tism as a substitute. As the case is, such a thing could not be."-Chadwick on Baptism, p. 23.

VII. Is baptism a substitute for circumcision? It certainly is not; for as the rite was enjoined upon the Jews and never was abrogated, the original stands, and no substitute is required or can be; and, as we are not Jews, but gentiles, we need no substitute for a rite which never belonged to us. There is not a passage in the whole Bible that even hints at this doctrine. It depends alone on pedobaptist assertions for it foundation, and that of the more ignorant and illiterate part; for well read pedobaptists say as follows:

Dr. EMMONS, "Can we, therefore, justly conclude that it is the duty of believers now to circumcise their children or even to baptize them, because it was once the duty of the Jews to circumcise theirs. The truth is, we must learn the particular duties of believers under the present dispensation of the covenant of grace, from the dispensation itself, which enjoins all the peculiar duties which belong to it."

"In every view of the case, therefore, the argument for infant baptism, grounded on the Abrahamic covenant, or any covenant or promise in the Bible, fails, and ought never to be plead."-Chadwick on Baptism, p. 128.

Dr. J. OWEN, "No argument can be drawn from the ceremonial law to the gospel, because we are not under the obligation of that law."

Baptism is a sacrament of the New Testament, ordained by Jesus Christ."-Presbyterian Confession of Faith, p. 120.

"Arguments drawn from the types and figures conclude not, unless they be types ordained of God to such use; neither are the sacraments of the gospel to be squared according to the patterns of the ceremonial law. We also deny that the ceremonies of the law are figures and types of our sacraments; but both

their sacraments and ours are figures and representations of Christ."-Dr. Willet, Synopsis of Papism, p. 643.

"As God, by virtue of the said engagement with Christ, has made distinct covenants with men, although they have all one leading feature; and as it is manifest from the very instruments themselves, that there is a distinction not only between the new covenant under the gospel and the Sinai covenant, but also between this and the Abrahamic covenant; it is manifestly not consistent to consider baptism as a substitute for circumcision. It does not belong to the same covenant, and, therefore, can not be a substitute. Neither is it appointed for the same ends; certainly not for all of them; which it must have been to make it a proper substitute. Neither are we any where told in the scriptures that it is a substitute. We conclude, therefore, that infant baptism was not known in the days of the apostles, nor the succession of baptism in the place of circumcision."-Chadwick on Baptism, p. 113.

THE law of Moses is called a covenant. Ex. xxxiv. 28: Lev. xxvi. 15: Deut. iv. 13: xxix. 1. It is important to examine this covenant, as here is the origin and constitution of what Stephen calls τῇ ἐκκλησιᾳ ἐν τῇ bonu, translated "the church in the wilderness." Some pedobaptists say that their church originated in Abraham's family, Gen. xvii., 406 years before the law of Moses; but if making a covenant with God, offering sacrifices, prayers, &c. constitutes a church, then not only Abraham and his family became a church, but we find many such. Noah, who was a preacher of

righteousness, 2 Pet. ii. 5, and offered sacrifices and prayers to God, with all his family, entered into covenant, Gen. ix. 9—17, in which God gave to him and his seed, not simply the land of Canaan, but the whole world, with many other blessings, and the rainbow as a token or seal of that covenant; and not simply promising that he would remove the present possessors, but did remove them at once by an universal flood. Josiah, his family, and the whole nation, entered into covenant. 2 Kings xxiii. 1-30. Asa, his family, and all the nation, entered into covenant. 2 Chron. xv. 8-19. To the covenant with Noah and Abraham, God gave each equally a token or seal. Gen. ix. 12: xvii. 11. But still, the Mosaic covenanters only are known as the P, èxxhyow, or congregation. All Jewish covenants, subsequent to the Mosaic, are but transactions of the Mosaic organization; and all previous covenants and organizations are not only destitute of the name, but of nearly every essential of a church. Abraham's posterity, previous to the Sinai covenant, had no church, no Bible, no Sabbath, no priests or elders, no sanctuary, no baptism, no passover, no singing, no discipline, but simply existed as any other nation does where there are one thousand unregenerate souls to one true child of God; and we could as consistently call the whole French nation the church of God, as the Jews. But when they left Egypt, there was a formal organization of the whole nation into not "the church of God," but a pedobaptist congregation.

The word ἐκκλησια is formed of ἐκ, out, and καλεω, call,-xxhnoia, called out; hence a convocation. In considering the Mosaic church, we notice,

1. They were a people called out (of Egypt) by God himself. Acts xiii. 17: Ex. vi. 6: xii. 31: Deut. iv. 33-35.

2. They were all baptized. 1 Cor. x. 1, 2. "All our fathers were under the cloud, and all passed thro'

the sea, and were all baptized unto Moses." Ex. xiv. 21, 22: Num. xxxiii. 8.

(1.) The subjects of baptism, Ex. xii. 37; "Six hundred thousand on foot that were men, besides children." This was pedobaptism, for the congregation consisted of men, women and children. Ex. xv. 20: Lev. xxvii. 5: Num. xxx. 3.

(2.) The mode; they ba, dipped their bodies in water. 2 Kings v. 14. They , poured out ashes, Lev. iv. 12, and, sprinkled with blood Lev. xvi. 14.

3. They had the passover; Ex. xii. 2-27; and as this Jewish pedobaptist church was a type, Col. ii. 17: Heb. viii. 5, of the church of God, Acts xx. 28: 1 Tim. iii. 5, God gave them the passover before their formal organization, as he did the eucharist to the church of God before its formal organization. Matt. xxvi. 26-30.

4. They entered into a church covenant with God and each other. Ex. xxiv. 7-8: Gal. iv. 24, 25.

5. They had the oracles of God, or Bible given to them. Luke xxiv. 27: Rom. iii. 2: Ex. xvii. 14: xxiv. 4.

6. God now gave them a sanctuary. Ex. xxv. 8, he commanded it to be made, and xxxix. 40-43: xl. 33-38, it was finished.

7. God gave them priests and elders. Ex. 28, 29.

8. God gave them a Sabbath. Gen. ii. 2, 3, God made a Sabbath for himself; but we have no scriptural evidence that the Jews ever had a Sabbath till in the wilderness, Ex. xvi. 23-25; for Pharaoh knew neither God nor Sabbath, Ex. v. 2, nor did the Jews as a nation till they left Egypt.

9. They received a form of church discipline, and began to practice it. Ex. chapters 20, 21, 22, &c.

10. Here also they began singing; for we have no account of it till at Ex. xv. 21, after they had crossed the Red Sea.

11. The word p, which Stephen rendered ¿xxλŋoα,

Acts vii. 38, and King James rendered church, is never used with reference to Abraham's posterity, till the Mosaic organization, Ex. xii. 6, prospectively, and Ex xxix. 10, with reference to the body existing.

12. This Mosaic organization is called the church by our version of the Scriptures, Acts vii. 38. So we are not left to name it; and at Numbers xii. 7, it is called the house of God; and at Heb. iii. 2, it is called the house of Moses. Hence this church, house of God, and house of Moses, is all one thing, and its organization agrees with what pedobaptists call a church. See Presbyterian Confession of Faith, p. 347.

13. The religion taught and practiced by the Scribes, Pharisees, and Judaizing teachers, in Christ's time, was precisely that of Moses; and Luke xvi. 29 -31, father Abraham, from heaven, lays no claim to it, but calls the whole dispensation "Moses and the prophets." Mat. xxiii. 2, the Scribes and Pharisees set in [not Abraham's, but] Moses's seat. John ix. we are [not Abraham's, but] Moses's disciples." Acts xv. 21, "For Moses of old time hath in every city them that preach him." Gal. iii. 24, "Wherefore the law is our Пadayayos, teacher, or schoolmaster, [to bring us] unto Christ." Rom. ii. 17: ix. 32: John i. 17: vii. 19.

14. Modern pedobaptists, especially presbyterians, say they are the same church with the above, organized under the same covenant, maintaining the same faith and practices, excepting some of the non-essential externals. Therefore, Judaism and pedobaptist religion, are two successive dispensations of the same religion.

Testimony of pedobaptists. Mr. CowLES, "The Sinai covenant was the constitution of the Jewish church, until the death of Christ."-Essay on Baptism, p. 12. Mr. SAWYER says, "The institution of baptism has existed from the time of Moses.The Mosaic bap