"These forest trees add a singular beauty to the landscape in many parts of the country, and also exercise a very beneficial influence on the climate in affording shelter and attracting rainfall. The beauty of the tints and the brilliancy of the colours of Canadian forest trees in autumn require to be seen to be appreciated." With the exception of the prairie lands of Manitoba and the North-West, which are generally treeless, and the extreme Arctic Coast, Canada may be said to be covered with forests-many of the trees, such as the Douglas pine' of British Columbia, the Banksian pine on the shores of Hudson Bay, and the balsam poplar on the Athabasca, Peace, and Mackenzie rivers, attaining a height of from 100 to 300 feet! The forests on the banks of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa, notwithstanding the immense quantities of timber which they have already yie ded, are still of vast extent, and the supply is practically inexhaustible. The wood-pulp industry is increasing rapidly, the exports chiefly going to Great Britain and the United States. It is principally used in the manufacture of paper. But, besides her magnificent forest trees, the fruit trees of Canada are unsurpassed, and fruit-growing is a very important industry in Eastern Canada, and will also be so, in the near future, in the southern portion of British Columbia and Vancouver Island. Apples, pears, piums, peaches, apricots, grapes, and berries of every description, grow luxuriantly, and attain a size and flavour unknown in Europe. All kinds of vegetables thrive everywhere, even in the far NorthWest and along the shores of Hudson Bay," The meadows and pastures of the Dominion are co-extensive with its vast forests; wherever trees grow, there the cultivable grasses will thrive. The pasture lands of Canada (including the comparatively small portions now under actual cultivation) are estimated to extend over an area of more than 2 million square miles, or more than 12 hundred million acres. The wheat lands of Canada, writes Mr. Wiman in the North American Review, possess all the advantages of the regions to the south, but in richness, fertility, and extent, infinitely greater. The Dominion possesses a wheat area larger than do the entire United States, and the soil of this wheat area is richer, will last longer, and will produce a higher average of better wheat than can be produced anywhere else on the continent, not in the world. Manitoba alone produced, in 1901, 51 million bushels of wheat, and at KIL DONAN, on the Red River, wheat has been grown for 35 consecutive years, without rotation, without fertilization, and now produces crops averaging 30 bushels to the acre! If one half of that comparatively small portion of Central Canada which is drained by the Red River and its affluents were sown with wheat, the product, at an average yield, would be 600 million bushels, or more than the entire amount raised in the United States in 1900. But, besides the Red River Valley, there are the immensely larger Saskatchewan, Athabasca, and Peace River regions, and the extensive wheat areas of Eastern Canada and British Columbia. And not only wheat, but oats, barley, potatoes, and other vegetables come to perfection over the greater part of the settled and cultivable portions of the Dominion. 1. In some places on the coasts of British Columbia the Douglas pine or spruce-commercially called the "Oregon pine"-frequently exceeds 8 feet in diameter at a considerable height, and reaches a height of from 250 to 300 feet, forming prodigious, dark forests. The" Giant Cedar," another valuable tree, is also often found from 100 to 150 feet high and 15 feet thick. 2. There are vineyards in the Province of Ontario of go to 60 acres in extent, peach orchards of similar extent, and apple orchards almost innumerable. Animals and their produce are a greater source of wealth to Canada than even her immense forests. All the ordinary domestic animals thrive wonderfully on the rich pastures, and live animals, meat, butter, cheese, eggs, hides, skins, and wool form the largest items in the exports. Over 100,000 cattle are annually exported, and nearly four times that number of sheep, besides about 20,000 horses. The export of live cattle and horses, when the ranches established on the grasslands of Alberta, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, have been developed, will be enormous. Dairy-farming and stock-breeding are, in fact, rapidly becoming as important as wheat-growing, and Canada now exports nearly 5 millions sterling worth of cheese every year. Of wild animals, the bison or buffalo, millions of which, 50 years ago, roamed over the prairies and north-western plains, is now almost extinct; the grizzly bear is still found in the Rocky Mountains; the moosedeer, sable, and other fur-bearing animals are more widely distributed. West and north of Ontario and Quebec, the Hudson Bay Company has numerous 'forts' or trading-stations, and the traders in its employ collect enormous quantities of furs and skins from the Hudson Bay region, the North-West Territory, and British Columbia, Among wild birds, there are any nuinber of prairie chickens, wild geese, wild ducks, pigeons, &c., besides eagles, hawks, and other birds of prey. The fisheries of Canada are the largest in the world, embracing fully 8,000 miles of sea coast, in addition to inland seas, innumerable lakes, and a great number of rivers. Nearly 70,000 men and 30,000 boats are employed in the fisheries, and the annual value of the produce amounts to nearly 434 millions sterling. The sea-fisheries are well-nigh inexhaustible-a fact attributable to the fishes' food-supply being brought down by the Arctic currents from the northern seas and rivers. This consists of myriads of minute organisms which swarm in the Arctic seas and are deposited in vast and ever-renewed quantities upon the fishing grounds. Salt-water fishes of nearly every variety are to be found along the Canadian coast, but the marine fisheries of the greatest commercial importance are the cod, herring, mackerel, lobster, salmon, and seal. The fresh-water fisheries are also of great importance, the immense lakes and rivers supplying an abundance of fish of great commercial value, both for home consumption and export, besides providing sportsmen with some of the finest salmon and trout fishing to be found anywhere. Cod is the most abundant and valuable catch on the Atlantic Coast, and salmon on the Pacific Coast. Over 48 millions lbs. of salmon are canned every year on the Fraser River in British Columbia. Trout are everywhere abun dant, but especially in Lake and River Nipigon in Ontario. Canada is marvellously rich in minerals, and there are vast deposits of coal and iron, with copper, gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, and other useful metals and minerals. Little has been done, comparatively, to develop the undoubtedly great mineral resources of the Dominion, but the greater part of British Columbia and North-Western Canada is auriferous, the gold-fields of the Klondyke district, especially, being of enormous value; and the precious metal is also obtained from Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario. Large quantities of native silver have been obtained from the Thunder Bay and Silver Islet Mines at Lake Superior, and silver lodes occur near Hope on the Fraser River, in British Columbia. The iron-ores of Canada, which include some of the richest 1. The Klondyke mines are the richest placer mines in the world. Estimated output of gold, from 1896 to 1900, about £10,000,000. ores yet discovered, occur in boundless abundance in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia. Native copper is extensively and profitably worked on the northern shores of Lake Superior, and there are rich deposits of copper ore in other parts of Ontario and also in Quebec. The coalfields of Canada are of immense extent, and many mines on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, and in the North-West and the Rocky Mountains, are actively worked. The coal and lignite area of Canada is over 100,000 square miles in extent, of which 65,000 square miles are in the North-West. The coal of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick is sent inland by the St. Lawrence and by rail. The Nanaimo coal of British Columbia commands the highest price in San Francisco. Large quantities of lignite exist, and beds of true bituminous coal are being worked, in the North-West Territories. Anthracite coal of the best quality is mined in the Rocky Mountains, and is conveyed east and west by the Canadian Pacific Railway. Petroleum is known to exist n several parts of the Dominion, and the petroleum wells in Ontario are extremely productive. It is also found in the NorthWest and in the Rocky Mountains. Asbesto is found in Quebec. There are large deposits of apatite or phosphate of lime, so valuable as a fertilizer, in the Ottawa River Valley, and extensive salt-works in Ontario and New Brunswick. INHABITANTS: Canada had, in 1904, a total population of over 54 millions, which is a small number for so large and richlyendowed a country. The general average, in the habitable portion of the country, may be about 2 or 3 to the square mile, and the highest density, which occurs in Prince Edward Island, just exeeds 50 to the square mile-under one-tenth of the density in England-so that there is "ample space and verge enough" in Canada for millions more. The great bulk of the population are of British descent, except in the case of Quebec, where the majority are of French origin-descendants of the settlers in Canada prior to its falling under the rule of Great Britain in 1763. The Indians are comparatively few in number. In the Provinces and the North-West Districts, they live on certain tracts of land reserved for them. A few tribes of Eskimo live along the Arctic Coast from the mouth of the Mackenzie to Labrador. There is no State Church in Canada, and complete religious liberty prevails. About 21⁄2 millions of the Canadian people are Protestants, and over 2 millions are Roman Catholics. A large number of the Indians and Eskimos are still heathens. In no country in the world is education so generally diffused. Primary education is free, but the system varies in the different provinces, and there is every facility for obtaining the highest education at a small cost. There are 18 Universities and Colleges that confer degrees in divinity, arts, law, medicine, &c., besides 30 Theological, Medical and other special Colleges. INDUSTRIES: Canada is mainly an agricultural and pastoral country, largely covered with forests, the produce of which, until recently, formed the chief source of wealth and the most important item of export. Fishing and mining are also important industries, and manufactures, although still chiefly connected with the main industries, are now making rapid development. The industries of Canada include the cultivation of the soil and the growing of enormous quantities of wheat and other cereals, and of all kinds of fruits and vegetables; the rearing of cattle, sheep, and horses; and the manufacture of cheese and butter on a very large scale. But the " produce of the forest "A greatly exceeds in value the purely "agricultural produce," and is but little less in value than the "animals and their produce," which now form the chief source of wealth. The "produce of the fisheries" is less than a third in value of that of the forest, while the "produce of the mines now almost equals that of the forests, and must in the near future exceed in value that of all other resources. The manufactures of Canada include shipbuilding, the making of agricultural implements, leather goods, furniture, musical instruments, &c. The iron industry has also a great future, owing to the enormous deposits of excellent ion-ore within the coalfield areas in the various Provinces, and the rich deposits of nickel at Sudbury and along the shores of Lake Superior. TRADE: The trade of Canada is larger than that of any other British Colony, and is mainly carried on with the United States and the United Kingdom. Annual value, over 100 millions sterling. The principal exports, in order of value, are timber, cheese, gold-bearing quartz, wheat, bacon, cattle, butter, flour, copper, coal, fruits, lobsters, cod, hides and skins, furs, leather and salmon. Annual value over 51 millions sterling. The chief imports, in order of value, are iron goods, coal, woollen goods, sugar, cotton-goods, drugs and chemicals, tea, oils, tobacco and paper. Annual value nearly 59 millions sterling. The chief exports from Canada to the United Kingdom are cheese, timber, bacon and hams, wheat and flour, oxen, butter, leather, sheep, maize, skins and furs, fish and apples. Value, 26 millions sterling. The principal imports into Canada from Great Britain are iron and iron goods, woollen and cotton goods, clothing, &c. Value, 12 millions sterling. PORTS: The chief ports of Canada are Halifax in Nova Scotia, St. John in New Brunswick, Quebec and Montreal on the St. Lawrence, Ottawa on the Ottawa River, Toronto on Lake Ontario, and Vancouver and Victoria in British Columbia. SHIPPING: Canada stands ninth among maritime countries in tonnage of shipping owned and registered in the country. Over 70,000 vessels-about 70 per cent. of the whole under the British flag-enter Canadian ports every year. Including the arrivals and clearances of coasting vessels, the total number is 160,000, and the total tonnage is over 45 million tons. Regular communication with England is maintained by the Allan Line mail steamers, and by the steamships of the Dominion and Beaver Lines, which carry passengers and cargo between Liverpool and Quebec and Montreal in summer, and Halifax and Portland in winter. The cargo-carrying steamers of the Furness Line sail every 10 days between London, Halifax, and St. John. Railways start from Halifax, St. John, and Quebec to all parts of the Dominion. The distance from Liverpool to Quebec is 2,661 miles, and to Halifax 2,480 miles, and the voyage takes from 9 to 10 days. The Trans-Pacific steamships of the Canadian Pacific Railway Co., run from Vancouver to Yokohama and Hong-Kong in from 12 to 14 days. There is also a service between Vancouver and Australia; and an All-British Mail Route between the United Kingdom and Australia, via the Canadian Pacific Railway, was determined on at the Imperial Conference of 1907. 1. In the Canadian Trade Returns, the home | Fisheries, (3) Produce of the Forest, 14 Arira products are classifie! under seven heads:- and their Produce, 13 Agriculturd Produce (1) Produce of the Mine, (2) Produce of the (6) Manufactures, and (7) Miscellaneons CANALS: The canals of Canada and the river improvements are works of immense importance, which have largely increased the trade of the country. They are frozen over in the winter. From the sea to Quebec, the St. Lawrence is naturally navigable for vessels of any size. Above Quebec, the channel has been deepened, so that the largest ocean-going vessels can ascend as far as Montreal, which is thus a fresh water port, nearly 1,000 miles inland from the Atlantic, 250 miles above salt water, and nearly 100 miles above the highest limit of the tide. Above Montreal, there is a system of canals to overcome the Rapids of the St. Lawrence and the difference in the levels of the Great Lakes, which affords uninterrupted navigation from the Strait of Belle Isle to the head of Lake Superior, a distance of 2,384 miles, of which only 714 miles are canals. The depth of water is now available, throughout the whole route, for vessels drawing 14 feet. The Ottawa Canals overcome the difficulties of the River Ottawa between Montreal and Ottawa. The Rideau Canal opens navigation between Ottawa and Kingston on Lake Ontario. The Ottawa and Rideau Canals thus connect Montreal and Kingston via Ottawa, and form an alternative route between Montreal and the Lakes. The St. Lawrence Rapids are, however, so gradual, that passenger vessels "shoot" them without danger; freight vessels, however, descend and ascend by the canals. Another canal-the Chambly Canal--over. comes the rapids of the Richelieu River, and connects the St. Lawrence with Lake Champlain, which the Champlain Canal connects with the River Hudson, thus completing the waterway between Montreal and New York. By the canals which connect the lakes-the Canadian Welland Canal, between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, and the Canadian and American Sault Sainte Marie Canals, between Lake Huron and Lake Superior-seagoing vessels of moderate tonnage can proceed to Port Arthur and Fort William on Lake Superior, or to Chicago on Lake Michigan, without breaking bulk. RAILWAYS: Canada has nearly 21,000 miles of railway open for traffic, and about 3,500 miles in course of construction, and 6,000 miles arranged for. The four principal systems are the Canadian Pacific Railway (8,500 miles), the Grand Trunk Railway (3,600 miles), the Inter-Colonial Railway (1,440 miles), and the Canadian Northern Railway (1,880 miles). The Grand Trunk Railway, which connects the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence, and the Atlantic Coast, starts from Portland (Maine) and runs through Richmond to Montreal, and thence through Toronto and Hamilton to Detroit, and from thence to Chicago by the Chicago and Grand Trunk Railway. A branch from Richmond runs to Pointe Levis, opposite Quebec, where it joins The Inter-Colonial Railway, which runs along the rignt bank of the St. Lawrence and through New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to Halifax, with branches to Cape Breton Island and St. John. The Canadian Pacific Railway is the shortest of the three great trans-continental lines of North America, the distance from Montreal to Vancouver-2,906 miles-being 600 miles shorter than from New York to San Francisco. By this great railway, which has been the means of opening up Manitoba, and the fertile wheat areas and rich pasture lands of the North West, and of bring |