tyranny of, ibid.; introduction of Danish cus-
toms and laws by, ibid.; reproval of his flatterers
by, ibid.; benefits effected by, 158; pilgrimage
to Rome and death of, in 1035, ibid.; buried at
Winchester, 159; union of the Saxon and Danish
races accelerated by, ibid.

Canute, king of Denmark, invades England in
1069, and is forced to retire by William the Con-
queror, i. 192, 193

Caractacus, opposition offered by, to the invasion of
Plautius, i. 18; continued resistance of, to the
Romans, 20; defeat of, 21; speech of, at Rome
while a prisoner there, probably an historical
embellishment, with a foundation on facts,
ibid.; allusion of, to the houses of the Bri-
tons, 9

Caradoc. See Caractacus.

Carausius, usurpation of, A.D. 286, i. 32; naval
power of Britain during the reign of, ibid.; mur-
dered by Allectus, ibid.; introduced Germans
into Britain, 44

Carisbrook Castle, Charles I. imprisoned in, iv.
88; he attempts to escape from, 92
Carleon, description of, by Giraldus Cambrensis,

i. 42

Carnac, Druidical remains at, i. 3
Carnutes, Cæsar's notice of, i. 13

Cartismandua, queen of the Brigantes, betrays
Caractacus to the Romans, i. 21

Cassivelaunus, or Caswallon, opposes the advance
of Cæsar, i. 7

Catherine of Aragon. See Henry VIII. and
Wolsey

Caxton, William, commences printing in England,

about 1474, ii. 128; prints earl Rivers'' Dictes
and Sayings of Philosophers,' which is presented
to Edward IV., 171; notice of other works
printed by, ibid.

Cecil, William, lord Burleigh, is arrested with
Somerset, to whom he was secretary, iii. 35;
caution of, during Northumberland's rebellion,
51; intrigues in favour of queen Mary, 53; ap-
pointed to the Privy Council on the accession of
Elizabeth, 107; occupations of, during the reign
of Mary, 111; prepared scheme for the restora-
tion of Protestantism, 112; principle of, with
regard to the right of national intervention,
118; skill displayed by, in the treaty of Edin-
burgh in 1560, 121; reasons of, for refusing Mary
a safe conduct from France to Scotland, 125;
intrigues carried on by, at the Scottish court,
137, et seq.; opinions of, as to the measures to be
taken with Mary of Scotland on her taking
refuge in England, 156; anxiety of, for the safo
custody of Mary, 160; protest of, against the
duke of Norfolk being tried for high treason,
161; opinion of, as to the inefficacy of penal laws
against religious beliefs, 181; advises the Council
to dispatch the warrant for Mary's execution,
200; complaint of, in 1569, of the decay of obe-
dience in the people, 261; opposes the attack on
Spain in 1596, but is overruled, 265; death of,
in August 1598, 279

Cecil, Robert, earl of Salisbury, the rival of Essex
and Raleigh, iii. 282; announces to the House of
Commons in 1601 the queen's intention to abate
monopolies, 292; causes James I. to be pro-
claimed on Elizabeth's death, 307; entertains
James at Theobalds, and becomes prime minis-
ter, 308; remonstrates against Coke's unfairness
on Raleigh's trial, 311; compelled by James to ne-
gociate a treaty with Spain, 318; receives a com-
munication from lord Mounteagle, with a letter
that leads to the discovery of the Gunpowder
Plot, 324; lesson of, to James as to his lavishness
to Carr, 341; endeavours to procure from parlia-
ment a fixed revenue for the king, 351; death of,
in May, 1612, 359
Chambers, Richard, resistance of, to the payment
of illegal customs' duties, iii. 407; refuses to
pay Ship-Money, and is imprisoned, 419
Charlemagne, character of, i. 75; career of, 76
Charles I., visit of, when Prince of Wales to the
court of Spain in 1623, to see his proposed bride,
ii. 384; succeeds his father, March 27, 1625,
387; change in the manners of the Court on his

accession, ibid.; marriage of, with Heurietta
Maria of France, 288; favour shown to the
Roman Catholics by the king, ibid.; the first
parliament meets, and demand redress of
grievances, 389; it is dissolved, ibid.; writs
issued under the privy seal, demanding loans
from private persons, ibid.; failure of the naval
expedition against Spain, 290; meeting of the
second parliament, ibid. ; it impeaches Bucking-
ham, ibid.; commits sir John Eliot to the Tower
for his speech in the House, but releases him soon
afterwards, ibid.; dissolves the parliament, 391;
disputes of with the Lords as to infringements
on their privileges, ibid.; subsidies illegally
levied, and harsh measures pursued against such
as resist, 392; dismisses the queen's foreign
attendants, 393; war with France and its causes,
394; failure of the expedition to aid the Pro-
testants in Rochelle, 395; meeting of the third
parliament on March 17, 1628, 396; debates in, on
the Petition of Right, 397; gives his assent to
the Act, 398; prorogues parliament on its remon-
strating against his arbitrarily levying customs'
duties, ibid.; prepares a second expedition under
Buckingham to relieve Rochelle, 399; Bucking-
ham is assassinated, 400; the expedition sails,
fails in affording relief, and Rochelle surrenders,
402; parliament meets, and makes fresh remon-
strances against the king's arbitrary conduct,
ibid.; progress of religious differences in the
church, ibid.; a remonstrance carried in the
Commons against popish innovations and arbi-
trary taxation, 403; dissolves the parliament,
and imprisons some of the members, 404; a
force raised in Scotland to assist Gustavus Adol-
phus, ibid.; jurisdiction of the Star Chamber
extended, 406; continued exactions of, during
the cessation of parliaments, ibid.; spirited re-
sistance of individuals to them, 407; the impri-
soned members refuse to plead in the King's
Bench, and are recommitted, 409; Wentworth
appointed Lord President of the North and Lord
Deputy of Ireland, 410; prosecutions and severe
punishments of the Puritan writers Prynne and
Leighton, 411, 413; republication of the Book of
Sports, 414; raises money by the sale of new
monopolies, 415; issues a proclamation against
the increase of houses in London, and raises
money, in 1633, by extorting fines to avoid their
being pulled down, 416; other arbitrary pro-
clamations, and hackney-coaches forbidden, in
1635, to pass up and down London streets, 417;
first project of Ship-Money, 418; the writs of
Ship Money extended in 1636, 419; the judges
give their opinion in favour of the writ, ibid. ;
Hampden and many others refuse to pay, 421;
judgment given against him in 1637, 422; in-
creased resistance to the payment after the
judgment, 423; prosecutions of Pryune, Burton,
and Bastwick for their writings, ibid; patronage
given by Charles to the Fine Arts, 424; despotic
interference of, with private property in London,
but not productive of any public improvement,
425; visit of Mary de Medicis to, in 1638, 426;
employs Inigo Jones to build Whitehall, 427;
note on the portraits of, by Vandyke and Mytens,
428; visit of, to Scotland in 1633, 429; with Laud
endeavours to impose episcopacy on Scotland,
430; outbreak in 1637 against it, and adoption
of the National Covenant, 431; meeting of the
General Assembly, 433; the Covenanters take up
arms, and seize Edinburgh and other places,
434; he advances to Berwick with an army, and
er June 18, 1639, a pacification is agreed to, 435;
calls a parliament, which insists on the discon-
tinuance of arbitrary taxation, and the punish-
ment of the judges, 436; it is dissolved after
sitting three weeks, ibid. ; the Convocation grants
money, and passes canons that render the church
still more unpopular, ibid.; the Covenanters as-
semble fresh forces in 1640, and cross the Tweed,
437; he assembles an army at York, advances
to meet them, and is completely routed at New-
burn, near Newcastle, ibid.; calls a Great Council
of Peers at York, 438; agrees to a truce with the
Scots, ibid.; summons a new parliament, which

meets in November 1640, ibid.; character of the
House of Commons, 439; difficulty of relating
its history, 441; opens the sitting in a tone of
conciliation, 443; Strafford is impeached by the
Commons, 445; Laud arrested and impeached by
the Commons, 446; Finch, Windebank, and the
Ship-Money judges impeached, 447; trial of Straf-
ford, 450, et seq.; consents to his execution, 457;
assents to the Act for preventing the dissolution
of the parliament without its own consent,
459; the two Houses remonstrate against the
queen quitting England, and she agrees to
remain, 460; the Star Chamber and High
Commission courts abolished by Act of par-
liament, 461; visits Scotland, and endeavours
to conciliate the nation, 462; breaking out
of the Irish insurrection of 1641, 463; the
rebels pretend to have the king's commission,
465; he returns to London, ibid.; magnificent
entertainment given to, by the corporation of
the city, 467; formation of parties for the ap-
proaching struggle, 468; Hyde becomes the
king's adviser, and lord Falkland is made secre-
tary of state, 469; receives the Remonstrance
from the Commons, and publishes an answer to
it, drawn up by Hyde, ibid.; takes up his resi-
dence at Whitehall for the Christmas of 1641, 470;
popular tumults and cry against the bishops, 471;
twelve bishops protest against the force_used
towards them, and are committed to the Tower
for treason, 472; the question of the militia
raised in Jan. 1642; his rights invaded by the
claims of the Commons, 474; refuses a guard to
the Commons, and on Jan. 3, attempts to seize
the Five Members, 475; despondency at White-
hall, and tumults in the city, occasioned by the
attempt and its failure, 478; leaves Whitehall
and goes to Hampton Court, ibid.; refuses his
assent to the militia bill, but assents to that for
excluding the bishops from the House of Lords,
480; the queen leaves England, ibid.; he is
refused entrance into Hull, 481; some peers and
commoners join him at York, ibid.; he receives
propositions from the parliament, 482; sets up
nis standard at Nottingham, 495; attempts to
negotiate with the parliament, 496; but it refuses
unless the king's proclamations, declaring them
traitors, are withdrawn, 497; marches on Shrews-
bury, and publishes a Protestation,' iv., 2; the
first encounter in the civil war takes place at
Worcester, 3; want of money of, ibid.; Battle of
Edgehill, Oct. 23, 1642, 4; marches upon London,
7; Parliamentarians defeated by the royal army
at Brentford, Nov. 12, 1642, 8; the royalists
retire, 9; the Londoners march to Turnham
Green, and the royal army retires into winter
quarters at Oxford, 10; the war spreads through
England, 11; the queen lands with an army,
12; sufferings of the royalists at Oxford, 13;
Reading surrenders to Essex, 15; proceedings of
the war in other quarters, ibid.; Edmund Waller's
plot, 16; defeat of the parliamentarians at Chal-
grove Field, and death of Hampden, ibid.; the
queen joins her husband, 18; various incidents
of the war, 19; Rupert takes Bristol, July 27,
1643, 20; Gloucester besieged by Charles, August
10, 21; relieved by Essex, Sep. 5, 22; battle of
Newbury, 23: anecdote of the king trying his
fortune with lord Falkland, by the Sortes Vir
giliana, 26; the Scots invade England, 31;
he withdraws his troops from Ireland, who are
afterwards defeated at Nantwich, 32; convokes
a parliament at Oxford, Jan. 22nd, 1644, 33; is
besieged by Essex and Waller in Oxford, and
quits the city on June 3rd, ibid.; defeats Waller
at Cropredy Bridge, 34; marches to the relief of
York, 5; but is defeated at Marston Moor, July
2, ibid.; the queen leaves England, 36; he is
defeated at the second battle of Newbury, 37;
negotiates with the parliament, 38; treaty of
Uxbridge, 39; victories of Montrose, 40; battle
of Naseby, June 14, 1645, 43; the king's
cabinet captured and opened, 45; surrender of
Bristol, 47; Basing House taken, 48; Montrose
defeats an army under Baillie, 52; Charles
attempts to join him, but is defeated by Poyntz

461

at Rowton Heath, and retires to Wales, ibid.;
Montrose defeated at Philiphaugh, ibid.; defeat
of Digby at Sherborne, his cabinet taken, and its
contents published, 53; the king sets out for Ox-
ford, ibid.; desires his son to leave England, 54;
overtures for pacification, 55; letter of, to the
queen, ibid.; lord Hopton accepts the command
of the western army, 56, but the army is soon
after dissolved, and the war terminates in that
quarter, ibid; prince of Wales leaves for Scilly, 57;
the king's proposals to parliament being rejected,
he negotiates, through Montreuil, with the Scots
to take up his cause, 58; Fairfax gradually draws
his troops round Oxford, ibid. ; injunctions of the
king to his wife, ibid.; account of his flight given
by Hudson and Ashburnham, 59; adventures on
the way to the Scottish army, 60; the Scots
endeavour to induce him to consent to the
abolition of Episcopacy, 62; is surrendered by
the Scots to the English commissioners, 63;
capitulation of Oxford, 64; end of the first Civil
War, 65; confinement of, at Holmby House, 66;
is removed from Holmby by Joyce, 71; treatment
of, by the army, 73; proposals of the Indepen-
dents to, 75; he rejects them, 76; popular
movement in London in favour of the king, 77;
he is lodged at Hampton Court, 79; the Indepen-
dents still endeavour to come to terms with, but
he continues to treat with both parties, 80; a
letter of, intercepted by Cromwell and Ireton,
81; escape of, from Hampton Court, 82; narra-
tive of the escape, 84; goes to the Isle of Wight,
85; Berkeley's mission to the army, 87; Scotch
and English negotiations with, 88; is imprisoned
in Carisbrook Castle, ibid.; parliament declares
against any further treaty, 89; royalist reaction
90; and riots, 91; his attempt to escape from Caris-
brook Castle, 92; lord Goring rises in favour of,
93; Scotch army enters England under the duke
of Hamilton, in aid of, ibid.; Cromwell marches
from Wales, 94; and defeats them at the battle of
Preston, 95; Cromwell's victory disarranges the
king's schemes, 97; treaty of Newport, 98; skill
displayed by, in discussion, and appearance of,
at Newport, 98; concessions made by, at New-
port, 99; letter of, to his son, ibul.; is carried to
Hurst Castle, 102; is removed to Windsor by
Harrison, 104; treatment of, 105; ordinance for
his trial, ibid.; High Court of Justice appointed,
106; the king before the High Court, 107; trial
of, Bradshaw presides, ibid.; is sentenced to bo
executed, 109; sentence of condemnation, ibid.
behaviour of, after condemnation, 110; his
execution, Jan. 30, 1649, 111; remarks on, and
his execution, 111; buried at Windsor Castle in
St George's Chapel, 115

Charles II. leaves England for Scilly in 1646, iv. 57;
goes first to Jersey, then to France, and after-
wards to Holland, ibid.; is an exile at St. Ger-
main's, 120; is proclaimed King of Scotland at
Edinburgh on Feb. 5th, 1649, ibid.; commissioners
from Scotland to Charles at the Hague, requesting
him to return to his kingdom, ibid.; he refuses
their proposals, and dismisses them, ibid.; urged
by the marquis of Ormond to show himself in
Ireland, but only goes as far as Jersey, in conse-
quence of hearing of the fall of Drogheda, 124;
double-dealing of, in negotiations with the Scot-
tish Parliament, 128; gives Montrose a commis-
sion to wage war in Scotland, ibid.; who is
defeated at Craigchonichen, by colonel Strachan,
129; consents to proposals of Scottish Commis-
sioners, and goes to Scotland, 131; political
morality of, ibid.; supposed influence of the
preachers upon the character of, ibid.; made to
sign a declaration against Popery and Heresy in
the Scottish camp, 133; battle of Dunbar, 135;
crowned at Scone, 136; marches into England at
the head of a Scotch army, 137; issues procla-
mations, ibid.; battle of Worcester, in which he
is totally defeated by Cromwell, 138; escape and
adventures of, 140; and return to France, 143;
settles at Cologne, and prepares for a landing in
England, 190; Wilmot organises a general insur-
rection throughout England in favour of, ibid.;
which fails through Cromwell's politic measures

191; dissoluteness of, at Cologne, 199; Sinder-
comb's plot in favour of, discovered, 205; meets
his brother James at Calais, intending to proceed
to England, 224; endeavours to persuade Monk
to join his cause, ibid.; court of, at Breda, 232;
the Presbyterians send a deputation to him, to
offer the crown on conditions, 233; Monk gives
in his adhesion to his cause, ibid.; letter of
Charles to the new parliament in April, 1660, and
Declaration from Breda, 235, 240; meeting of the
Convention Parliament on April 25, 1660, 236;
debates in the House on the Bill of Indemnity,
ibid.; the regicides and others excepted from it,
237; he embarks for England, ibid.; and lands
at Dover, 238; enters London amidst the general
joy of the people, 239; the Convention Parlia-
ment declares the Long Parliament to be dis-
solved, and abolish knight-service and purvey-
ance, 242; a large revenue settled on the Crown,
243; money granted to enable him to disband the
army, 244; difficulties as to the Church and
Crown lands, 245; Act of Indemnity and Oblivion
passed, 246; number of exceptions to it, 247; the
regicides tried and executed, 248; insulting dis-
interment of Cromwell, Ireton, Bradshaw, and
Blake, ibid.; the king's declaration respecting
Episcopacy, 249; a bill, founded on the Declara-
tion of Breda, brought into the House, and
rejected, 250; the Convention Parliament dis-
solved, Dec. 29, 1660, ibid.; the Navigation Act,
and a Post-Office Act, re-enacted by the House
before its dissolution, ibid.; insurrection of the
Fifth-Monarchy men in April, 1661, suppressed,
251; proclamation of, against Quakers, Anabap-
tists, and other sectaries, ibid.; the coronation,
ibid.; a new parliament meets on May 8, and
ultra-royalism of its character, 253; provisions
of, for strengthening the prerogatives of the
Crown, 255; passing of the Corporation Act,
ibid.; and of the Act of Uniformity, 256; attempts
to force Episcopacy upon Scotland, 258; the
urgency of parliament for more punishments of
the Revolutionists resisted by Charles and Cla-
rendon, 259; Vane and Lambert tried and con-
demned for high treason, 260; letter of the king,
approving of Vane being "put out of the way,"
on account of his defence, 261; marriage of, to
Catherine of Braganza, 262; presents his mis-
tress, lady Castlemaine, to the queen, 263; sells
Dunkirk to the French, 264; profligacy of the
king and Court, 265; a dispensing power to relax
the penal laws in ecclesiastical matters denied
him by the parliament, 268; the Triennial Act
repealed, ibid.; war with Holland commenced
in 1665, ibid.; first appearance of the great
Plague in 1665, 269, et seq.; the Five-Mile Act
passed against the Non-conformists, 275; the Set-
tlement Act of 1662 passed, 276; naval fight of
four days with the Dutch, 279; the Licensing
Act and restrictions on the Press, 281; the Great
Fire of London, 282, et seq.; the king and duke of
York set examples of activity, 284; change in the
temper of parliament towards, 292; commis-
sioners appointed to examine the public accounts,
ibid.; his disgraceful state of indebtedness, 293;
insurrection of the Covenanters in Scotland, sup-
pressed by Dalziel, 294; state of the navy in 1666,
295; insurrection of the sailors for want of pay,
297; the Dutch attack and burn English ships in
the Medway, in 1667, 298; peace concluded with
Holland, 299; Clarendon deprived of office, ibid.;
formation of the Cabal ministry, 302; character
of the ministry, 305; principles of, and conduct of
the king, ibid.; his desire to imitate Louis XIV.,
306; general corruption of political parties, ibid.;
constitutional restraints against his becoming
despotic, 307; movements of the Cabal in favour
of toleration towards non-conformists, ibid.; the
House of Commons negative proposals for a union
of Protestants, 308; conclusion of the Triple
Alliance between England, Holland, and Sweden,
in 1668, ibid.; the duchess of Orleans visits
England, 309; secret treaty concluded with
Louis XIV., on May 22, 1670, for the conquest of
Holland, and the receipt of a pension, 310; the
Commons vote a grant for a war against France,

ibid.; the Conventicle Act renewed, ibid.; re-
newed persecution of non-conformists, 311; the
king's French concubine, 312; growing discon-
tent of the House of Commons at the king's
foreign policy, 313; mutilation of sir John Coven-
try, and passing of the Coventry Act, ibid.;
attempt of Blood to steal the regalia, 314; he is
pardoned and pensioned by the king, 315; the
shutting up of the Exchequer, ibid.; publie
alliance with France, and war with Holland, 316;
Declaration of Indulgence in religion issued by,
319; unpopularity of the measure, 320; the par-
liament declares that penal statutes cannot be
suspended but by Act of parliament, ibid.; the
Declaration is withdrawn, and the Test Act
passed, 321; the Commons address the king
against the marriage of the duke of York with
Maria Beatrix of Modena, and they vote standing
armies, the alliance with France, and the ministry,
to be grievances, 322; they are prorogued, the Cabal
ministry is broken up, and that of the earl of
Danby formed, 323; composition of the House of
Commons in 1673, ibid.; peace made with Hol-
land, 324; enormous sums lavished by the king on
the duchess of Portsmouth, 325; receipt of a
pension from France by, ibid.; the licences of
coffee-houses withdrawn, in order to suppress
seditious discourse, in 1675, 326; they are re-
opened, 327; parliament meets, and Bucking-
ham, Shaftesbury, and two other peers, are sent
to the Tower for maintaining that the long proro-
gation amounted to a dissolution, 828; the king
obtains a large grant from the Commons by
means of bribery, ibid.; the prince of Orange
arrives in England, in 1677, and marries the
princess Mary, 329; contentions between the
parliament and the king, 330; the statute inflict-
ing the punishment of death for heresy repealed
in 1678, 331; personal popularity of the king, 332;
announcement of Titus Oates's Popish Plot, ibid.;
excitement produced, and progress of the deve-
lopment, 333; murder of sir Edmondbury God-
frey, 334; the Commons pass an Act to exclude
Catholics from both Houses, 385; the king's
notion of the Plot, and his support of the queen
against Oates's accusation, 336; sweeping com-
mittal of prisoners, and chief justice Scroggs's
intemperate behaviour on their trial, 337; con-
victions obtained on doubtful or insufficient evi-
dence, ibid.; the ultimate effects of the Plot, 338;
disclosure to the public of the secret treaty
between Charles and Louis XIV., 339; the king's
letters read in the House of Commons, 340; in-
dignation of the House, and Danby is impeached,
341; the parliament is dissolved, in 1879, and
great excitement produced by the election of a
new one, ibid.; the king affirms the illegitimacy
of the duke of Monmouth, to satisfy his brother,
before he consents to leave England, 342; a
Cabinet government, on a scheme of sir W.
Temple's, appointed to succeed Danby, 343; the
Exclusion Bill read twice in the House of Com-
mons, the Habeas Corpus Act passed, and the
House prorogued, 344; and dissolved, 345; fresh
prosecutions and convictions on account of the
Popish Plot, ibid.; persecutions of the Cove-
nanters in Scotland, 347; murder of archbishop
Sharpe, 349; insurrection in Scotland, ibid.;
Monmouth sent to quell it, 350; battle of Both-
well Bridge, ibid.; origin of the terms Whig and
Tory, ibid.; he is attended by James and the duke
of Monmouth, rivals for the succession, on his
illness in 1679, 351; sends Monniouth to Flanders,
and James to Scotland, ibid.; alterations of, at
Windsor Castle, 354; is urged by the duchess of
Portsmouth and others to name the duke of
Monmouth his successor, 356; the Bill of Exclu-
sion again brought into the House, 356; it is
passed, and carried to the House of Lords by lord
William Russell, where it is rejected, 357; the
earl of Stafford convicted and executed for parti-
cipation in the Popish Plot, 358; levity of the
king's behaviour, 859; the parliament impeaches
chief justice Scroggs, ibid.; the parliament dis-
solved, and another summoned to meet at Oxford,
360; he concludes a new treaty with France, and

receives a fresh subsidy, ibid.; the Oxford par-
liament again introduce the Bill of Exclusion,
361; the House of Lords refuse to receive the
impeachment of Fitzharris, ibid.; the House of
Commons is suddenly dissolved, after sitting
seven days, on March 28, 1681, 362; the king's
Declaration, and the Whig Vindication, ibid.;
trial of Plunket, the Roman Catholic archbishop
of Armagh, for a Popish Plot, and of Stephen
College for an attempt to seize the king's person,
ibid.; both are convicted and hanged, ibid.;
Dryden produces his "Absalom and Achitophel,"
after Shaftesbury's arrest for high treason, 364;
Shaftesbury is indicted, and the grand jury throw
out the bill, ibid.; manoeuvres of the Court to
obtain the nomination of a sheriff of London,
365; the army establishment, 369; a quo war-
ranto against the Corporation of London, which
submits to conditions, ibid.; other corporations
surrender their charters, 370; trial and acquittal
of Count Königsmark for the murder of Thomas
Thynne, ibid.; satisfaction of the king at the
acquittal, 371; the Rye-House Plot, ibid.; trials
and executions of lord William Russell and Alger-
non Sidney, 372-375; persecution of the Cove-
nanters in Scotland, 375; the University of
Oxford publish a decree against seditious books,
and its members preach passive obedience, 376;
Evelyn's account of the king's amusements on
Sunday, Feb. 1, 1685, ibid.; he is struck with
apoplexy on Feb. 2, ibid.; receives the rites of
the Roman Catholic Church, and dies on Feb. 6,
377; Chelsea Hospital, as founded by, ibid.
Charles V., the emperor, succeeds his father
Ferdinand in 1516, ii. 265; is chosen emperor in
1519, 281; meets Henry VIII. at Gravelines, and
propitiates Wolsey, 286; leagues with Henry
VIII. against Francis I. in 1521, 291; wins the
battle of Pavia in 1525, and takes Francis
prisoner, 301; releases Francis on very hard
terms, 302; war of, against pope Clement VII.,
ibid.; attack and sack of Rome by the troops of,
under the Constable de Bourbon, 306, 307; cha-
racter of the armies at Rome, 308; is crowned
emperor in 1530, 329; opposes the annulling of
Henry VIII's marriage with Catherine, 330;
objects to the removal of the divorce suit from
Rome, 337; caution of, in negotiating the mar-
riage of Philip with Mary, iii. 59; abdicates the
crown in Oct. 1555, 96; dies, 106

Charter house, trial and execution of the prior and
some of the monks of, for refusing to take the
oath of supremacy to Henry VIII., ii., 358; con-
tinued persecution of the remainder, 360.
Chaucer's descriptions of the social state of Eng-
land, temp. Edward III., i., 479, 480; costume
described by, 480, 481; manners of the people,
482; satire of, on the state of the Church, 489;
characteristics of, and his influence on English
literature, ii. 11, 12

Chevalier, P., account of Druidical remains in Brit-
tany by, i. 3

Christian Church in Britain, doctrinal dissensions
in the, in the fourth century, i. 52; influence of,
in Roman Britain, 53; disunited character of,
59; suppression of the Pelagian heresies in, as
related by Bede, 60; conference and disagree-
ment of, with Augustin, 68, 69
Christianity, first appearance and decadence of, in
Britain, i. 14; doubtful statement of the intro-
duction of, into Britain, by Lucius, who reigned
A. D. 180, 50; certainly established in Britain as
early as the beginning of the fourth century, 51;
persecution of, under Diocletian and Maximian,
ibid.

Chun Castle, an early British work, i. 9
Church, corrupt state of, in the time of Henry II.,
i. 280: state of, under Edward III., 488, 489; at-
tempts of Wycliffe to reform, 489, 490; ill effects
produced by its privileges of" benefit of clergy."
and of sanctuary, temp. Henry VII., ii. 243, 244;
position of, in the early part of the reign of
Henry VIII., 276; the immunities of the clergy
offensive to the laity, ibid.; persecution of Richard
Hunne for heresy, and for having Wycliffe's
books, 277; the Londoners declared by the

463

bishop to be in "favour of heretical wicked-
ness, ibid.; the king maintains his prerogative
against the claims of the clergy, 278; the clergy,
in Convocation, participate with the Commons in
the resistance to Henry the VIII.'s demand for a
large subsidy, 297; archbishop Usher's scheme
for the reformation of, iii. 473; conference of the
bishops with the Puritan divines at the Savoy, in
1661, iv. 252; earnest desire of Clarendon to re-
establish, in its ancient splendour, 253; resist-
ance offered by, to the efforts of James II, to in-
troduce Roman Catholics, 408; archbishop San-
croft and six bishops petition to be excused
compliance with the king's order for the clergy
to read in churches the declaration for liberty of
conscience, 425; they are committed to the
Tower, 426; brought before the King's Bench to
plead, and are held to bail, 427; tried for a libel
and acquitted, 428; public rejoicings at their
acquittal, ibid.; the bishops refuse to sign a
declaration of abhorrence against the proceedings
of William, 438

Cities and towns of England, condition of, temp.
Richard I., i. 322

Clarence, George, brother of Edward IV., created
duke of, in 1461, ii. 150; marries Isabel, daughter
of the earl of Warwick, 157; joins Warwick in a
rising against Edward, 158; Edward taken
prisoner, but escapes, ibid.; is defeated at Stam-
ford, and escapes to France with Warwick, 159;
is reconciled to his brother, 164; is accused of
participating in the murder of prince Edward,
167; endeavours to obtain in marriage the heiress
of Burgundy, but is opposed by Edward, 175;
is accused of treason, convicted, and dies in the
Tower, on Jan. 16, 1478, ibid.; no foundation for
the statements of his drowning, or that Glou-
cester was implicated in his death, ibid.
Clarendon, Constitutions of, passed in 1164, i. 286,
287; the pope refuses to confirm them, 287
Clarendon (sir Edward Hyde) earl of, becomes the
adviser of Charles I. in 1641, iii. 469; draws up
the answer to the Remonstrance of the Commons,
ibid.; the Presbyterian party endeavour to obtain
his expulsion from office as a condition of the
Restoration, iv. 233; the Declaration from Breda
written by, 235; double-dealing of, 245, 247; ad-
dress of, as chancellor, to the parliament, 246;
earnest desire to re-establish the Church of Eng-
land, 253; maintains the principle of the Act of
Oblivion and Indemnity, ibid,; marriage of his
daughter to the duke of York, and his singular
conduct, 254; opposes the desire of parliament
for more punishments, 259; advises the sale of
Dunkirk to the French, 264; the populace ac-
cuse him of having been bribed, 265; is deprived
of office in 1667, 299; character of, ibid.; he is
impeached on Nov. 12, leaves the country, and is
banished by an Act Dec. 29, ibid.; settles at Mont-
pelier in France, 302

Claudius, invasion of Britain by, i. 17, 18; joins
Plautius, takes Camalodunum and returns to
Rome, 19

Claverhouse (John Graham, of) cruelties of, to-
wards the Covenanters, iv. 347; is defeated by
them at Drumclog in 1679, 349; behaviour of, at
the battle of Bothwell Bridge, 350; causes Brown,
"the Christian carrier" to be shot, and insults
his wife, 351

Clergy, the position and condition of, in the 15th
century, ii. 124; intercourse of, with the laity,
ibid.; payment of curates, 125; dislike of, to the
monastic orders, ibid.; influence of domestic
chaplains, ibid. ; influence of, in the making of
wills, 126, 127; injurious effects of the "benefit of
clergy upon the morals of the people, temp.
Henry VII, ii. 243; increased dissatisfaction of the
people with the oppressions of, 324; statutes
passed in the parliament of 1529 against eccle-
siastical abuses, 325; resistance offered by them
to, the passing of, 326; visited with heavy
penalties for submitting to Wolsey as legate,
337; Act abolishing the payment of annates by,
to the see of Rome, carried into effect in 1533, 339;
ordered to preach at Paul's Cross that the pope
hath no authority in the realm, 350; visitation

of the monasteries ordered in 1535, 366; delin-
quencies of the monks, 367; dissoluteness of the
inmates of religious houses exposed by the visita-
tion commissioners, 410; occasional exceptions,
412; character of the parochial clergyman, 487;
married clergy expelled from their livings in
1554, iii. 73; increased severity of the persecu-
tion against married clergymen, 86; state of, at
the commencement of the Civil War in 1642,
486; number ejected from their livings on the
adoption of the Presbyterian Covenant in 1643,
iv. 30; legal provision for, not interfered with
during the Civil War, 245; the ejected ministers
restored in 1660, ibid.

Clothing, dearness and scarcity of, in the 15th cen-
tury, ii. 121

Coal-trade to France, and restrictions on exporta-
tion, in the reign of Henry VIII., ii. 478
Cogidubnus, British legate at Chichester, under the
Roman empire, i. 41

Coifi, chief priest of the Northumbrian Saxons,
converted by Paulinus, destroys the idols, i. 73
Coins, ancient British, i. 15, note.

Coke, sir Edward, bitterness of his speech as at-
torney-general against the earl of Essex, iii. 289;
brutality of his conduct when prosecuting Raleigh,
312; as lord chief justice, issues a warrant to ap-
prehend the earl of Somerset for the murder of
Overbury, 365; dissatisfaction of James with his
conduct on the trial, 368; opposes the arbitrary
measures of the king, and is dismissed, 369;
draws up a petition in the Commons, in 1621,
against the growth of popery, 382; assists in the
debate on the Petition of Right in 1628, 397;
denounces the duke of Buckingham in the House
of Commons, 398

Colchester, the ancient Camalodunum, i. 14; de-
scription of the castle of, i. 19; supposed temple
to Claudius at, ibid.

Conan, the leader of the British forces under Maxi-
mus, founds a colony in Brittany, A. D. 388, i. 54
Constantine, accession of, to the government of Bri-
tain, i. 32; prosperous state of Britain under,

33

Constantine, raised to the imperial throne by the
aid of the army in Britain, A. D. 306, i. 51; the
civil government of Britain remodelled by, ibid.;
death of, A. D. 337, 52

Constantius, the emperor, supports the authority
of Paulus, i. 53

Contemporary sovereigns, table of, i. 491, 492; ii.
500; iii. 499; iv. 451

Coracle, description of, i. 9

Corn law, the first passed in England in 1463,

ii. 108

Courts of Law, established by Henry II., i. 283
Covenanters, under Baillic, are defeated by Mont-
rose in 1645, iv. 52; obtain the rule in Scotland,
after the capture of Hamilton, in 1648, 95; their
exultation at the defeat and capture of Montrose,
in 1650, 129; insurrection of, in the West of Scot-
land, in 1666, 294; cruelties practised towards,
ibid.; resistance of, to the Black Indulgence, 347;
attempt of Lauderdale to reduce, by military
force, 348; cruelties exercised towards, ibid.;
murder of archbishop Sharpe, 349; defeat Claver-
house at Drumclog, ibid.; are defeated at Both.
well Bridge on June 22, 1679, ibid.; moderation
of Monmouth towards, 350; receive the name of
Whig, ibid.; cruelties inflicted on, by the duke
of York and Claverhouse, 351; a Test Act passed
against the Covenant in 1682, 366; fresh cruelties
committed upon, 367; renewed and illegal perse-
cutions of, in 1683, 375; fresh laws obtained
against them by James II. in 1685, and the sol-
diery let loose upon them, 384
Covered ways, or roads, of the Britons, in Wiltshire,
continued existence of, i. 11
Cranmer, Thomas, sent with the ambassador to
the crowning of the emperor Charles V., in 1530,
ii. 329; writes a book to prove the invalidity of
the king's marriage to Catherine, 330; unfeeling
remark of, concerning the burning of Frith, 338;
returns to England, and is made archbishop of
Canterbury, 344; requests Henry's licence to
pronounce on the divorce, and obtains it, 345;

holds a court at Dunstable, Catherine refuses to
appear, and he pronounces sentence of divorce on
May 23, 1533, ibid.; description of the coronation
of Anne Boleyn by, 346; endeavours ineffectually
to exempt sir Thomas More from taking an oath
as to the illegality of the king's first marriage,
356; his letter to the king in favour of Anne
Boleyn, 375; dissuades the king from putting the
princess Mary to death, 382; servility of, 405;
opposes the Act of the Six Articles, but ulti-
mately submits to it, 420; consents to the Act
declaring the marriage of Henry to Anne of
Cleves invalid, 427; his opinion of Cromwell,
429; discovers to the king the profligacy of Cathe-
rine Howard, 432; accused of heresy, but relieved
by the king. 448; causes the Paraphrase of the
New Testament by Erasmus to be translated into
English, iii. 8; prepares the Book of Common
Prayer, 12; signs the death-warrant of lord
Thomas Seymour, 18; writes to Warwick and
the confederated lords that Somerset is secured,
35; amount of participation of, in the burning
of Joan Bocher, 39; book of Canon Laws issued
by, 40; committed to the Tower on the accession
of Mary, Nov. 14, 1553, 57; pleads not guilty to
the charge of high treason, and withdraws his
plea, 59; condemned for heresy at Oxford, 73;
he recants, 91; publicly withdraws his recanta-
tion, and declares his repentance for having made
it, 92; is burnt on March 21, 1555, 93
Crayford, chalk caves at, i. 9

Cressy, battle of, on Aug. 26, 1346, i. 460-462; won
by the steady bravery of the yeomen of England,
463
Criminal laws, extreme severity of, temp. Henry
VII., ii. 253, 340-342; statute for the punish-
ment of offences against property, passed in 1545,

471

Cristall, sir Henry, Froissart's account of his cap-
tivity among the Irish, ii. 385

Cromlechs, supposed purpose of, i. 10
Cromwell, Oliver, first appearance of, in the House
of Commons, in 1629, iii. 403; presents a petition
from Lilburne, imprisoned by the Star-Chamber,
to the Long Parliament, in 1640, 444; seizes the
magazine at Cambridge, and stops the transmis-
sion of the University plate to the king, 492:
letter of, to the Commissioners at Cambridge, iv.
20; character of, 29; hazardous situation of, at
the skirmish of Winceby, ibid.; distinguished
services of, at the battle of Marston Moor, 35; let-
ter of, to his brother, concerning the battle, 36;
brings a charge against the earl of Manchester,
37; thinks the army ought to be re-modelled,
ibid.; great importance of his military services,
41; active measures of, against the royalists, 42;
letter of, announcing the result of Naseby battle,
to the Speaker of the House of Commons, ibid.;
commands the right wing at battle of Naseby,
43; his conduct in it, 44; letter of, to Fairfax,
announcing that he had taken 200 clubmen, 47;
invests Bristol in company with Fairfax, ibid.;
his account of the surrender, 48; Winchester sur-
renders to, ibid.; batters down Basing House,
48; his discipline of the Ironsides, 68; wishes to
prevent the army being disbanded, in opposition
to the Presbyterians, 69; organisation of the
Adjutators, 70; leaves London, and joins the
army, 71; waits on Charles at Royston, ibid.;
proposals of, and of the Independents, to
Charles, 75; the king rejects them, 76; Crom-
well and Ireton endeavour to serve the king,
79; they intercept a letter of the king's, 81;
he breaks off his intercourse with the king, 82;
conduct of, towards the Levellers, 87; suspi-
cion that Charles made his escape from Hamp
ton Court at the instigation of, 87; tries to
effect a reconciliation between the Presbyterians
and Independents, 89; leaves London, to quell an
outbreak in Wales, 91; takes Pembroke, 93;
marches against the duke of Hamilton, 94; and
defeats him at Preston, 95; enters Scotland,
ibid.; the victory throws both king and parlia
ment into alarm, 97; returns from Scotland,
100; letter to Hammond, 101; arrives in
London, 104; extraordinary religious enthu