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are 46 minutes and §; ; of 60 seconds are 40 seconds. Ans. 10 hours, 46 minutes, 40 seconds.

10. Find 2 of 33, and subtract it from 17. Ans. 3}. 11. It will take 3 times 10 yards.

13. 5 is § of 3; it will take as much. Or 7 yards, 5 quarters wide, are equal to 35 yards 1 quarter wide, which is equal to 112 yards that is 3 quarters wide.

15. of 37 dollars.
16. § as much.

SECTION XII.

THE examples in this section are performed in precisely the same manner, as those in the sections to which they refer. All the difficulty consists in comprehending, that fractions expressed in figures signify the same thing as when expressed in words. Make the pupil express them in words, and all the difficulty will vanish. Let particular attention be paid to the explanation of fractions given in the section.

VIII. A. 6. In 7 how many? expressed in words, is, in 7 how many sixths? Ans. 42.

14. Reduce 83 to an improper fraction; that is, in 8 and 3 tenths, how many tenths? Ans. 13., B. 8. 23 are how many times 1? That is, in 23 sevenths how many whole ones? Ans. 34.

IX. B. 3. How much is 5 times 64? That is, how much is 5 times 6 and 4 sevenths? Ans. 32g. V. & X. 15. What is of 27? That is, what is 5 eighths of 27 ? Ans. 167. VI. & XI. A. 8. 7 is is, 7 and 6 sevenths is 1 Ans. 629.

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of what number? That eighth of what number?

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B. 4. 12 is of what numbe? That is, 12 is 3 sevenths of what number? Art8.

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12. 4 is of what number? That is, 4 is 3 fifths of what number? Ans. 63.

Explanation of Plate III.

Plate III is intended to represent fractions of unity, divided into other fractions; it is, therefore, an extension of plate II. It differs from it, only in this, that besides the vertical divisions, the squares are divided horizontally, so as to cut the fractions of the square into fractions of fractions. The horizontal lines are dotted, but they are to be considered as lines.

This plate, like the preceding, is divided into ten rows of squares, each row containing ten equal squares. In the first row, the first square is undivided, the 9 following squares are divided by horizontal lines into from two to ten equal parts. In all the other squares the vertical divisions are the same as in Plate II, and besides this, each row is divided horizontally in the same manner as the first row.

By means of this double division, the 2d row pre-. sents a series of fractions, from halves to twentieths. The 3d row presents a series from thirds to thirti eths, and so on to the 10th row, which presents a series from tenths to hundredths.

The 2d row, besides presenting halves, fourths, sixths, eighths, &c. shows also halves of halves, thirds of halves, fourths of halves, &c. and shows their ratios with unity.

The 3d row, besides thirds, sixths, ninths, &c. shows halves of thirds, thirds of thirds, &c. and their ratios with unity. The other rows present analagous divisions.

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CTION XIII.

THE operations in this section are the reducing of fractions to a common denominator, and the addition and subtraction of fractions. The examples will generally show what is to be done, and how it is to be done. Plate III will be found very useful in explaining the operations, by exhibiting the divisions to the eye.

1. The first example may be illlustrated by the second square in the second row. This square is divided into halves by a vertical line, and then into fourths by the horizontal line. It will be readily seen that makes 2 fourths, and that the first had twice as much as the second. The plate will not be so necessary for the practical questions as for the abstract. In the second, example therefore it will be more useful than in the first.

2

4. It will readily be seen on the second square of the second row, that and are 2.

8. It will be seen in the third square of the second row, that makes 2.

10 and 12. In the second square of the third row, it will be found, that makes & ; and that make ♣. 1348 25. In the fourth square of the second row, it will be seen that 1 half is ; and in the second square of the fourth row, is, both together make f and make 7.

27. In the second square of the fourth row, 3 is the same as .

4

33. In the fifth square of the fourth row, it will be seen that (made by the vertical division) contains; and in the fourth square of the fifth row contains, and contain; and in the second square of the tenth row contains

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When these questions are performed in the mind, the pupil will explain them as follows. He will

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probably do it without assistance. Twenty twentieths make one whole one. of 20 is 5, and

of

20 is 8, and of 20 is 2; therefore is, is

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and is. All the examples should be ex

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plained in the same manner.

45. In the 8th row, the 7th square is divided vertically into 8 parts, and horizontally into 7 parts, the square, therefore, is divided into 56 parts; 3 of the vertical divisions, or contain 3.

51. 1 half is 4, and is, which added together

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make . 61. is, er make 1%. 67. 3 is, is, which added together make 11; from 11 take, and there remains, or 1. 82. It will be easily perceived that these examples do not differ from those in the first part of the section, except in the language used. They must be reduced to a common denominator, and then they may be added and subtracted as easily as whole numbers. is, and is, and both together make

is, is, which added togeth

or 11. 86. ¦ is †, and is . If be taken from there 14 remains †.

B. This article contains only a practical application of the preceding.

3. This example and some of the following contain mixed numbers, but they are quite as easy as the others. The whole numbers may be added separately, and the fractions reduced to a common denominator, and then added as in other cases, and1 afterwards joined to the whole numbers. 6 and 2 are 8; 1 half and 1 are §, making in the whole 8 bushels.

5. 6 and 2 are 8; and and are 37 or 17, which joined with 8 make 917.

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C. It is difficult to find examples which will aptly illustrate this operation. It can be done more conveniently by the instructer. Whenever a fraction occurs, which may be reduced to lower terms, if it be suggested to the pupil, he will readily perceive it and do it. This may be done in almost any part of the book, but more especially after studying the 13th section. Perhaps it would be as well to omit this article the first time the pupil goes through the book, and after he has seen the use of the operation, to let him study it. It may be illustrated on Plate III in the following manner.

13

24

8. 12. Find all the squares which are divided into 24 parts. There are 4 squares which are divided into 24 parts, viz. the 8th in the 3d row, the 3d in the 8th row, the 6th in the 4th row, and the 4th in the 6th row. Then see if exactly 18 can be found in one or more of the vertical divisions. In the 6th square of the 4th row, there are exactly 18 divisions in three vertical divisions, but those 3 vertical divisions are of the whole square, because it is divided into fourths vertically; therefore are equal to 2.

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13. 4. Find the squares which are divided into 56 parts; they are the 8th in the seventh row, and the 7th in the 8th row; see if in either of them, one or more of the vertical divisions contain exactly 42 parts. In the 7th of the 8th row, 6 vertical divisions contain exactly 42; these divisions are g of the square, for it is divided vertically into 8 parts. But may be still reduced to 2, as may be seen by looking on the 3d square of the 4th row; therefore 14 is equal to 3.

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