497; incorporation of physicians and surgeons,
ibid.; duties of barber-surgeons defined, 498;
empitical remedies in vogue, ibid.; state of
painting, and encouragement given to Holbein,
499 irrepressible desire of the people for
"Liberty," iii. 20; insurrection of, in 1549, in
Devonshire and Cornwall in favour of the Romish
religion, 21; insurrection of, in Norfolk against
inclosures, 23; its defeat, 27; growing discontent
of on the marriage of Mary with Philip of Spain,
75; imprisonments of the people of, for reading
religious books, ibid.; seditious writings dis-
persed among, 76; submission of the parliament
of, to the papal see, 77; revival of the public
spirit of the people under Elizabeth, 129; sports
and processions of, 131; general advancement of
the people during the first ten years of Eliza-
beth, 166; the persecution of Protestants in the
Netherlands and France drives a great number
of refugees to, 167; rise of the puritanical party
in, 172; consternation and indignation produced
in, by the massacre of St. Bartholomew's, 174;
terrors of the people for the safety of Elizabeth,
176; impression produced on, by the discovery of
Babington's conspiracy, 189; spirit of the country
on being threatened by the Armada, 218; energy
displayed by, in their resistance to Philip of
Spain, by their discoveries, and in their litera-
ture, 239, 240; apparel, amusements, and social
habits of the people of, as described by Philip
Stubbes, 246, et seq.; prevalence of gluttony and
drunkenness, 248; Sabbath sports and games,
nature of, and their offensiveness to the Noncon-
formists, 251, et seq.; the Lord of Misrule, 252;
May-Games, Wakes, and Church-Ales, 253;
country festivals, 254; celebration of Christmas,
255; the athletic sports of, a fit training for
war, and a bond of fellowship, ibid.; state of
the drama in the time of Elizabeth, 257, 258;
statute for the relief of the poor passed in 1597,
268; against vagrancy, and its inefficiency, 269;
statute passed for regulating wages, 271; state
of crime in, temp. Eliz., 273: establishment of
almshouses and hospitals, 274; fluctuations of
prices of provisions in, 276; the literature of, in
the time of Elizabeth, essentially that of a free
people. 297; contrasted with that of Edward VI.
and Mary, 298; the early Elizabethan drama,
299 (and see Drama); nationality of its litera-
ture, 300; beauties of the lyrical poetry, 302;
prevalence of rural imagery in, 303; Elizabethan
architecture, ibid.; palatial mansions, 304; gar-
dens, 305 manor-houses, ibid.; institutions pro-
vided for classical education, 306; the authorised
translation of the Bible in 1611 an excellent
standard of the language, 352; notice of the
style of the great preachers, 353; outrageous
conduct of the parliament of, in punishing
Floyd, 381; asserted tranquillity of, under the
arbitrary government of Charles I., 405; real
discontent of, with the arbitrary levying of
taxes, 406; resistance of individuals to the pay-
ment of such taxes, 407; unity of feeling among
the different classes, ibid.; contrast of, with
France, 408: importance of the principle of local
self-government in, ibid.; encouragement to the
Fine Arts in, given by Charles I., 424; and by
noblemen and gentlemen at the same period,
ibid.; view of the state of society at the com-
mencement of the Civil War, 483; the arms and
arming of the people, 484; the Cavaliers, ibid.;
the Puritans, 485; state of the clergy, 486; the
playhouses shut up and popular amusements dis-
couraged by the efforts of the Puritans, 487;
exertions of the women of, for the parliamentary
party, 488; depression of industry occasioned by
the political agitation, 490; disturbances and
plunder in country districts, 491; but the supre-
macy of the law is still maintained, ibid.; grow-
ing importance of the press, 492; partisanship
of the poets and dramatists of the time, 492,
493; character of the journalists, 493; prevalence
of superstitions, 494; heroic conduct of the
women of, during the Civil War, iv. 1; continued
maintenance of the supremacy of the law during
that period, 14; traces of the Civil War to be found

471

in the ruins of old mansions, 49; idea afforded
by Hugh Peters of the havoc of the Civil War,
50; miseries of sieges, 51; state of religion in,
during the Civil War, 62; end of the first Civil
War, 65; discontent spreads throughout, 89;
revolts in favour of the king in many parts of, 91;
defection of the fleet of, ibid.; insurr ction
quelled, 93; a Scottish army enters, 94; note on
the party-spirit during the royalist reaction, 95;
admonition of Milton to the men of, ibid.;
improvement in condition of the kingdom
of, at the commencement of the Protectorate,
170; influence of Puritans, ibid.; prosperous
condition of the country, 171; influence of the
religious gentry upon the morals of the popula-
tion of, ibid.; unpopularity of Puritanism, 172;
severity of, ibid.; exaggerated imputations of
Puritans disliking music and learning, 173;
character of colonel Hutchinson, ibid.; intellec-
tual activity of the people of, 174; prevalence
of superstition, 175; advantages gained by the
civil wars in increasing the material prosperity
of, ibid.; and in furthering the advancement of
religion, 176; attempt of Cromwell to introduce
the Jews into, 198; lawless state of the coun-
try, as described by Mrs. Hutchinson, in 1659,
226; activity of the Royalists, 227; spread of
the popular feeling in favour of the Restora-
tion, 231; general rejoicing of, on the restoration
of Charles II., 239; reaction in favour of the
old sports, 251; growing dissatisfaction of the
people with the profligacy of Charles II. and
his court, 266; sullen endurance of the mis-
government by the people, 293; state of the
navy of, in 1666, 295; condition of science, litera-
ture, and the drama, 295; indignation of the
people at the misrule which admitted of the
Dutch burning the ships in the Medway, 298;
general corruption of political parties under
Charles II., 306; constitutional restraints against
its becoming a despotic monarchy, 307; progress
of, towards freedom, under adverse circum-
stances, ibid.; agitation of the people produced
by the announcement of Oates's Popish Plot in
1678, 332; increased by the murder of sir Ed-
mondbury Godfrey, 334; popularity of Mon-
mouth, ibid.; rise of the terms petitioners and
abhorrers, ibid.; party nicknames, Whig and
Tory, 353; tendencies of James II. towards
despotism, and strong feeling of the people
against its endurance, 401; the French Pro-
testants take refuge in, after the revocation of
the Edict of Nantes in 1685, 402; the intro-
duction of new manufactures by them, 403;
rejoicings on the acquittal of the seven bishops
in 1687, 428; Romish chapels destroyed by the
mob, 441

English history, candidates in competitive exami-
nation rejected for a want of knowledge of, i.
Introd. vi; national character, growth of, In-
trod. vi; mixture of races which formed, Introd.
vii
Erasmus's account of his pilgrimage to Walsing-
ham and Canterbury, ii. 246; remarks of, on the
ill condition of the houses, and the inattention to
diet in England, 254

Essex, Robert Devereux, earl of, accompanies
Drake in the expedition to attack Spain, iii. 239;
early career of, 260; commands the expedition
sent to aid Henry IV., ibid.; defeats the attempt
of Philip to poison Elizabeth, 264; is appointed to
the command of an expedition to attack Spain,
265; takes and burns Cadiz in 1556, 266; com-
mands another expedition with Raleigh, with
whom he disagrees, ibid.; quarrels with the
queen, and is then appointed lord-lieutenant o
Ireland, in 1599, 282; fails to suppress the rebel
lion of Tyrone, and returns to England, 283; in-
terview of, with the queen, 284; is committed to
'free custody,' 285; schemes of, in favour of
James, 286; attempts to raise an insurrection,
287; it fails, and he surrenders, 288; trial of,
with his accomplice the earl of Southampton,
ibid.; conduct of Bacon, 289; the execution of
Essex on Feb. 25, 1601, 290; note on the story of
the ring, 295 296

Essex, Robert Devereux, earl of, divorced from his
wife, iii. 361; proclaimed a traitor by Charles I.
as captain-general of the parliamentary army,
483; marches from London against the king on
Sept. 9, 1642, 498; at Northampton, iv. 2; moves
his army to Worcester, and is defeated by Rupert,
3; engages the royal forces at Edgehill, and
marches to London, 7; indecision of, 10; Reading
surrenders to, 15; relieves Gloucester, 22; sur-
prises Cirencester, ibid.; engages the royal forces
at Newbury, 23; blockades Oxford, 33; disagree-
ments between Waller and, 34; besieges Exeter,
ibid.; sad condition of, in Cornwall, 36; he leaves
his troops, and his army is dispersed, ibid.;
meeting at the house of, 37; death of, Sept. 16,
1647, 65; medal struck in honour of, ibid.
Ethelbald, ravages in England by the Danes during
the reign of, i. 79; aids his father in a battle
against the Danes in 850, 80; had obtained the
kingdom of Wessex from his father during his
lifetime, 85; death of, ibid.

Ethelbert, king of Kent, power and dominions of,
i. 66; receives the Christian missionary Augustin,
67; is converted, 68; account of the code of laws
published by, 69, 70; 'death of, A. D. 616, 69
Ethelbert, succeeds Ethelwolf, as king of Kent,
i. 85; and his brother Ethelbald, as king of Wes-
sex in 860, ibid.; dies, 866, 94
Ethelfleda, daughter of Alfred, energetic character,
military successes, and death of, i. 122
Ethelred, succeeds Ethelbert, 966, i. 94; death of,

100

Ethelred the Unready, aecession of in 978, i. 149;
crowned and cursed by Dunstan, 150; attacked
by the Danes under Sweyn, in 980, and following
years, 151; pays tribute to them first in 991,
ibid.; continued in succeeding attacks, 152; mas-
sacre of the Danes by order of, in 1002, 153; is
again attacked by Sweyn, and England is ra-
vaged, ibid.; Canterbury burnt by the Danes,
154; attacked again by Sweyn, king of Denmark,
who proclaims himself king of England, 155; re-
tires to Normandy, ibid.; recalled to England,
ibid.; death of, in 1016, ibid.

Ethelwulf, ravages in England by the Danes during
the reign of, i. 79; journey of, to Rome, 82; death
of in 858, 83

Evesham, battle of, on Aug. 4, 1265, i. 376
Excommunication, small effect of, on the people,
temp. John, i. 339, 340

FAIRFAX, Sir Thomas, presents the people's petition
to Charles I. at York, iii. 482; disputes the supre-
macy of the north with lord Newcastle, iv. 15;
commands one of the parliamentarian armies,
33; besieges Lathom house, 35; nominated
general, 38; urges that Cromwell should be
chief commander of the horse, 41; takes an ac-
tive part in the battle of Naseby, 42, &c.; letter
from Cromwell to, 47: Bristol invested by him
and Cromwell, ibid.; advances upon Oxford, 57;
which surrenders to him, 64; secures the Bod-
leian library from spoliation, ibid.; influence of,
in the army, not so great as that of Cromwell's,
68; allows the king to have an interview with
his children, 75: advances upon London, 77;
it submits, 78; marches through London in
triumph, 79; he and Cromwell put down the
Levellers in the army, 86; fights the insur-
gents at Maidstone, and quells the insurrection,
93; invests London, which surrenders to him,
ibid.; orders sir Charles Lucas and sir George
Lisle to be shot, ibid.; his lady's conduct at the
trial of Charles I., 109; suppresses the Levellers
in the army, 118; unwilling to invade the Scots,
132; resigns his office of general, ibid.
Falkland, Lucius Cary, lord, charges of, against the
lord chancellor Finch, iii. 442; becomes secre-
tary of state, in 1641, 469; his tolerance and
moderation the cause of his quitting the parlia-
mentary party, 473; prince Rupert refuses to
take directions through, iv. 3; death of, at battle
of Newbury, Sept. 20, 1643, 24; character of,
and conduct at battle of Newbury, ibid.
Famine in England, and terrible effects of in 1258,
i. 371

Fastolf, sir John, wins the battle of Herrings, it.
83; degraded from the Order of the Garter for
cowardice at the battle of Patay, 88
Ferdinand of Castile marries his daughter Cathe-
rine to the eldest son of Henry VII., 235; uses
the English army for the furtherance of his own
plans, ii. 264; concludes a truce with France,
267; dies in 1516, and is succeeded by his grand-
son, Charles V., 275

Feudal system introduced into England by William
the Conqueror, i. 189; exactions imposed through
it by William, 215; substitution of rent and
wages for feudal services, ii. 108; death struggle
of, temp. Henry VI., 129

Feudality, transition state of, temp. Edw. III., i.
448; description of, as given by Froissart, 449;
military spirit fostered by, ibid.

Fire of London. See London.

Fisher, John, bishop of Rochester, is accused of
participation in the treason of the Holy Maid of
Kent, ii. 354; is sent to the Tower for refusing
to swear to the illegality of the marriage of
Henry VIII. with Catherine, 356; is tried, con-
victed, and executed, 362-364
Fitz-Osbert, or William with the Long Beard,
complains to Richard I. in 1196, of civic corrup
tions and oppressions, raises an insurrection, is
stabbed and hanged, i. 320, 321

Flodden Field, battle of, on Sept. 9, 1513, ii. 271,

272

France, rival factions of the Burgundians and Ar-
magnacs, during the reign of Charles VI., ii. 51;
distress occasioned by, 67; a great cause of the
successes of Henry V., ibid.; the Armagnacs
massacred and expelled from Paris by the mob
in 1418, 68; duke of Burgundy murdered at Mon-
tereau, 71; accession of Charles VII. to the
throne in 1422, 77; Charles VII. is conducted to
Rheims by Joan of Arc, and crowned there in
1430, 89; invaded by Edward IV. in 1475, 173
Francis I. succeeds to the throne of France in Jan-

uary 1515, ii. 275; commences war against
Charles V. and takes Milan, ibid.; meets Henry
VIII. in the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 282-285;
is taken prisoner at the battle of Pavia in 1525,
301; is released by Charles V. on agreeing to
very severe terms, 302, 303; project of, for in-
vading England and marching to London, 444;
death of, in 1547, iii. 4

Frank-pledge, nature of, i. 117

Frobisher, sir Martin, expeditions of to the Polar
seas, iii. 220; takes part in the attack on the
Armada, 228; takes Brest from the Spaniards in
1594, and is killed, 265

Froissart, sir John, picture of chivalry by, i. 449
Froude, Mr., view of, as to state interference in
social affairs. ii. 15-18

Furniture and utensils, notice of those in use in
the 15th century, ii. 120

GALGACUS, resistance of, to the invasion of Agricola,
i. 27; doubtful speech, and defeat of, 27, 28
Garnet, Henry, the Jesuit, tried for his complicity
in the Gunpowder Plot, iii. 336; his doctrine of
equivocation, 337

Garter, the order of the, instituted in 1349, i. 468
Gaul, Druidism in, i. 3; Cæsar's account of the
Druidical judges of, 13

Gauls, the, assisted by the Britons, i. 2
Gardiner, Stephen, bishop of Winchester, supports
the king's supremacy, but opposes the Reforma-
tion, ii. 446; becomes a great heretic hunter,
bid.; prepares articles for queen Catherine
Parr's impeachment, but the king rejects them.
450; objects to the translation of the Bible and
the Book of Homilies, iii. 8; continued resist-
ance of, to the Reformation, 14; deprived of his
bishopric and committed to the Tower in 1550,
41; consents to use the Common Prayer, 43; re-
leased on the accession of Mary, 54; is made
lord chancellor, 57; sermon of, before Mary, ex-
horting her to severity, 65; exertions of, to sup
press heresy, 79; colloquy of, with Rogers, 82:
increased severity of, against the married clergy,
86; death of, 95

Gaveston, Piers. See Edward II.

Geoffrey of Monmouth, fables of, i. 2
Germanus, the arrival of, in Britain, and his sup-
pression of the Pelagian heresy, i. 60
Gibbon, Edward, opinion of, as to the state of Britain
at the close of the third century, i. 33; the in-
consistencies of the account given by Gildas of
the Britons after the departure of the Romans,
pointed out by, 58

Gibbons, G., statue of Charles II. at Windsor
Castle by, iv. 355

Gildas, the historian, inconsistencies in the account
of the Britons given by, i. 58

Glendower, Owen, heads a revolt of the Welsh
against Henry IV., ii. 42; is declared prince of
Wales, ibid.; repulses the army of sir Edmund
Mortimer, ibid.; and that of the king, 43; con-
cludes a treaty with, and receives assistance from
France, 50; successful resistance of, ibid.; is ex-
empted from the general pardon of Henry IV.
to the Welsh in 1411, 51; uncertain time of the
death of, ibid.

Gloucester, Humphrey, duke of, appointed joint
protector of Henry VI. with the duke of Bedford,
ii. 76; marries Jacqueline of Hainault and quar-
rels with the duke of Burgundy, 78; the pope
declares the marriage void, ibid.; marries
Eleanor Cobham, ibid.; feuds between Glou-
cester and Henry Beaufort, bishop of Winchester,
ibid.; continued struggle with Beaufort for pre-
dominance in the council, 92; his wife accused
of sorcery, 93; trial of the duchess with Boling-
broke and Southwell for sorcery and conspiracy,
94; they are found guilty, the duchess im-
prisoned for life and Bolingbroke executed, 95;
is arrested for high treason, and found dead in
his bed on Feb. 28, 1447, 96

Godiva of Coventry, story of, i. 175
Godwin, earl, induces Alfred, son of Ethelred, to
land in England to oppose king Harold, and be-
trays him, i. 161; importance of, in the reign of
Edward the Confessor, 162; his daughter Edith
is married to Edward, ibid.; patriotism of, 163;
origin and rise of, ibid.; refuses to punish ar-
bitrarily the men of Dover for the riot against
earl Eustace, 166; is banished with his sons,
Sweyn and Harold, ibid.; is recalled, and the
Anglo-Saxon party triumphs, 170; dies, ibid.; his
death a public calamity, 171

Gower, characteristics of his poetry, ii. 12
Gregory, Pope, and the Anglo-Saxon slaves in
Rome, Bede's story of, i. 64

Grenville, sir Richard, heroic conduct of, in a naval
fight with the Spaniards, iii. 201
Grey, Lady Jane, married to lord Guilford Dudley,
proclaimed queen by Northumberland, June 10,
1553, iii. 51; conversation of, in prison respecting
Northumberland's apostacy, 55; with her hus-
band, lord Guilford Dudley, pleads guilty to
the charge of high treason, 59; execution of
both, and her remarkable fortitude, 66; memo-
rial of, in the Beauchamp tower, ibid.
Guilds of trade, oppressions exercised by, i. 321
Guizot, M., opinion of, as to the application of the
Britons for Roman aid against the Picts and
Scots, i. 58

Gunpowder Plot. See James I.

HABEAS Corpus Act passed in 1679, iv. 344
Hadrian visits Britain, A. D. 120, and builds
Hadrian's wall, i. 29, 30; character of, by Gibbon,
ibid.

Halidon Hill, battle of, on July 19, 1333, i. 451
Hamilton, duke of. See Long Parliament, and
Scotland

Hampden, John, refuses in 1636 to pay the illegal
assessment of Ship Money, iii. 421; contests the
right in the Exchequer Court, 422; difference
of the judges, but ultimate decision against him,
ibid; increased importance of, after the trial,
423; sent as commissioner to attend the king
on his visit to Scotland in 1641, 482; attempted
to be scized by the king on Jan. 3, 1642, 475;
is recalled when about to attack the royal army,
iv. 10; takes an active part in the siege of Read-
ing, and urges Essex to attack Oxford, 15;
and to concentrate his forces, 16; is wounded

VOL. IV,

478

at Chalgrove Field, ibid.; dies June, 1643, ibid.;
character of, described by Clarendon, 17
Hardicanute, accession of, in 1039. i. 161; tyranny,
dissoluteness, and death of, in 1042, ibid.
Harold succeeds Canute as king of Mercia and
Northumbria, in 1035, i. 160; seduces Alfred,
son of Ethelred, to land in England, and puts
him to death, 161; death of, in 1039, ibid.
Harold, banished with his father, earl Godwin, i.
166; they return, and are favourably received by
the inhabitants of London and Southwark, 170;
restored to their dignities and possessions by
the Witan, ibid.; conduct and character of,
during the reign of Edward, 172; sets out for
Normandy, but is wrecked, made a prisoner by
the earl of Ponthieu, but released by the inter-
ference of William of Normandy, 173; assists
William in his war against the duke of Brittany,
ibid; swears to support William in his claims
to the throne of England, 174; suppresses an
insurrection in Northumbria, 175; marries,
ibid.; the crown of England bestowed on him
by the Witan in Sept. 1066, 176; defeats his
brother Tostig and the Norwegians, 180; is
himself defeated and slain at Hastings in Oct.
1066, 181; buried at Waltham Abbey, 183
Hastings, battle of, Oct. 13, 1066, i. 186; obstinate
resistance of the Saxons at, 181

Haughton, John, prior of the Charter House, with
his brethren, refuses to take the oath of supremacy
to Henry VIII., ii. 359; he is tried and executed,

ibid.

Hay, James, earl of Carlisle, lavish extravagance
of king James towards, iii. 241; Clarendon's cha-
racter of, ibid.

Hengist and Horsa, landing of, in England, A. D.
449, i. 61

Henrietta Maria, advice of, to Charles, concerning
Rupert, iv. 2; letter of, to Charles, ibid.; lands
at Burlington with an army, 12; letter of, to
Charles, ibid.; warning of, to her husband, 14;
joins him, 18; her character, 19; enters Strat-
ford-upon-Avon, and sleeps in Shakspere's
house, ibid.; meets Charles on his first battle-
field, ibid.; conduct of, 27; goes to Exeter, 33;
gives birth to a princess there, while being
besieged by Essex, 34; flies to France, 36; con-
dition of, at the Louvre, 142

Henry of Huntingdon, his account of the invasion
of the Northmen or Danes, i. 78
Henry, surnamed Beau-Clerc, knighted in 1086, i.
217; is bequeathed 5000 pounds of silver by his
father, 218; assists his brother, duke Robert, at
the siege of Rouen, and kills Conan, 222; becomes
possessed of Mount St. Michael, and maintains a
siege against his two brothers, 223; hastens to
England and seizes on the crown treasures on
the death of his brother William in 1100, 233; is
crowned, 234; publishes a charter of liberties,
idid.; finds the necessity of English support
against the Norman barons, 235; reforms effec-
ted by, ibid.; marriage of, with Matilda, the
grand-daughter of Edgar Atheling, 236; induces
his brother Robert to relinquish his claim to the
crown, to establish which he had invaded
England, 237; subdues many of the disaffected
barons, 238; quarrels with his brother for pro-
tecting Robert de Belèsme, ibid.; fosters the
disaffection of the barons in Normandy against
Robert, 239; invades Normandy in 1105, ibid.;
wins the battle of Tinchenbrai, and takes Robert
prisoner, 240; the son of Robert is patronised by
Louis of France, a war takes place, and the battle
of Noyon is fought in 1119, 241; devastation of
Normandy, 242; death of Matilda in 1118, ibid.;
marriage of his son William the Atheling, ibid.;
inhumanity of, towards the children of his
natural daughter Juliana, wife of Eustace de
Breteuil, 215; wreck of the Blanche-Nef, and the
death of his son William, ibid.; second marriage
of Henry in 1121 with Adelaide, 244; declares his
daughter Matilda, the widow of the emperor of
Germany, his heir, in 1126, ibid.; dies on Nov.
26, 1135, 246.

Henry II, born in 1153, i. 268; early career and
marriage of, ibid. ; is acknowledged successor to
I I

the duke of Suffolk, 131; impeachment and
panishment of, ibid.; his murder, 132; insur-
rection of Jack Cade in 1450, ibid.; other revolts
in England, 134; unpopularity of Somerset, on
account of his losses in France, ibid.; Henry
becomes imbecile, 135; intrigues of the queen and
Somerset to secure their power, 136; the duke of
York elected Protector by the peers, ibid.; the
king recovers his faculties, 137; selfishness of the
barons, ibid.; Somerset is released from arrest,
and York superseded, ibid.; York marches to-
wards London, ibid.; first battle of St. Albans,
on May 22, 1455, and death of Somerset, 138; is
conducted to London by York, 139; a parliament
summoned, and York made Protector a second
time, ibid.; the parliament not revolutionary,
but influenced by a desire to remove oppressive
taxation, 140; the Protectorate superseded in
1456, 141; attempts to reconcile the Lancastrian
and York factions, ibid.; commencement of the
Civil War, in 1459, 142; battle of Blore Heath,
ibid.; is taken prisoner at the battle of North-
ampton, in 1460, 143; a parliament assembled at
Westminster, and York claims the crown, 144;
the peers effect a compromise that York should
succeed on Henry's death, ibid.; the queen resists
the compromise, and assembles an army, ibid.;
battle of Wakefield, and death of York, 145;
Margaret advances to London, ibid.; defeats
Warwick in the second battle of St. Albans, and
recaptures the king, 146; Henry is deposed by
parliament, and Edward IV. proclaimed, March 4,
1464, 146; battle of Towton, 147, 148; attainted

parliament for the death of Richard, duke of
York, 151; renewed attempt of queen Margaret,
in 1462, repulsed, 152; she throws herself and
son on the protection of an outlaw, ibid.; renewed
attempt against Edward, and loss of the battle of
Hexham, 153; the king is recaptured, and com-
mitted to the Tower, and Margaret retires to the
Continent, 157; Margaret is reconciled to War-
wick, 159; invades England with Warwick
and Clarence, Edward is deserted, and Henry
restored, 160; Warwick and Clarence appointed
protectors, 162; is taken prisoner at the battle of
Barnet, and re-committed to the Tower, 165;
queen Margaret lands at Weymouth, assembles
forces, and is defeated at the battle of Tewkes-
bury, 166; she is taken prisoner, 167; death of
Henry, in May, 1471, and doubts as to the duke
of Gloucester having been his murderer, 168
Henry VII. (earl of Richmond) taken by his uncle,
the earl of Pembroke, to Brittany, after the
battle of Tewkesbury, ii. 169; the duke of Buck-
ingham and bishop Morton put themselves in
communication with, previous to their revolt
against Richard III., 196; assembles soldiers for
a landing in England, 197; is prevented by a
storm, 198; leaves Brittany to avoid being deli-
vered up to Richard, 202; receives some forces
from the king of France, and lands at Milford
Haven, Aug. 7, 1485, 204; battle of Bosworth,
Aug. 22, 206; crowned on the field of Bosworth,
208; parliamentary title to the crown given him,
209; marries Elizabeth of York, 210; suitableness
of the character of, for his times, 211; aversion
of, to the House of York, ibid.; imprisons the
earl of Warwick, son of George, duke of Clarence,
212; insurrection against, headed by Lambert
Simnel, who pretended to be earl of Warwick,
ibid.; suppression of the insurrection at the
battle of Stoke, on June 4, 1487, 213; alleged
harsh treatment of the dowager queen Elizabeth,
214; exhibits the real earl of Warwick to the
people, 215; timid foreign policy of, 216; allows
France to annex Brittany, 217; insurrection in
the northern counties on account of oppressive
taxation, ibid.; the earl of Northumberland
killed, but the insurrection suppressed by the
earl of Surrey, ibid.; invades France, in 1492,
and invests Boulogne, 218; concludes a hurried
peace on receiving a large sum of money from
Charles VIII., ibid.; probable motives for the
peace, 219; demands the surrender of Perkin
Warbeck from the duke of Burgundy, but com-
pliance is evaded, 223; execution of sir William

475

Stanley, and others, for corresponding with
Warbeck, 224; concludes a treaty with the duke
of Burgundy, by which Warbeck is compelled to
go to Scotland, 225; statute of treason passed
providing that subjects are bound to serve the
king de facto, ibid.; employment of spies by,
226; correspondence with, describing the position
of Warbeck in Scotland in 1496, 227; is attacked
by Warbeck and James IV., but they are com-
pelled to retreat, 229; insurrection in Cornwall
against renewed taxation, ibid.; suppressed, 230;
concludes a truce with James IV., by which
Warbeck is forced to leave Scotland, ibid.; War-
beck lands in Cornwall, attacks Exeter, and is
repulsed, 230; is deserted, and flies to sanctuary
at Beaulieu Abbey, ibid.; his treatment of War-
beck after his surrender, 231; Warbeck attempts
to escape, is retaken, and confined in the Tower,
231; exhibited to the public, and reads his con-
fession, 232; the earl of Warwick accused of
treason, and of joining in conspiracy with War-
beck, ibid.; they are both executed, in Nov.
1499, 233; commits Edward de la Pole, earl of
Suffolk to the Tower, 234; marries his eldest son,
Arthur, to the princess Catherine of Aragon, in
1501, 235; account of the royal court, 235; his
fondness for jewels, 236; erection of his palace at
Richmond, and chapel at Westminster, ibid. ;
encouragement by, of Cabot and his sons, ibid.;
passion of, for wealth, 237; concludes a treaty
with Scotland, and gives Margaret, his daughter,
in marriage to James IV., in 1502, 238; his son
Arthur dies, ibid.; marries the widow, after
obtaining the pope's dispensation, to his next son
Henry, ibid.; his queen Elizabeth dies, 239;
seeks for an advantageous marriage for himself,
ibid.; dies on April 21, 1509, 240; depression of
the aristocracy by, 241; originates the Star-
chamber court, 242; few parliaments held during
his reign, 243; progress of maritime discovery in
his reign, 249

Henry VIII. succeeds his father, April 22, 1509, ii.
257; Empson and Dudley convicted and executed
for extortion, 258; marriage of, to Catherine of
Aragon, 259; remarkable modification of the
coronation oath by, ibid.; skill of, in music, 260;
interferes in favour of pope Julius II. in a war
against France, 262; revives the claim to the
crown of France, 263; claims a feudal superiority
over Scotland, ibid.; retains his sister's legacy, in
order to compel her husband, James IV. of Scot-
land, to abandon the French alliance, 264; an
army sent to Spain to invade Guienne, ibid.;
Wolsey, the almoner, acts as war-minister, ibid.;
rise of Wolsey, 265; the army returns from Spain
without effecting its object, ibid.; naval warfare,
and mutual ravages on the coasts of France and
England, 266; despotic measures of, for the
security of the coast, 267; expedition of, to
France, in 1513, ibid.; ostentatious display of
magnificence, ibid.; the emperor Maximilian
takes military service under him, 268; wins the
Battle of the Spurs, ibid.; Tournay surrenders,
ibid.; war with Scotland, 270; battle of Flodden
Field, on Sept. 9, 1513, and death of James IV. of
Scotland, 271, 272; ravages on both sides of the
Scottish border, 274; attack by the French on
Brighton, ibid.; peace with France, and marriage
of the princess Mary to Louis XII., ibid.; death
of Louis, and accession of Francis, 275; he asserts
the rights of the crown against the claims of the
clergy, 278; desires to be chosen emperor, and
sends Pace on a mission to Germany, 280; Henry
and Francis meet in the Field of the Cloth or
Gold, 282-285; meets Charles V. at Gravelines,
286; conviction and execution of John Stafford,
duke of Buckingham, 287; increasing despotism
and cruelty of, 288; writes a book against Luther,
"On the Seven Sacraments," 290; Leo X. bestows
on him, in 1521, the title of "Defender of the
Faith," ibid.; concludes a league with Charles V.
against Francis I., 291; arbitrary measures of, to
raise money, 292; riot of the Londoners on Évil
May-Day' against the Flemish traders, 293, 294;
parliament summoned, in 1523, and earnest
debate on the granting of a subsidy, 295, 296;