; defeats the Danes who had
invaded Mercia, A.D. 868, 95; fights and gains the
battle of Escesdun, in 871, 98, 99; is defeated at
Wilton, 100; first naval battle of, against the
Danes, in 875, 101; probable unpopularity of, 102;
makes peace with Guthrum in 878, 103; retreat
of, to Athelney, ibid.; traditional stories of, dur-
ing his concealment, 104; re-appears, and gains
the battle of Ethandune, in 878, 105, 106; Guthrum
sues for peace and is baptised, 106; terms of the
treaty, 107; laws of Alfred, 108, 109; writings
and translations of, 110, 111, 112; repulses an
invasion of the Danes in Kent in 884, 111; defeats
an invasion of the Danes under Hasting, 113, 114;
creates a navy, 114; death of, in 901, 114; charac-
VOL. IV.

ter of, 115; share of, in the subdivision of the
kingdom for administrative and judicial pur-
poses, 116; courts of justice in the time of, 118;
tenure of lands, 119

Alfric, earl of Mercia, treachery of, i. 154
Allectus assumes the government of Britain, A.D.
292, i. 32; defeated, and Britain re-subjected to
the Romans, ibid.

Anglo-Saxon Church, ignorance of the priests of,
at the accession of Alfred, i. 87; agriculture, 88,
et seq.; state of, at the time of Dunstan, 138;
cathedrals and churches of the, 139,140; provisions
for the clergy, 140; parish priests of the, 141;
learning of the, 142; kings, authority, and man-
sions of, i. Sl

Anglo-Saxons, state of, at the time of Ethelbert,
i. 71; literature of, 74; social ranks among, 87;
love of feasting indicated in the Bayeux tapestry,
173; continued resistance of, to William the
Conqueror, 190; security afforded to, by the
establishment of, Norman fiefs, 195; continued
existence of, as a People, 196

Anne, the princess, and her husband, go over to
William III., iv. 439

Anthemius, the emperor, solicits and obtains the
aid of 12,000 Britons in his war against the Visi-
goths, i. 59

Antoninus, wall of, i. 29, 30
Architecture, state of, in Britain, at the close of the
third century, i. 48; as shown in English abbeys
and cathedrals, 258; bishop Swinfield's house in
1209, 401; London markets and shops, 402;
domestic, in the 15th century, ii. 118; large con-
sumption of timber in the, 119; furniture used
in the houses, 120; improvements in building,
temp. Henry VIII., 479; style of architecture in
the reign of Elizabeth, iii. 303, et seq.; altera-
tions by Wren, at Windsor Castle, by Charles II.
in 1680, iv. 355

Arden of Feversham, story of the murder of, ii. 485
Argyle, marquis of, defeated in several battles by
Montrose, iv. 40; opposes the project of sending
Hamilton to invade England, 94; is restored to
power after Hamilton's defeat, 95; trial and exe-
cution of, in 1661, 258

Argyle, the earl of, refuses to take the test oath
enacted by the Scottish parliament in 1682, is
arrested, and convicted of high treason, but
escapes to Holland, iv. 366; lands in Scotland in
1685 to raise an insurrection in favour of Mon-
mouth, 388; its failure, 389; and his execution,

390

Arles, three British bishops present at the first
Council of, A.D. 314, i. 51

Armorica, foundation of a British colony in, i. 55;
independent government established by, ibid.
Artevelde, James, revolt of, against the count of
Flanders, i. 454; is murdered, ibid.

Arthur, king, legend of, i. 63

Arthur of Brittany, claims of, to the crown of
England, i. 333; is supported by Philip of France,
ibid.; heads an invasion of Poitou, and is cap-
tured, 335; mysterious death of, ibid.

HH

Arts, state of, in Britain at the close of the third
century, i. 47, 48

Arundel, earl of, collection of statuary formed by,
iii. 424

Aske, Robert, leader of the Yorkshire insurgents
in 1536, ii. 400; negotiations of with the duke of
Norfolk, 401; has an interview with Henry VIII.,
and is pardoned, ibid.; the king's promises to the
insurgents are not kept, and Aske again takes
arms, 402; is taken prisoner and executed, 403
Assassins, notice of, i. 316; the scheik of, absolves
Richard I. from any share in the murder of the
marquis of Montferrat, 317

Asser, his account of the early years of Alfred, i. 81,
82; interpolations in the history of, 102
Athelstan, accession of, in 924, i. 123; annexes
Northumbria, and rules over all Britain, 124;
continental influence and alliances of, 125; at-
tacked by the under-kings of Cumberland and
Scotland, he wins the battle of Brunanburgh,
126; code of laws of, 128; death of, in 940, ibid.
Augustin, sent by Pope Gregory as Christian mis-
sionary to England, A.D. 597, i. 66; converts
Ethelbert, 68; conference and disagreement of,
with the priests of the old British church, 68, 69
Autun, in Gaul, artificers brought from Britain by
Constantine to rebuild, i. 47

BACON, Friar Roger, notice of, i. 404

Bacon, sir Francis, speaks against a subsidy, and
loses the Court favour, iii. 263; dissuades Essex
from undertaking the lord-lieutenancy of Ire-
land, 282; ungrateful conduct of, in the prose-
cution of the earl of Essex, 289; notice of his
Apology, ibid.; opposes the Bill in the Commons
against monopolies, 292; maintains the neces-
sity of removing ancient abuses in the first par-
liament of James I., 317; scheme of, for the
plantation of Ulster, 354; is employed to procure
the sanction of sir Edward Coke to the king's
arbitrary measures, but fails, 369; assures Ra-
leigh that his appointment to command the expe-
dition to Guiana precluded the necessity of a
general pardon, 374; is impeached by the Com-
mons and fined for bribery and corruption, 380;
the king remits his fine, and he retires to private
life, ibid.

Bacon, sir Nicholas, appointed lord keeper, and
opens Elizabeth's first parliament, iii. 113; as
lord keeper, introduces to parliament a new bill
against papists in 1571, 171

Ballads, the Robin-Hood, endurance of, i. 324; their
detestation of oppression, and poetical excellence,
325; popular amusements described in, 327
Balliol, Edward, attempts to recover the crown of
Scotland in 1332, i. 451; seeks the aid of Edward
III, and agrees to hold Scotland as a fief, ibid.;
continues the struggle for several years, but is
expelled from Scotland in 1341, 452
Balliol, John, a claimant of the crown of Scotland
in 1291, i. 414; agrees to do homage to Edward I.,
and is nominated king of Scotland, 416; sum-
moned to Westminster for mal-administration, is
treated with indignity, and is incited by his
barons to assert his independence, 417; is attacked
by Edward, and resigns his crown, 418; impri-
soned in the tower, 421; dies, 425
Bangor, massacre of the monks of, i. 69
Bannockburn, battle of, on June 24, 1314, i 434
Barnet, battle of, on April 14th, 1471, i. 164, 165
Bartholomew, St., priory of, in Smithfield, founda-
tion of, i. 255, 264, 265

Barton, Andrew, the Scotch privateer, captured,
and slain by Sir Thomas Howard, ii. 263
Bataille, abbey of, (Battle Abbey) foundation of,
i. 182

Baxter, Richard, expelled from his ministry at
Kidderminster, iv. 6; joins the parliamentary
army, ibid.; his account of the battle of Edgehill,
7; statement of, as to the oppression of non-con-
formists by the royalists, 11; his account of the
adoption of the Covenant by the synod at West-
minster and the House of Commons, 28; visit of,
to the battle field of Naseby, 45; description of
the parliamentary camp, 46; appointed chpalain
to Charles II., 249; notices of the Plague of 1665

by, 273, 275; of the great Fire of London in 1666,
235; notice of the duke of Buckingham by, 303;
account of the proposals for a union of Protestants,
which were rejected by parliament, 308; oppres-
sion experienced by, in 1675, 325; is tried, con-
victed, and imprisoned for libel in 1685, 388
Bayeux Tapestry, illustrations of the History of
England afforded by, i. 171, et seq.

Beaufort, cardinal Henry, feuds between, and the
duke of Gloucester, ii. 78; continued disagree-
ments with Gloucester, 92; burns heretics, 23;
causes the duchess of Gloucester to be tried for
sorcery and conspiracy. 93; is suspected of having
caused the death of Gloucester, 96; dies, ibid.
Becket, Thomas à, romance in the marriage of the
father and mother of, i. 271; early education of,
272; made chancellor to Henry II., 273; magni-
ficence of, 274; is sent ambassador to France,
275; his attendance with a numerous force at the
siege of Toulouse, 275, 279; his preferments, 276;
created archbishop of Canterbury in 1162, 280,
282; character of, 281; deportment and magnifi-
cence of, in his new office, 282; resigns the chan-
cellorship and claims the restoration of church
property, 283; interferes to prevent the subjec-
tion of the clergy to the secular laws, 285; con-
sents to the Constitutions of Clarendon, 286; the
pope refuses to confirm them, 287; Becket
supports the pope's decision, is arraigned as a
traitor and found guilty, 288; flies from England,
289; excommunicates all those who maintain the
Constitutions of Clarendon, ibid.; meets Henry
at Touraine in 1170, and a temporary peace is
effected, 291; returns to England, 292; is mur-
dered, 293; consequences of his murder, 294;
canonisation of, and miracles at the shrine of,
294, 295, 301; Henry does penance before the
shrine, ibid.

Bede's account of the passage of the Romans at
Coway Stakes, i. 7

Bedford, John, duke of, appointed by the parlis-

ment joint protector, with the duke of Gloucester,
of Henry VI., ii. 76; wins the battle of Verneuil,
77; defeated at Montargis, 81; undertakes the
siege of Orleans, 82; quarrels with the duke of
Burgundy, 83; Orleans is relieved by Joan of
Arc, 85; relinquishes the siege of Orleans, 87;
deprives sir John Fastolf of the order of the
Garter for his behaviour at the battle of Patay,
88; dies, 92

Beggars, statute of Richard II. respecting, ii. 14
Bertrand du Guesclin encounters the Black Prince
at the battle of Najara, i. 484; captured and
released by the English, 485; activity and success
of, in the wars in Gascony, 485
Bignor, account of the remains of a Roman villa at,
i. 48

Birmingham, state of, in 1636, iii. 419
Blake, Admiral, interrupts the operations of Rupert
in the Irish seas, iv. 124;. follows Rupert to the
mouth of the Tagus, 149; demands his expulsion
by the Portuguese, or to be admitted into the
harbour, is refused, and has a slight skirmish,
150; defeats Van Tromp in the Downs, ibid.;
character of, 153; battles with Van Tromp and
De Ruyter in 1652, 154; defeats Van Tromp off
Cape La Hogue, and compels him to retire to
Holland, ibid.; with Monk and Dean defeats Van
Tromp near the North Foreland, 162; drives Lim
back again to Holland in 1653, 163; gains a vic-
tory over the Dutch fleet, and Van Tromp is
killed, 181; his remark on the dissolution of par-
liament by Cromwell, 189; subdues the African
pirates, 196; conduct of, at Malaga, ibid; cap-
tures two Spanish galleons off Cadiz, 203; gains
a victory over the Spanish navy at Santa Cruz,
208; receives instruction to return home, ibid.;
dies in 1657, within sight of Plymouth, ibid.; his
body is disinterred from Westminster Abbey, and
buried in St. Margaret's churchyard after tha
Restoration, 248

Boadicea, revolt led by, i. 22, et seq.; destruction of
Roman British cities during the revolt by, 24;
defeat, and death of, by poison, 25

Boat, ancient, found in the river Arun in 1834,
i. 9

Boats of the Britons, nature of, in which they went
to the assistance of the Veneti, i. 3
Boleyn, Anne, birth and childhood of, ii. 312;
sent to the court of France with Mary, the
sister of Henry VIII. in 1514, 313; the king's
attachment to, publicly shown at Hampton
Court, 314; incenses Henry against Wolsey, 320;
writes to Cromwell in favour of Ralph Herman,
imprisoned for setting forth the Bible in English,
326; again incites Henry against Wolsey, 334;
accompanies Henry to France in 1532, to meet
Francis I., 343; married to Henry, 344; descrip-
tion of her coronation, 345; gives birth to Eliza-
beth, Sept. 7, 1533, 349; the king becomes
jealous and sends her to the Tower, 373; her
letter to the king, 374; true bills found against
her and others, 376; trial and execution of, on
May 19, 1536, 377; dying speech of, 378; doubts
as to the guilt or innocence of, 380, 881; letter
from, to Henry VIII., 384

Bonner, bishop of London, deprived of his see, iii.
40; exertions of, in 1555, to suppress heresy,
79; behaviour of, to Hawkes, 87

Bosworth, battle of, on Aug. 22, 1485, ii. 206
Bothwell, earl of. See Mary of Scotland.
Bothwell Bridge, battle of. See Charles II., and
Covenanters.

Boulogne, invasion of Britain from, by Caligula, i.
17; lighthouse built at, by Caligula, ibid.
Bourbon, the constable, leads the emperor's (Charles
V.) forces against Rome in 1527, ii. 306; takes
and sacks Rome, but is himself killed, 307
Brigantes, revolt of, i. 30; suppressed, 31
Britain, civilisation and population of, at the time
of Caesar's invasion, i. 4; first invasion of, by
Cæsar, and his retreat, 6; second invasion by,
7; condition of the country at the time, 8, et seq.;
strength and prosperity of, A.D. 296, 32; panegyric
of Eumenius on the state of, ibid.; Roman pro-
vinces of, 33; review of the domestic condition of,
at the close of the third century, 34, et seq.; never
a secure possession to the Romans, 46; resistance
of, to the emperor Honorius, A.D. 409, 55; mixed
character of the population of, at the time of the
invasion of the Saxons, 57

British art, ancient specimens of, i. 13

British captives, fight as gladiators before Claudius,
i. 22

British army under Maximus, refuse to return
from Armorica and found a colony in Brittany, i. 54
Britons, character of, by Diodorus Siculus, i. 5;

by Ptolemy, 6; resistance offered by, to the in-
vasion of Cesar, ibid.

Brittany, position of, and character of the early
inhabitants of, i. 2; assistance afforded to, by the
Britons, 3; probable foundation of a British
colony in, A.D. 388, 54; continued connection
of, with Cornwall and Wales, 55; successfully
resists the emperor Honorius, and maintains its
independence, A.D. 409, ibid.

Bruce, Robert, the elder, a claimant for the crown
of Scotland in 1291, i. 414; agrees to do homage
to Edward I., 416; sides with Edward in his
invasion of Scotland, 417

Bruce, Robert, the younger, stabs Comyn, i. 425;
assumes the crown of Scotland in 1305, 426; is
defeated by the earl of Pembroke, ibid.; obtains
some successes in 1307, and Edward I. assembles
an army to attack him, but dies, ibid.; is recog-
nised as king, 430; successes of, 431, 432; wins
the battle of Bannockburn, on June 24, 1814,
434; concludes a truce with Edward II. in 1323,
439; invades England in 1327, 444; dies in 1328, 445
Bruce, David, succeeds his father in 1328, i. 445; is
attacked by Edward Balliol, who continues the
struggle for some years, 451; returns to his
kingdom in 1341, 452; invades England in 1346,
is defeated by Queen Philippa at Nevill's Cross,
and taken prisoner, 464, 465

Brunanburgh, ode on the battle of, from the Anglo-
Saxon chronicle, i. 126, 127

Buckingham, Stafford duke of, in conjunction with
the duke of Gloucester, arrests earl Rivers and
the counsel of Edward V., ii. 178; rewards heaped
upon, by Gloucester, 179; Morton, bishop of Ely,
committed as a prisoner to the custody of, 182;

459

harangues the citizens of London in favour of
Gloucester's claim to the crown, 185; with a
deputation of citizens solicits Gloucester to be-
come king, 186; receives the estates of the earl-
dom of Hereford from Richard, 194; with Mor-
ton, organises an insurrection against Richard,
196; unsatisfactory causes assigned for, 197; it
is suppressed, and he is executed at Salisbury,
Nov. 2, 1483, 198

Buckingham, George Villiers, duke of, sudden rise
and promotion of, by James I., iii. 364; procures
the release of Raleigh from the Tower, 374; ac-
companies prince Charles in his incognito visit to
Spain in 1623, 384; they return home, 385; popu-
larity of, on the breaking off of the Spanish
match, ibid.; is impeached by the Commons in
1626, 390; is elected chancellor of the University of
Cambridge by command of the king, 391; asserted
to have been the promoter of the war with France,
394; commands the expedition to aid the Pro-
testants in Rochelle, ibid.; attempts to take the
Isle of Rhé, and fails, 395; is denounced by Coke,
in the House of Commons, 398; character of, by
Clarendon, 399; is appointed to command a
second expedition to relieve Rochelle, ibid.; is
assassinated by Felton, Aug. 23, 1628, 400; exe-
cution of Felton, 401

Buckingham, George Villiers, duke of, becomes a
member of the Cabal ministry, in 1667, iv., 302;
seeks popularity, and advocates liberty of con-
science, 303; character of, by Dryden, ibid.; com-
plicity of, in Charles becoming a pensioner of
France, 306; retires from the Cabal ministry,
323; committed to the Tower for opinions ex-
pressed in the House of Lords in 1677, 328
Bunyan, John, release of, from prison, after twelve
years' confinement, iv., 319

Burgesses summoned to parliament, by Simon de
Montfort, in 1264, i. 375

Burgh Castle, Roman ruins of, i. 38, 39
Burke's opinion of the ancient Britons, i. 11

CABAL MINISTRY. See Charles II., Buckingham,
and Shaftesbury.

Cabot, John, and his sons, small encouragement
given to, in 1496, by Henry VII., ii. 236; dis-
covery of Newfoundland by, 249

Cade, John, insurrection of, in 1450, ii. 132; defeats
Sir Humphrey Stafford, 133; marches to London,
and beheads lord Say, ibid.; defeated by the
citizens of London, and killed, 134

Cadiz burnt by the earl of Essex in 1596, ii. 266
Caer-Caradoc, notice of, i. 20

Casar, history of England commences with, i. 2;
his description of the Veneti, applicable to the
Britons, 8; first invasion of Britain, 6; battle
with the men of Kent, ibid.; retreat of, ibid.;
second invasion of, ibid.; description of "the
inland people" by, ibid.; advance of, into the
interior, 7; opposed by Cassivelaunus, ibid. ;
crosses the Thames at Coway Stakes, ibid.; ad
vances to St. Alban's, ibid.; enumeration by, of
the tribes he encountered, 8; return of, to Gaul,
taking hostages, ibid.; did not conquer Britain
according to Tacitus, ibid.

Calais, siege of, by Edward III., iii. 465; Froissart's
story of the six burgesses, 466; an English colony
founded in it, 467

Caligula, intended invasion of Britain by, i. 16;
pretended triumph of, 17

Camalodunum attacked and destroyed by Boadicea,
A. D. 61, i. 23

Cambridge university. James Pechell, the vice-
chancellor, deprived of office for refusing a degree
to a Benedictine monk, iv. 412
Cameronians. See Covenanters.

Campion, the Jesuit, trial and torture of, for a con-
spiracy against Elizabeth in 1584, iii. 180
Canterbury burnt by the Danes, i. 154

Cantium (Kent) resistance offered by the people of,
to the invasions of Cæsar, i. 6
Canute proclaimed king of England on the death
of Sweyn in 1014, i. 155; becomes sole king on
the death of Edmund in 1017, 156; exiles the
sons of Edmund, ibid.; marries Emma, tho
widow of Ethelred, 157; proscriptions by, and

tyranny of, ibid.; introduction of Danish cus-
toms and laws by, ibid.; reproval of his flatterers
by, ibid.; benefits effected by, 158; pilgrimage
to Rome and death of, in 1035, ibid.; buried at
Winchester, 159; union of the Saxon and Danish
races accelerated by, ibid.

Canute, king of Denmark, invades England in
1069, and is forced to retire by William the Con-
queror, i. 192, 193

Caractacus, opposition offered by, to the invasion of
Plautius, i. 18; continued resistance of, to the
Romans, 20; defeat of, 21; speech of, at Rome
while a prisoner there, probably an historical
embellishment, with a foundation on facts,
ibid.; allusion of, to the houses of the Bri-
tons, 9

Caradoc. See Caractacus.

Carausius, usurpation of, A.D. 286, i. 32; naval
power of Britain during the reign of, ibid.; mur-
dered by Allectus, ibid.; introduced Germans
into Britain, 44

Carisbrook Castle, Charles I. imprisoned in, iv.
88; he attempts to escape from, 92
Carleon, description of, by Giraldus Cambrensis,

i. 42

Carnac, Druidical remains at, i. 3
Carnutes, Cæsar's notice of, i. 13

Cartismandua, queen of the Brigantes, betrays
Caractacus to the Romans, i. 21

Cassivelaunus, or Caswallon, opposes the advance
of Cæsar, i. 7

Catherine of Aragon. See Henry VIII. and
Wolsey

Caxton, William, commences printing in England,
about 1474, ii. 128; priuts earl Rivers' Dictes
and Sayings of Philosophers,' which is presented
to Edward IV., 171; notice of other works
printed by, ibid.

Cecil, William, lord Burleigh, is arrested with
Somerset, to whom he was secretary, iii. 35;
caution of, during Northumberland's rebellion,
51; intrigues in favour of queen Mary, 53; ap-
pointed to the Privy Council on the accession of
Elizabeth, 107; occupations of, during the reign
of Mary, 111; prepared scheme for the restora-
tion of Protestantism, 112; principle of, with
regard to the right of national intervention,
118; skill displayed by, in the treaty of Edin-
burgh in 1560, 121; reasons of, for refusing Mary
a safe conduct from France to Scotland, 125;
intrigues carried on by, at the Scottish court,
137, et seq.; opinions of, as to the measures to be
taken with Mary of Scotland on her taking
refuge in England, 156; anxiety of, for the safo
custody of Mary, 160; protest of, against the
duke of Norfolk being tried for high treason,
161; opinion of, as to the inefficacy of penal laws
against religious beliefs, 181; advises the Council
to dispatch the warrant for Mary's execution,
200; complaint of, in 1569, of the decay of obe-
dience in the people, 261; opposes the attack on
Spain in 1596, but is overruled, 265; death of,
in August 1598, 279

Cecil, Robert, earl of Salisbury, the rival of Essex
and Raleigh, iii. 282; announces to the House of
Commons in 1601 the queen's intention to abate
monopolies, 292; causes James I. to be pro-
claimed on Elizabeth's death, 307; entertains
James at Theobalds, and becomes prime minis-
ter, 308; remonstrates against Coke's unfairness
on Raleigh's trial, 311; compelled by James to ne-
gociate a treaty with Spain, 318; receives a com-
munication from lord Mounteagle, with a letter
that leads to the discovery of the Gunpowder
Plot, 324; lesson of, to James as to his lavishness
to Carr, 341; endeavours to procure from parlia-
ment a fixed revenue for the king, 351; death of,
in May, 1612, 359

Chambers, Richard, resistance of, to the payment
of illegal customs' duties, iii. 407; refuses to
pay Ship-Money, and is imprisoned, 419
Charlemagne, character of, i. 75; career of, 76
Charles I., visit of, when Prince of Wales to the
court of Spain in 1623, to see his proposed bride,
ii. 384; succeeds his father, March 27, 1625,
387; change in the manners of the Court on his

accession, ibid.; marriage of, with Henrietta
Maria of France, 288; favour shown to the
Roman Catholics by the king, ibid.; the first
parliament meets, and demand redress of
grievances, 389; it is dissolved, ibid.; writs
issued under the privy seal, demanding loans
from private persons, ibid. ; failure of the naval
expedition against Spain, 290; meeting of the
second parliament, ibid. ; it impeaches Bucking-
ham, ibid.; commits sir John Eliot to the Tower
for his speech in the House, but releases him soon
afterwards, ibid.; dissolves the parliament, 391;
disputes of, with the Lords as to infringements
on their privileges, ibid.; subsidies illegally
levied, and harsh measures pursued against such
as resist, 392; dismisses the queen's foreign
attendants, 393; war with France and its causes,
394; failure of the expedition to aid the Pro-
testants in Rochelle, 395; meeting of the third
parliament on March 17, 1628, 396; debates in, on
the Petition of Right, 397; gives his assent to
the Act, 398; prorogues parliament on its remon-
strating against his arbitrarily levying customs'
duties, ibid.; prepares a second expedition under
Buckingham to relieve Rochelle, 399; Bucking-
ham is assassinated, 400; the expedition sails,
fails in affording relief, and Rochelle surrenders,
402; parliament meets, and makes fresh remon-
strances against the king's arbitrary conduct,
ibid.; progress of religious differences in the
church, ibid. ; a remonstrance carried in the
Commons against popish innovations and arbi-
trary taxation, 403; dissolves the parliament,
and imprisons some of the members, 404; a
force raised in Scotland to assist Gustavus Adol-
phus, ibid.; jurisdiction of the Star Chamber
extended, 406; continued exactions of, during
the cessation of parliaments, ibid.; spirited re-
sistance of individuals to them, 407; the impri-
soned members refuse to plead in the King's
Bench, and are recommitted, 409; Wentworth
appointed Lord President of the North and Lord
Deputy of Ireland, 410; prosecutions and severe
punishments of the Puritan writers Prynne and
Leighton, 411, 413; republication of the Book of
Sports, 414; raises money by the sale of new
monopolies, 415; issues a proclamation against
the increase of houses in London, and raises
money, in 1633, by extorting fines to avoid their
being pulled down, 416; other arbitrary pro-
clamations, and hackney-coaches forbidden, in
1635, to pass up and down London streets, 417;
first project of Ship-Money, 418; the writs of
Ship Money extended in 1636, 419; the judges
give their opinion in favour of the writ, ibid. ;
Hampden and many others refuse to pay, 421;
judgment given against him in 1637, 422; in-
creased resistance to the payment after the
judgment, 423; prosecutions of Pryune, Burton,
and Bastwick for their writings, bid patronage
given by Charles to the Fine Arts, 424; despotic
interference of, with private property in London,
but not productive of any public improvement,
425; visit of Mary de Medicis to, in 1638, 426;
employs Inigo Jones to build Whitehall, 427;
note on the portraits of, by Vandyke and Mytens,
428; visit of, to Scotland in 1633, 429; with Laud
endeavours to impose episcopacy on Scotland,
430; outbreak in 1637 against it, and adoption
of the National Covenant, 431; meeting of the
General Assembly, 433; the Covenanters take up
arms, and seize Edinburgh and other places,
434; he advances to Berwick with an army, and
er. June 18, 1639, a pacification is agreed to, 435;
calls a parliament, which insists on the discon-
tinuance of arbitrary taxation, and the punish-
ment of the judges, 436; it is dissolved after
sitting three weeks, ibid. ; the Convocation grants
money, and passes canons that render the church
still more unpopular, ibid.; the Covenanters as-
semble fresh forces in 1640, and cross the Tweed,
437; he assembles an army at York, advances
to meet them, and is completely routed at New-
burn, near Newcastle, ibid.; calls a Great Council
of Peers at York, 438; agrees to a truce with the
Scots, ibid.; summons a new parliament, which