opposes the endeavour of his sister Margaret to
obtain a divorce, 298; Scotland is invaded to
enforce the removal of the duke of Albany from
the regency, 299; the earl of Surrey destroys
Jedburgh, and ravages the borders, ibid.; the
duke of Suffolk sent with an army to France, in
1523, which devastates the country, but has no
other success, 300; resistance of the people to
taxes levied without the authority of parliament,
801, 302; insurrection in Suffolk occasioned by,
802; the levy revoked, and the insurgents par-
doned, 303; his opinion as to the war between
the emperor and the pope, in 1527, 308; first
agitation of the question of divorce from queen
Catherine, 809; sends supplies to the pope while
in confinement, 311; growing attachment of, to
Anne Boleyn, 313, 314; war declared against the
emperor, 314; the pope sends a commission for
Wolsey and cardinal Campegius to inquire into
the validity of his marriage, 315; interview of the
legates with Catherine, 317; unpopularity of the
divorce with the people, 318; opening of the
legatine commission, on June 18, 1529, ibid.;
Catherine refuses to acknowledge its jurisdiction,
319; is declared contumacious, ibid.; Wolsey is
deprived of the Great Seal, on Oct. 17, 1529, 320;
creates sir Thomas More chancellor, 323; the
parliament passes statutes against ecclesiastical
abuses, 325; opposition of the clergy to the read-
ing of the scriptures, 326; the king is released
from his debts by act of parliament, 328; Christ-
mas amusements of, and large sums lost by,
at gambling, 329; sends the earl of Wiltshire
and Cranmer to obtain the pope's consent to
the dissolution of his marriage, 330; opinions
of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge
in favour of the divorce, 331; hypocrisy of
the plea of conscience for desiring a divorce,
ibid. grants a general pardon to Wolsey, who
retires to his see, 332; causes him to be arrested
for high treason, 334; unfeeling conduct of, on
hearing of Wolsey's death, 335; commencement
of the Reformation in England, 336; prosecutes
the clergy for having submitted to Wolsey as
legate, 337; fears being cited to Rome on the di-
vorce cause, ibid.; threatens the pope with the
loss of his power in England, but persecutes re-
formers, 338; requires Frith and Tyndale to re-
nounce their errors and to return from the
Netherlands to England, ibid.; the payment of
annates to the see of Rome abolished by, in 1533,
339; increased cruelty and tyranny of, after the
death of Wolsey, ibid.; severe laws passed against
poisoners, gipsies, vagabonds, and for punishing
wanderers by death on a third offence, 340-342;
goes with Anne Boleyn to France in 1532, to
meet Francis, 343; marries Anne Boleyn, 344;
Cranmer pronounces sentence of divorce, on May
23, 1533, 345; description of the coronation of
Anne Boleyn, by Cranmer, 346; Catherine stea-
dily refuses to renounce the title of queen, 348;
princess Elizabeth born, Sept. 7, 1533, 349; sta-
tute forbidding appeals to Rome passed, 350;
statute for the punishment of heresy, 351; Frith
burnt, 352; statute vesting the succession in the
issue of queen Anne, ibid.; the Holy Maid of
Kent and her visions, 353; tried and executed
for treason, 354; Fisher, bishop of Rochester, and
sir Thomas More included in the charge, ibid.;
they are sent to the Tower for refusing to swear
to the illegality of the king's first marriage, 356;
Act of Supremacy passed, 357; Act of Succession
passed, with new definitions of treason, ibid.;
execution of the monks of the Charterhouse for
refusing to take the oath of supremacy, 359; Hol-
landers burnt for heresy, 361; the act allowing
the free importation of books repealed, ibid.:
Fisher and More tried for treason, convicted,
and executed, 362-364; Cromwell appointed vice-
gerent, 365; visitation of the monasteries, in
1535, 366; statute for the dissolution of the
smaller monasteries, 369; statutes passed for the
regulation of trade and prices, 370; death of
Catherine on Jan. 7, 1536, ibid.; Anne Boleyn
suspected of heresy, 371; May-day at Greenwich,
1536, 372: Anne Boleyn sent to the Tower, 373;

her letter to the king, 374; Cranmer's letter to
the king, 375; true bills found against Anne
Boleyn and others, 376; her trial and execution
on May 19, 1536, 377; dying speech of, 378; mar-
riage of Henry to Jane Seymour, on May 20, ibid. ;
doubts as to the guilt of Anne, 380, 381; new law
of succession passed, 382; rebellion of the Fitz-
geralds in Ireland in 1534, 388; it is suppressed,
and the Fitzgeralds executed, in violation of a pro-
mise given, 393; assumes the title of king of Ire-
land, 394; proclamation of, against holidays, 398;
insurrection in Lincolnshire in 1536, occasioned
by, and the suppression of monastic establish-
ments, 399; rude answer of, to the Lincolnshire
petitioners, ibid.; the insurrection suppressed,
400; insurrection in Yorkshire, headed by Robert
Aske, ibid. crafty instructions of, to the duke of
Norfolk, as to treating with the insurgents, 401;
dissatisfaction of, with Norfolk, for granting a
free pardon on their dispersion, ibid.; renewal of
the insurrection in Yorkshire in 1537, 402; the
insurgents repulsed from Carlisle and Hull, mar-
tial law proclaimed, and many hung, ibid.; exe-
cution of many of the leaders in London, 403;
orders martial law to be proclaimed, which is to
apply to monks and canons that be faulty, ibid. ;
executions at Windsor for sympathy with the
insurgents of the North, ibid.; birth of Edward
VI., and death of queen Jane Seymour, 404;
negotiations abroad for a new wife, ibid.; sane-
tions the printing of Coverdale's Bible, 405; dis-
putes in Westminster Hall with John Lambert
on the eucharist, 407; Lambert is burnt, 408;
Act of 1539, for the dissolution of abbeys, ibid.;
assigns pensions to the abbots, monks, and
others who surrender, 412; wasteful disposal of
the possessions of the religious houses, 413; de-
struction of the buildings, 414; subserviency of
the parliament summoned in 1539, 415; Acts
passed for the dissolution of abbeys, and to
enable him to found and endow bishoprics, 417;
projected appropriations of the monastic revenues,
and their subsequent misapplication, 418; sup-
presses the hospital of the Knights of St. John,
419; passing of the intolerant and atrocious statute
of the Six Articles, in 1539, ibid.; persecutions
and executions under this statute, 421; preposte-
rous claim of, to unlimited obedience, embodied
in this statute, 412; causes the De la Pole family
to be arrested, on Reginald Pole having written
against his divorce, ibid.; the aged countess of
Salisbury, Pole's mother, executed in 1541, 428;
marries Anne of Cleves, 425; dislikes her, 426;
the marriage declared invalid, 427; causes Crom-
well to be arrested, 428; and attainted of high
treason, 429; Cromwell is executed, July 28,
1540, and on the same day Henry marries Cathe-
rine Howard, 430; heretics burnt for affirming
the legality of his marriage with Catherine of
Aragon, and for denying his supremacy, 432;
the profligacy of Catherine Howard revealed
to him by Cranmer, ibid.; promises her life
on confession, but breaks the promise, 433;
she is attainted and executed, Feb. 12, 1541,
ibid.; another new treason declared by the Act
of attainder, 434; marries Catherine Parr, in
July, 1543, ibid.; endeavours to effect a marriage
between his son Edward and Mary of Scotland,
436; sends the earl of Hertford to Scotland, who
ravages it, burns Leith, and other places, 437-
439; is opposed by cardinal Beaton in his claims
to supremacy, and in his attempt on the inde-
pendence of Scotland. 440; sanctions a proposal
to assassinate Beaton, ibid.; invades France with
great pomp, having obtained a subsidy and a
second extinction of his debts from parliament,
in 1544, 442; besieges and takes Boulogne, 443;
wants funds for providing land defences against a
projected invasion by France,444; peace concluded
with France and Scotland, 445; continued perse-
cution for heresies under the Six Acts, 446, 447;
relieves Cranmer from an accusation of heresy,
448; Anne Askew and others burnt, 449; queen
Catherine Parr suspected of heresy, 450; the
duke of Norfolk and earl of Surrey arrested on
charges of high treason, 451; Surrey beheaded,

and Norfolk remitted for execution, 452; death
of Henry on Jan. 28, 1547, 453
Henry IV., of France, succeeds to the throne in
August 1589, iii. 259; English expedition sent in
aid of, 260; abjures the Protestant religion, 265;
concludes a separate treaty with Spain, 279;
sends Sully to congratulate James I. on his ac-
cession, 309; is assassinated in 1610, 351; scheme
of, for an European confederacy, ibid.
Heptarchy, little interest afforded by the events of
the, i. 71: incessant wars during the, 73
Hereford, Henry duke of (afterwards Henry IV.),
quarrel of, with the duke of Norfolk, ii. 31; is
banished, 32; his patrimony seized by Richard
II., 33; lands at Ravenspur July 4, 1399, 34; in-
terview of, with Richard II., 35; entry of, with
the captive Richard into London, 36; claims the
crown, 38; his hereditary pretensions, 39; supe-
rior right of Edward Mortimer, the progenitor of
the House of York, 40. See Henry IV.
Hereward heads an insurrection in 1072, in the Isle
of Ely, i. 198; successes of, ibid. is compelled
to subinit to William I., 199; fate of, ibid.
Hero-worship, ancient tumuli probable memorials
of, i. 13.

Hertford, Edward Seymour earl of, commands the
forces in the invasion of Scotland, and burns
Leith, ii. 437; ravages the southern counties,
438; conceals for a time the will of Henry VIII.,
iii. 2; raised to the office of Protector by the
executors of the will, and created duke of Somer-
set, ibid.; endeavours to enforce the treaty for
the marriage of Edward VI. with the queen of
Scotland, 4; invades Scotland and proposes
terms for an Union, 6; wins the battle of
Pinkie and returns to London, 7; causes Henry
VIII's statutes of treason and other arbitrary
laws to be repealed, 9; difficulties of the govern-
ment of, arising from the circumstances of the
times and his own character, 14; causes his
brother, lord Thomas Seymour, to be attainted
for treason, and signs the warrant for his execu-
tion, 16; probable guilt of Seymour, and justifi-
cation of Somerset, 17; evidence of Sharrington
against Seymour, 18; ineffectual endeavours of
Somerset to redress grievances, 19; proclama-
tions against unreasonable prices and against
inclosures, 20; insurrection in Cornwall and
Devonshire against innovations in religion, 21;
suppressed at the battle of Cliff, near Exeter,
23; insurrection of Ket the tanner in Norfolk,
against inclosures, 24; suppressed by the earl of
Warwick at Mousehold-heath, 27; marriage of
Mary of Scotland to the dauphin of France, and
war declared with both those countries, 28;
successes of the Scotch, 29; becomes obnoxious
to the nobility from his protection of the rights
of the poor, 31; confederacy of the nobles,
headed by Warwick against, 32; removes Edward
to Hampton Court, 33; fails to get the support
of the army or to move the people to rise in his
favour, ibid.; lord Russell and the army join
Warwick, 34; is arrested, 35; conveyed to
the Tower, 36; articles exhibited against, 37;
the Protectorship is revoked, he is imprisoned till
Feb. 5, 1550, and fined, ibid.; attempts of, to re-
establish his power, 42; is arrested and tried
for high treason, 43; acquitted of treason and
found guilty of felony, ibid.; is beheaded
January 22, 1551, 43; character of, and his influ-
ence on the progress of the Reformation, 44
Hexham, battle of, on May 15, 1404, ii. 153
Historian, province of, i. Introd. iv.; duties of,

Introd. v.

477

is summoned to Constance and there burnt in
1443, 54

Hutchinson, colonel, studies the state of public
affairs, iii. 448; conference of, with lord Newark,
483; defends Nottingham Castle with bravery,
iv. 19; returned as member of parliament, 54;
presents a petition in favour of sir John Owen,
116, goes to London, and submits like others, to
Cromwell's government, 160; effects of the Civil
War described by Mrs. Hutchinson, 170; she
cites the colonel as a good example of an accom-
plished gentleman of the Independent party.
172; kind of life led by, after his retirement
from public affairs, 173; reveals Lambert's plot
to Oliver Cromwell, 212

Hyde, sir Edward. See Clarendon, earl of.

INDEPENDENTS. See Nonconformists.
Industrious classes, state of the, temp. Richard I., i.
324; sports, games, and amusements of, 326, 327,
328; and see England.

Ingulphus, abbot of Croyland, account of the in-
vasion of the Danes in 870 by, i. 96; his behaviour
to his predecessor, 196; account by, of the
resistance of Hereward, 198

Interregnum, period of, in 1688-9, iv. 443
Iona, religion and learning fostered at, i. 74
Ireland, first landing of the Anglo-Normans under
Strongbow in 1169, i. 296; state of, at the time,
297; Henry II. lands in, and receives homage as
feudal superior, 298; John, son of Henry, sent
as lord, ibid.; John leads an army thither in
1210, and effects some useful reforms, 335; the
provisions of Magna Charta extended to, by the
regent Pembroke, 358; customs and costumes of
the people, temp. Rich. II., ii. 27; popularity of
the House of York in, temp. Henry VII, 212;
the pretensions of Lambert Simnel supported in
1487, ibid.; those of Perkin Warbeck supported
in 1492, 220; Poynings employed with an army
to repress the movement in favour of Warbeck,
225; salutary laws enacted in the parliament of,
ibid.; condition of, in the early part of the reign
of Henry VIII., 386; materials afforded for an ac-
count of, by the State papers, ibid.; extent of
the English Pale, ibid.; wretched and oppressed
state of the people, both within and without the
Pale, 387; tyranny and usurpation of the officers
of government, ibid.; earl of Surrey's proposi-
tion to conquer and re-people it, 388; the earl of,
Kildare, lord deputy, is arrested, and committed
to the Tower in 1534, ibid.; revolt of his son,
Thomas Fitzgerald, ibid.; remarkable address of,
to the Irish Council, 389; murder of archbishop
Allen, 390; the revolt is opposed by the earl of
Ormond, 391; Fitzgerald surrenders upon terms,
392; is executed, with others of his family, in
breach of faith, in February 1536, 393; Henry VIII.
assumes the title of king of, 394; exertions of
Ormond to introduce manufactures into, and im-
prove the condition of, ibid.; rendered ineffec-
tual by the insecurity of capital, ibid.; selfish
policy pursued by the English government on
the suppression of the monastic establishments,
395; attempts of Henry to extract revenue from,
ibid.; royal mandate for regulating the fashion of
dress, 396; character of the people, ibid.; state
of, from the time of Henry VIII. to the latter
end of the reign of Elizabeth, iii. 280; Spenser's
character of it, ibid.; wretched condition of the
people, 281; rebellion of O'Neale, ibid.; the earl
of Essex appointed lord lieutenant to subdue
the rebellion in 1599, 282; continued adhesion of
the people to the Roman Catholic religion, 354;
the plantation of Ulster undertaken in 1613,
354: breaking out of the insurrection of 1641,
468; the rebels fail to seize Dublin, but massacre
the Protestants in Ulster, 464; they pretend to
have the king's commission, 465; tampering of
Charles I. with papists in, iv. 12; the king's
army withdrawn from, and defeated at Nantwich
by Fairfax, 32; endeavour by Charles and the
earl of Glamorgan to induce the Irish to invade
England, ibid.; the marquis of Ormond urges
Charles II. to show himself in, 120; state of par-
ties in, 121; Charles II. proclaimed in, ibid.;

marquis of Ormond besieges Dublin, ibid. ; is de-
feated at Rathmines by lieutenant-general
Jones, ibid.; Cromwell arrives at Dublin, ibid.;
condition of, 122; Cromwell's successes in, 123;
his policy in, 126; leaves Ireton as his deputy in,
127; who dies there, 161; lord Tyrconnel made
lord-lieutenant by James II. in 1685, 383; and
lord-deputy in 1687, 415; state of, 416
Ireton, Henry, commands the left wing at Naseby,
iv. 43; intercepts a letter of the king's in 1647,
81; saves the life of sir John Owen, seconded by
col. Hutchinson, 117; left in Ireland by Crom-
well as his deputy, 127; dies there in Nov. 1651,
161; his body disinterred from Westminster
Abbey after the Restoration, and buried at
Tyburn, 248

Isabella, queen of Edward II. See Edward II. and
Edward III.

JACQUERIE, in France, the consequence of the
miseries occasioned by the ravages of the English,
i. 477

James I. of Scotland is released from his captivity
at Windsor, and accompanies Henry V. in his
expedition to France in 1421, ii. 73

James IV. of Scotland receives and protects Per-
kin Warbeck in 1495, ii. 225; invades England
on his behalf, but retreats, 227; concludes a
truce, and sends Warbeck from Scotland, 228;
marries Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. in
1502, 238; concludes a treaty with France, 264;
invades England, 270; valour displayed by, at
Flodden Field, Sept. 9, 1513, 271; slain, 272.
James I. of England (VI. of Scotland), born June 19,
1566, iii. 143; is crowned in Scotland, July 29,
1567, on his mother's abdication, 151; writes to
Elizabeth in favour of his mother on her con-
demnation, 200; suspected of joining in the pro-
jects of Spain against England, 216; he represses
the insurrection fostered by Spain, 264; attempts
to obtain a subsidy to enable him to assert his
claim to the succession of the crown of England,
290; the Gowrie conspiracy, 291; proclaimed
king of England, March 24, 1603, as James I.,
307; quits Scotland with his queen, Anne of
Denmark, 308; absurd dispensations of knight-
hood by, ibid.; expectations of the Roman
Catholics from, 309; coronation of, 309; the two
plots, the "Main" and the "Bye," 311; Raleigh,
Cobham, and Grey, indicted for endeavouring to
advance Arabella Stuart to the throne, ibid.;
Raleigh is confined in the Tower, 312; he presides
at a conference at Hampton Court between the
heads of the Church and the leaders of the Puri-
tans, 314; a new version of the Holy Scriptures,
ordered by, ibid.; meeting of his first parliament,
and dispute with it respecting its privileges, 315;
assertion of their rights by the Commons, in their
"Apology," ibid.; they remonstrate against some
innovations on the canons, aiming at excluding
nonconformists from civil rights, 316; recom-
mends an Union with Scotland, ibid.; the Com-
mons complain of the grievances of purveyance
and wardship, 317; he concludes a treaty of peace
with Spain in Aug. 1604, 318; unpopularity of,
ibid.; character of, 319, 320; Cecil communicates
the letter of Mounteagle respecting the Gun-
powder Plot to the king, 325; the vaults under
the Parliament House searched, and Guido
Fawkes is taken, 326; dispersion of the conspi-
rators, ibid.; examination and torture of Fawkes,
327; confession of Winter, and details of the
plot, 325-330; the conspirators attempt to raise a
revolt, 331; resist their arrest, 332; are killed or
taken prisoners, 333; employment of Ben Jon-
son as a spy, ibid.; trial of the conspirators, 334,
335; trial of Garnet the Jesuit and unfair means
taken to procure his conviction, 336; Garnet's
doctrine of equivocation, 337; new statute against
papists, imposing an oath of allegiance, 338;
statutes against poaching and drunkenness, 339;
addiction of James to field sports, 340; lavish-
ness of, to favourites, 341; levies a feudal
aid on his eldest son being knighted, 342;
imposes taxes on merchandise, and the Com-
mons remonstrate against their illegality, ibid. ;

the colonisation of North America commenced
in 1606, 343; New England colonised by the
Pilgrim Fathers in 1620, 345; charters granted
to the East India Company, 346; sir Thomas
Roe sent ambassador to the East Indies, 348; the
Commons continue to remonstrate against the
king's arbitrary measures, and are dissolved, 351;
the cowardly and selfish policy of James in
matters of religion, ibid.; forces episcopacy on
Scotland and burns an Arian in London, 352;
dedication to, of the authorised translation of the
Bible in 1611, 352; judicious measures for the
plantation of Ulster in 1613, 354; raises money
by the sale of the new title of baronet, 355;
assists Middleton in bringing the New River to
London, ibid.; attempts to repress the growth of
London, 356; threatens to remove his court
from, and is requested to leave the Thames, 357;
story and death of Arabella Stuart, 358; death
of Cecil, and Carr assumes the government,
359; death and character of prince Henry, 361;
marriage of the princess Elizabeth to the elector
palatine in 1613, 362; a parliament called in 1614,
they pass a vote against the king's right of im-
posing customs duties, and are dissolved without
passing a single bill, 363; commits five of the
members to the Tower, ibid; levies a Benevo-
lence, to which Oliver St. John refuses to con-
tribute, and is fined 5000l., ibid.; sales of public
offices by, 364; rise of the new favourite George
Villiers, ibid.; trial of the earl and countess of
Somerset for the murder of sir Thomas Overbury,
365; deceitful conduct of James towards the
earl, ibid.; they are convicted and pardoned, 367;
mysteries of the causes for the murder of Over-
bury, and for the king's pardon to the murderers,
368; letters of James in reference to the affair,
371; he is opposed in his arbitrary measures by
lord chief justice Coke, whom he dismisses, 269;
issues a proclamation for sports on Sundays after
divine service, 370; releases Raleigh from the
Tower, in 1616, and allows him to undertake an
expedition to Guiana, 374; causes him to be exe-
cuted under his previous sentence on his return
unsuccessful in 1618, at the instigation of the
Spanish ambassador, 376; the elector palatine
chosen king of Bohemia in the Protestant inter-
est, 377; protection to papists given by the
Spanish ambassador, and anger of the populace
caused by it, 378; calls a parliament and solicits
money, 379; the Commons reply by impeaching
monopolists, ibid.; lord Bacon is also impeached
for and convicted of bribery and corruption, 350;
conduct of the parliament in punishing Floyd,
381; strong feeling evinced by the Commons in
favour of the elector palatine, ibid.; negotiates
for a marriage of Charles with an infanta of
Spain, 382; the king and the Commons at issue
on a question of privilege, ibid.; he dissolves
the parliament, 383; journey of prince Charles
and Villiers to the court of Spain, 384; the
Spanish match broken off, 385; statute passed
declaring all monopolies to be contrary to law,
ibid.; the earl of Middlesex impeached for
bribery, ibid.; war commenced in favour of the
elector palatine, 386; death of James, March 27,
1625, ibid.

James II. when duke of York marries Ann Hyde,
the daughter of Clarendon, in 1661, iv. 254; gains a
victory over the Dutch off Lowestoffe in 1665,
277; takes the command of the English fleet in
1672, and fights an obstinate battle with the
Dutch in Southwold Bay, 316; refuses to take
the oath prescribed by the Test Act, and resigns
his post of lord high admiral, 321; the House
of Commons address the king against the duke's
marriage with Maria Beatrix of Modena, 222;
his daughter Mary marries the prince of Orange,
329; leaves England in 1679, 341; the Bill for
the Exclusion of, read twice in the House of
Commons, 344; returns to England in disguise
on learning the sickness of Charles, 351; is sent
to Scotland and cruelly persecutes the Cove-
nanters, ibid.; assumes a more active share in
the government of England, 855; is presented
before the Grand Jury at Westminster as a

popish recusant, by Shaftesbury and others, ibid. ;
returns to Scotland, 356; he procures a Test Act
against the Covenauters to be passed by the
Scottish parliament, 366; fresh persecution of
the Covenanters by, 367; he returns to England,
ibid.; prosecution of alderman Pilkington for a
libel, who is fined £100,000, 370; and of Titus
Oats for a libel, who is also fined £100,000, 375;
marriage of his daughter Anne to prince
George of Denmark, ibid.; succeeds to the
throne Feb. 6, 1665, 381; his address to the
Council promising to preserve the established
religion, 382; alteration in the ritual of the
coronation by, 383; issues a proclamation for
the levying of customs duties, ibid.; selection of
ministers by, ibid.; releases Papists and Quakers
from imprisonment, but no other dissenters,
384; requires and obtains new laws against the
Covenanters, ibid.; outrageous attempts to secure
the elections for the new House of Commons,
and large increase of the number of Peers,
385; servile spirit of the Commons, who
vote a revenue for life, 386; they address
him praying that the laws may be enforced
against all dissenters, 387; Titus Oates con-
victed and punished for perjury, ibid.; and
Richard Baxter for libel, 388; insurrection in
Scotland, headed by the earl of Argyle, ibid.;
its failure, and Argyle's execution, 389; landing
of the duke of Monmouth at Lyme, 390; the
House of Commons pass a Bill of Attainder
against him, 391; the insurgents defeated at the
battle of Sedgemoor, 395; interview of, with
Monmouth, 397; Monmouth executed, 398;
military executions in the West, under Kirke
and others, ibid.; and judicial atrocities com-
mitted by Jeffreys on the insurgents, 399; scan-
dalous traffic in the prisoners sanctioned by the
king, ibid.; tendencies of, to absolutism, 401;
dismissal of Halifax, 402; opens parliament,
announces his employment of Popish officers.
and of having dispensed with the Test Act, 403;
the Commons timidly address him in favour of
Protestantism, 404; opposition to the dispensing
power shown in the House of Lords, ibid.; fresh
trials and convictions for political offences, 405;
parliament, after two prorogations, is dissolved;
ibid. Sunderland becomes a Roman Catholic
and chief minister, ibid.; the Jesuits paramount
in the government, 406; sends an embassy to
Rome, ibid.; obtains the sanction of the King's
Bench as to his power of dispensing with the
Test Laws, 407; appoints Roman Catholics to
benefices, 408; an Ecclesiastical Commission
constituted, ibid.; monastic establishments
opened in London in 1686, 409; Rev. Samuel
Johnson tried and convicted of a libellous pub-
lication concerning the army, 410; and he is
degraded from the ecclesiastical office, and pub-
licly whipped, 411; recommends Anthony
Farmer, a suspected Papist, to be elected pre-
sident of Magdalen college, 413; the Fellows are
expelled by the Ecclesiastical Commission on
their electing Dr. John Hough, 414; Tyrconnel
is appointed the lord-deputy of Ireland. 415;
publishes a declaration for liberty of conscience
in Scotland, 417, and in England, ibid.; camp
formed on Hounslow Heath, 420; receives the
Papal nuncio publicly at Windsor, 421; makes a
progress through the country, 422; orders the
declaration for liberty of conscience to be read
in churches, 424; the seven bishops petition
against compliance, 425; the bishops are com-
mitted to the Tower, 426; brought before the
King's Bench to plead, and held to bail, 427;
tried for a libel, and acquitted, 428; public re-
joicings on their acquittal, ibid.; birth of a son
announced, 429; his legitimacy violently dis-
puted, ibid.; James solicits advice of the
bishops, 435; he adopts measures of conces-
sion, ibid.; restores the Charter of London, ibid. ;
reinstates the President and Fellows of Magdalen
College, ibid.; dissolves the Ecclesiastical Com-
mission, ibid. ; joins the main body of his army
at Salisbury, 438; lord Cornbury and other offi-
cers desert his cause, ibid.; the duke of Grafton,

479

lord Churchill, and other commanders go over
to William, 438; prince of Denmark and princess
Anne join William, 439; returns to London, ibid.;
publishes a proclamation appointing parliament
to meet, and nominates Commissioners to bring
about an agreement with the prince of Orange,
440; issues a proclamation for a general amnesty,
ibid.; his queen, with the infant prince, flies
from Whitehall on Dec. 10, and goes to France,
ibid.; he quits Whitehall Dec. 11, 441; throws
the Great Seal into the Thames, ibid.; being
discovered at Sheerness, is brought back to Lon-
don, 442; quits the kingdom, ibid.
Jedburgh burnt by the earl of Hertford in 1545, ii.

438.

Jeffreys, George, as recorder of London, fines and
imprisons a jury for having found a verdict in
favour of Penn and Mead, indicted for attending a
conventicle, iv. 312; exertions of, to procure the
return of Dudley North as sheriff of London,
365; services of, while lord chief justice, in making
towns surrender their charters in 1683, 370;
brutal behaviour of, on the trial of Sidney in 1683,
374; and on that of Richard Baxter for libel in
1685, 388; atrocious cruelty of, in punishing the
followers of Monmouth, 398; condemnation of
lady Alice Lisle, 399; is rewarded with the Great
Seal for his conduct, 400; the insolence of, re-
pressed in the House of Lords, 404; he fails to
procure the conviction of lord Delamere for
treason, 405, is discovered in disguise at Wap-
ping in London, and committed to the Tower,

441.

Jenkins, Rev. H., notice of his account of Colchester
Castle, i. 20, note.

Jerusalem, mission from the kingdom of, to
England in 1185, i. 303; capture of, by Saladin,
304.

Jews, massacre of, at the coronation of Richard I., i.
306; plundered by John in 1211, 339; persecution
and banishment of, temp. Edw. I., 386; attempt of
Cromwell to re-introduce into England, iv. 198
Joan of Arc, first appearance of, ii. 83; account of
her youth, and introduction to the king of
France, 84; relieves Orleans, 85; terrors in-
spired in the English troops by, 86; the siege of
Orleans raised by, 87; her enthusiasm a suffi-
cient cause for her success, without assigning
miraculous powers, ibid.; wins the battle of
Patay, 88; conducts Charles VII. to Rheims,
where he is crowned in 1430, 89; attacks Paris, and
is repulsed, ibid.; is taken prisoner at Compiegne
by the Burgundians, ibid.; is tried for sorcery at
Rouen before the bishop of Beauvais, 90; is
burnt on May 30, 1431, 91.

John, son of Henry II. joins Philip of France in a
war against his father, i. 304; intrigues against
his brother Richard, 314; deposes the chancellor
William Longchamp, 315; surrenders some of
his brother's territories to Philip, and does homage
for the rest, 319, 320; attempts to bribe the
emperor of Germany to keep his brother a
prisoner, 320; crowned May 27, 1199, 322; the
claim of Arthur of Brittany, supported by Philip
of France, 333; war with Philip, truce, and war
renewed, 334; captures Arthur at Tours, 335;
suspicions of having caused him to be murdered,
ibid.; is driven out of Normandy by Philip, 336;
quarrels with pope Innocent III. in 1207, re-
specting the appointment of an archbishop of
Canterbury, 337; the kingdom placed under an
interdict, $37, 338; leads an ariny into Ireland
in 1210, and effects some useful reforms, 338;
represses the incursions of the Welsh, 338, 339;
plunders the Jews to raise money for his ex-
peditions, ibid.; small effect of the interdict on
the industry of the people, 339, 340; the kingdom
excommunicated and the king deposed by the
pope in 1212, and the crown promised to Philip
341; he submits, and swears fealty to the pope
342: France prepares to invade England, and a
naval victory is gained by the English, 343;
admits Langton to the see of Canterbury, ibid.;
invades France in 1214, and is defeated at Bou-
vines, 244; the clergy and barons enter into a
league against him at Saint Edmundsbury, 345

INDEX.

LABOURERS, wages of, in 1288, i. 398; statute for
regulating the wages of, 471; statute for prevent-
ing their removal, 472; gradual emancipation of,
from serfdom, ii. 13; statute against their chang-
ing their professions, ibid.; in husbandry, not
sufficient for the demand, 14; the wives of, sub-
jected to the statute for the regulation of apparel,
102; statute for regulating the hours of labour
of, 113; scale of wages for, 114; injury done to,
by parliamentary interference with, 115; combi-
nations among, and statute against, in 1423, 116;
distress occasioned among, by the fluctuation in
the price of wheat, and the statutes fixing a rate
of wages, 252; the effects of inclosures upon,
466; sufferings of, in the reign of Henry VIII,
from the Statute of Wages in 1515, and the de-
basement of the coin, 475; love of old ceremonies
among, iii. 11; the Protector Somerset's efforts
in behalf of, 20; insurrection of, against in-
closures, in 1549, 21, 23; festivals and sports of,
temp. Eliz., 254, 255; severities exercised upon,
by the Law of Settlement, 270; statute against
the able-bodied, who refuse to work at the usual
wages, 271; the legislature declare, in 1563, that
the statutes for the regulation of wages cannot
be enforced, on account of the high price of pro-
visions, 276; other causes of suffering, 277;
healthful influence of the Puritan gentry upon,
temp. Charles I., iv. 171; their repulsion of strict
Puritanism, 172

Lambert, John, trial of, for denying the real pre-
sence in the eucharist, ii. 407; disputation of,
with Henry VIII., ibid.; is burnt, 408
Lancaster, John of Gaunt, duke of, apprehensions
entertained of the ambitious designs of, ii. 5; is
accused of treason, 20; demands a trial, but the
witness against him dies, 21; leaves England
to assert his claim to the crown of Castile, 22;
returns to England in 1389, 26; dies in 1398,
and his possessions are seized by Richard
II.. 32

Lancastrian party, defeat of the, at the battle of
Towton, ii. 147; extreme distress of, in exile, 151;
total depression of, after the battle of Tewkes-
bury, 169

Langton, Stephen, elected archbishop of Canter-
bury, in 1207; but John refuses him admission,
and banishes the monks, i. 337; takes possession
of his see, in 1213, 343; opposes the despotism of
John, ibid.; joins the barons at Saint Edmunds-
bury, in their league against John, 345; conveys
the provisions of Magna Charta to John at Ox-
ford, who rejects them, 346; refuses to excom-
municate the barons on the order of the pope,
354; excommunicates "all violators of the
liberties of the Church," 357

Latimer, Hugh, offer of a bribe by, to Cromwell,
ii. 368; participation of, in the burning of here-
tics, 408: preaches against images and relics,
409; resigns his bishopric on the passing of the
Six Articles Act, and is committed to prison,
420; commendation of archery by, 460; advice
of, to pay sufficient salaries to officials, and pre-
vent their taking bribes, 462; description of a
farmer's life by, 468; accused of speaking sedi-
tiously against the debasement of the coinage,
474; remonstrance of, against burials in towns,
482; sermon of, on the execution of lord Thomas
Seymour, iii. 18; committed to the Tower, after
the accession of Mary, on Nov. 13, 1553, 57; con-
demned, with Ridley and Cranmer, for heresy,
at Oxford, 73; burning of, with Ridley, at Ox-
ford, in Sept. 1555, 90

Latin language, probable prevalence of, in Eng-
land, under the Romans, i. 47; opinion of Lord
Macaulay as to its non-prevalence, ibid.; incor-
poration of much Latin in the Anglo-Saxon and
Welsh languages, ibid.

Laud, archbishop, introduction of ceremonial ob-
servances into the Church service by, iii. 403;
persecution of William Prynne, 412; and of Dr.
Alexander Leighton, 413; approves of Strafford's
principle of thorough, 415; urges on the establish-
ment of episcopacy in Scotland, 429; which occa-
sions, in 1637, the revolt of Scotland, and the
adoption of the National Covenant, 430, et seq.;
his palace attacked by the populace, on May 11,
1640, 436; his fears of the parliament of 1640, and
his superstitious forebodings, 439; opinion of, as
to infringements of law, 440; is arrested, and
impeached by the Commons, 446; Parliament
resumes proceedings against, iv. 38; defends
himself with skill and courage, but is condemned
for high treason, and is beheaded on Jan. 10,
1645, ibid.

Lear, legend of, given by Geoffrey of Monmouth,