HK perpendicular to CF, meeting AB in L: And because Book 1. AB, CF contain equal angles with AC on the same side. of it, by Prop. 4, AB and CF are at right angles to the straight line MNO, which bisects AC in N, and is perpendicular to CF: Therefore by Cor. Prop. 2, CG and KL, which are at right angles to CF, are equal to one another: And HK is greater than CG; and therefore is greater than KL, and consequently the point H is in KL produced. Wherefore the straight line CDH, drawn betwixt the points C, H, which are on the contrary sides of AL, must necessarily cut the straight line AB.

PROP. XXXV. B. I.

THE demonstration of this Proposition is changed, because, if the method which was used in it were followed, there would be three cases to be separately demonstrated, as is done in the translation from the Arabic; for, in the Elements, no case of a Proposition that requires a different demonstration ought to be omitted. On this account, we have chosen the method which Mons. Clairault has given, the first of any, as far as I know, in his Elements, page 21, and which afterwards Mr Simpson gives in his page 32. But whereas Mr Simpson makes use of Prop. 26, B. I, from which the equality of the two triangles does not immediately follow, because, to prove that, the 4th of B. 1. must likewise be made use of, as may be seen in the very same case in the 34th Prop. B. 1, it was thought better to make use only of the 4th of B. 1.

PROP. XLV. B. I.

THE straight line KM is proved to be parallel to FL from the 33d Prop.; whereas KH is parallel to FG, by construction, and KHM, FGL have been demonstrated to be straight lines. A corollary is added from Commandine, as being often used.

PROP. XIII. B. II.

In this proposition only acute angled triangles are mentioned, Book II. whereas it holds true of every triangle: And the demonstrations of the cases omitted are added. Commandine and Clavius have likewise given their demonstrations of these cases.

PROP. XIV. B. II.

IN the demonstration of this, some Greek editor has ignorantly inserted the words, "But if not, one of the two BE "ED, is the greater: Let BE be the greater, and produce it

Book II. " to F," as if it were of any consequence whether the greater

or less be produced: Therefore, instead of these words, there ought to be read only," but if not, produce BE to F."

PROP. I. B. III.

Book III. SEVERAL authors, especially among the modern mathematicians and logicians, inveigh too severely against indirect or apagogic demonstrations, and sometimes ignorantly enough; not being aware that there are some things that cannot be demonstrated any other way: Of this the present proposition is a very clear instance, as no direct demonstration can be given of it: Because, besides the definition of a circle, there is no principle or property relating to a circle antecedent to this problem, from which either a direct or indirect demonstration can be deduced: Wherefore it is necessary that the point found by the construction of the problem be proved to be the centre of the circle, by the help of this definition, and some of the preceding propositions: And because, in the demonstration, this proposition must be brought in, viz. straight lines from the centre of a circle to the circumference are equal, and that the point found by the construction cannot be assumed as the centre, for this is the thing to be demonstrated: it is manifest some other point must be assumed as the centre: and if from this assumption an absurdity follows, as Euclid demonstrates there must, then it is not true that the point assumed is the centre; and as any point whatever was assumed, it follows that no point, except that found by the construction, can be the centre, from which the necessity of an indirect demonstration in this case is evident.

PROP. XIII. B. III.

As it is much easier to imagine that two circles may touch one another within in more points than one, upon the same side, than upon opposite sides, the figure of that case ought not to have been omitted; but the construction in the Greek text would not have suited with this figure so well, because the centres of the circles must have been placed near to the circumferences: On which account another construction and demonstration is given, which is the same with the second part of that which Campanus has translated from the Arabic, where, without any reason, the demonstration is divided into two parts.

PROP. XV. B. III.

THE Converse of the second part of this Proposition is wanting, though in the preceding the converse is added, in a like case, both in the enunciation and demonstration; and it is now added in this. Besides, in the demonstration of the first part of this 15th, the diameter AD (see Commandine's figure) is proved to be greater than the straight line BC by means of another straight line MN; whereas it may be better done without it: On which accounts we have given a different demonstration, like to that which Euclid gives in the preceding 14th, and to that which Theodosius gives in Prop. 6, B. 1, of his Spherics, in this very affair.

PROP. XVI. B. III.

In this we have followed neither the Greek nor the Latin translation literally, but have given what is plainly the meaning of the proposition, without mentioning the angle of the semicircle, or that which some call the cornicular angle, which they conceive to be made by the circumference and the straight line which is at right angles to the diameter, at its extremity; which angles have furnished matter of great debate between some of the modern geometers, and given occasion of deducing strange consequences from them, which are quite avoided by the manner in which we have expressed the proposition. And in like manner, we have given the true meaning of Prop. 31, B. 3, without mentioning the angles of the greater or less segments. These passages, Vieta, with good reason, suspects to be adulterated, in the 386th page of his Oper. Math.

PROP. XX. B. III.

THE first words of the second part of this demonstration, “ xezλóodw dù món," are wrong translated by Mr Briggs and Dr Gregory "Rursus inclinetur;" for the translation ought to be "Rursus inflectatur," as Commandine has it: A straight line is said to be inflected either to a straight, or curve line, when a straight line is drawn to this line from a point, and from the point in which it meets it, a straight line making an angle with the former is drawn to another point, as is evident from the 90th Prop. of Euclid's Data: For this the whole line betwixt the first and last points is inflected or broken at the point of inflection, where the two straight lines meet: And in the like

Book III.

Book III. sense, two straight lines are said to be inflected from two points to a third point, when they make an angle at this point; as may be seen in the description given by Pappus Alexandrinus of Apollonius's Books de Locis Planis, in the preface to his 7th book: We have made the expression fuller from the 90th Prop. of the Data.

PROP. XXI. B. III.

THERE are two cases of this proposition, the second of which, viz. when the angles are in a segment not greater than a semicircle, is wanting in the Greek: And of this a more simple demonstration is given than that which is in Commandine, as being derived only from the first case, without the help of triangles.

PROP. XXIII. and XXIV. B. III.

IN Proposition 24, it is demonstrated, that the segment AEB must coincide with the segment CFD (see Commandine's figure), and that it cannot fall otherwise, as CGD, so as to cut the other circle in a third point G, from this, that, if it did, a circle would cut another in more points than two: But this ought to have been proved to be impossible in the 23d Prop. as well as that one of the segments cannot fall within the other. This part, then, is left out in the 24th, and put in its proper place, the 23d Proposition.

PROP. XXV. B. III.

THIS proposition is divided into three cases, of which two have the same construction and demonstration; therefore it is now divided only into two cases.

PROP. XXXIII. B. III.

THIS also in the Greek is divided into three cases, of which two, viz. one, in which the given angle is acute, and the other in which it is obtuse, have exactly the same construction and demonstration: on which account, the demonstration of the last case is left out as quite superfluous, and the addition of some unskilful editor; besides the demonstration of the case when the angle given is a right angle is done in a round-about way, and is therefore changed to a more simple one, as was done by Clavius.

Book III.

PROP. XXXV. B. III.

As the 25th and 33d propositions are divided into more cases, so this 35th is divided into fewer cases than are necessary. Nor can it be supposed that Euclid omitted them because they are easy; as he has given the case, which by far is the easiest of them all, viz. that in which both the straight lines pass through the centre: And in the following proposition he separately demonstrates the case in which the straight line passes through the centre, and that in which it does not pass through the centre: So that it seems Theon, or some other, has thought them too long to insert: But cases that require different demonstrations should not be left out in the Elements, as was before taken notice of: These cases are in the translation from the Arabic, and are now put into the text.

PROP. XXXVII. B. III.

AT the end of this, the words, " in the same manner it may "be demonstrated, if the centre be in AC," are left out as the addition of some ignorant editor.

DEFINITIONS OF BOOK IV.

WHEN a point is in a straight line, or any other line, this Book IV. point is by the Greek geometers said it to be upon, or in that line, and when a straight line or circle meets a circle any way, the one is said area to meet the other: But when a straight line or circle meets a circle so as not to cut it, it is said iparila, to touch the circle; and these two terms are never promiscuously used by them: Therefore, in the 5th definition of B. 4, the compound para must be read instead of the simple Tτ: And in the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 6th definitions in Commandine's translation, " tangit" must be read instead of "contingit:" And in the 2d and 3d definitions of Book 3, the same change must be made: But in the Greek text of Propositions 11th, 12th, 13th, 18th, 19th, Book 3, the compound verb is to be put for the simple.

PROP. IV. B. IV.

In this, as also in the 8th and 13th propositions of this book, it is demonstrated indirectly, that the circle touches a straight line; whereas in the 17th, 33d and 37th Propositions of Book 3,